Audit Statements Research Articles

Boulevard of broken dreams: public audit, mobility infrastructure deficits and the limits of correction in Germany

BackgroundTraffic and transport infrastructure is a vital prerequisite for social and economic development as well as the socio-spatial integration of countries and regions’ societal strata. It sets the course for the future of mobility and transport-related social and economic development and is thus inherently political. Deficiencies in traffic infrastructure provision, such as delays in project deployment and exceeding costs, increase the potential for public discontent. It is the mission of public audits to identify, diminish and remedy infrastructure deployment problems—and to encourage best practice models and policy learning. Despite their importance, shortcomings that audit offices identify as well as the reactions and follow-up measures of the addressees to official problem statements remain vastly under-researched. As the transport area is one of the core emitters of CO2 and at the heart of many transition policies to tackle climate change, lack of knowledge regarding transformative change opportunities in the mobility sector is detrimental to the success of these adaptations. One major policy issue in this respect are reform strategies regarding transport and traffic infrastructure planning and project implementation. Our systematic analysis of public audit reports in Germany on traffic and transport infrastructure project deployment contributes to a better understanding of this issue.ResultsWe detect patterns of compliance and resistance to audit office assessments by the executing administrations in traffic infrastructure project deployment. While we witness at least the partial compliance and announcement of corrections in 51% of the cases, in about 19% of the cases, the responsible authorities acknowledge the audit’s critique (partially), but do not signal concrete willingness for further corrections. In more than 20% of the identified audit statements, the audit’s assessments are even rejected without corrections to the further projects’ execution.ConclusionWe analyze the extents and limits of organizational learning and institutional adaptation of public control strategies in mobility and transport-related infrastructure provision. Our contribution discusses possible reasons for sustainable transport and traffic infrastructure development deficits as well as shortcomings in infrastructure planning and project deployment. We thus try to open new avenues for debate on improved sustainable infrastructure policy and planning.

Challenges in the execution of public health research: Reflections from Public Health Research Initiative (PHRI) grant management in India.

Well-planned health research is fundamental to the success of any public health system in leading to better population health outcomes. Although the Indian public health system is unique, it lacks strong linkages between research and practice. There is a pressing need to address the gap in the research to reduce the disease burden in the country. Although various efforts are made to enhance public health research, such research is rarely documented as a process. The objective of the present paper is to document issues and challenges in managing public health research grants awarded to the PHRI fellows from 2013-to 2021 under the PHRI project. A mixed-method approach, including qualitative (in-depth) interviews and secondary review, was adopted to collect the challenges in executing PHRI grants (during 2013-2021). The in-depth interviews were conducted among the PHRI execution team, whereas the secondary document review was conducted among the PHRI fellows, and the findings are documented under major themes like administrative, technical, and financial issues and/or challenges. A total of 35 candidates 16 intramural (IM) candidates affiliated with PHFI or IIPH institutes and 19 extramural (EM) candidates affiliated to other academic institutes were selected for the fellowship, The common challenges identified amongst intra & extramural fellows were inability to disseminate the study findings, challenges in communication and getting audited statements, changes in study methods without prior permission, mid study attrition of CO-PIs and high budget utilization. The specific difficulties identified from extramural fellows were change in institute affiliation, lack of support to fund utilization from the parent institute and difficulties in field validation. The present perspective emphasizes that the management and implementation of a research grant is the crucial part of achieving a project's desired outcome. The learnings of PHRI grant execution allows the researchers to understand the issues in terms of methodological rigour and financial guidelines, rigorous tracking of the project activities, and complying with the terms of funding agreement are crucial. The challenges explored in this grant execution recommend developing a structured public health grant management leadership program for researchers and executors.

Audit of disclosure in lease notes according to IFRS

Taking into account the fact that almost most Ukrainian companies that apply International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) are now either lessee or lessor, they are required to apply IFRS 16 Leases. This standard has its own requirements for both accounting and disclosure in the notes to the financial statements. Disclosure is a mandatory requirement for IFRS entities. This allows users of financial statements to assess the actual state of the enterprise, namely: toassess the number and value of leased assets, analyze liabilities, etc. As a result, the auditor who audits such entities should review not only the accounting but also the disclosures that are not an integral part of the financial statements. So far as many IFRS professionals consider IFRS 16 to be one of the most complex and risky accounting matters, the auditor should plan sufficient time and human resources for such an audit. This article sets out the purpose of the lease disclosure audit. The requirements of IFRS 16 are analyzed and a checklist for the auditor during the lease audit is formed. The check letter takes into account the requirements for the tenant and the landlord, considering the finance and operating lease. The proposed checklist of the standard requirements for disclosure in notes will help the auditor to optimize his time and check the notes faster. An algorithm for auditing the disclosure of information in the notes on the lease has been developed. In the course of the research, audit statements were identified during the audit of the notes. The basic requirements for the design of audit documentation in the audit of notes are analyzed and formed.

Economies of scale of large-scale international development interventions: Evidence from self-help groups in India.

Livelihoods and microfinance programs for women often show reduced impacts after scale-up. Yet, program scale-up may reduce average per capita costs and maintain cost-effectiveness despite lower impact. This paper presents evidence on the association between program scale, costs, and cost-effectiveness by analyzing how the costs of a large-scale Self-Help Group (SHG) program in India changed from its inception in 2007 to its scale-up in 2019. We use expenditure data from program's audit statements of Jeevika - the Bihar Rural Livelihoods Promotion Society - and find that a 1% increase in program membership was associated with a 0.6% increase in annual program expenditures, indicating large economies of scale. Predicted costs from regressions suggest that the annual per capita program expenditures declined from $29 when the program covered 100,000 members to $5 when it reached 10 million members. Previous impact evaluations of Jeevika showed sizeable but smaller substitutions away from high-cost debt after scale-up than during the pilot, but we found that economies of scale led to similar cost-effectiveness ratios for this outcome. We also found that formation of higher-level federations is associated with lower marginal costs than setting up SHGs. However, previous evidence suggests that Jeevika did not generate average impacts on women's agency and asset ownership after scale-up. Building on a rich history of research on Jeevika, we argue that program implementers must identify key success factors in pilot programs to minimize tradeoffs between cost savings and potentially reduced impacts after scale-up. Further, we suggest investments in linking SHGs to federations to improve the cost-effectiveness of SHGs.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE BORSA ISTANBUL MANUFACTURING COMPANIES ON THE KEY AUDIT MATTERS

The key audit matters (KAM) have been included in the independent audit process recently and are recognized as an application to make the independent audit process more effective. Above all, the global financial crises experienced, and the complex nature of the financial transactions have revealed new quests in the audit process. In this context, the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) published the "Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditor's Report" (ISA 701) standard to make the independent audit process more efficient and meet the expectations of the stakeholders. By this article, the Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority has published the independent audit standard 701, which includes the communicating of key audit matters in the independent auditor's statement. With the publication of the standart, identifying key audit matters in the audit process and specifying them in statements has also started. In this study, the audit reports (key audit matters) prepared by independent audit firms since 2017 when the mentioned standard came into force were analyzed within a three-year process, unlike previous academic studies in the BIST Manufacturing sector. In this respect, the study has addressed the development of key audit matters over three years and comparatively analyzed the change/transformation of key audit subjects in independent audit statements over the years on a company basis.

Integrasi Infrastruktur Sepeda dan Zona Selamat Sekolah

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pedestrian behavior of school children when crossing the road and to review the road design factors from the student's house to the school, such as consistency, continuity, attractiveness, safety, comfort, spatial integration, experience, and socio-economic value, in order to integrate bicycle infrastructure designs with school safety zones. This study was designed qualitatively with data from the experiences of 100 child participants aged 12-15 years following the flow and route to school. Participants was asked to fulfill questionnaire consisted of 10 points of system reports and 41 points of audit statements on road infrastructure factors that were traversed to school. Data analysis used the school safety zone theory (ZoSS) and eight levels of bicycle service. The findings of investigative research that participants understood the standard 4T guarding, but inconsistent with the right-looking procedure. This makes the front area of the school requires a school safety zone (ZoSS) as a reminder for students to apply the correct traversing procedure In addition, the findings of the audit of infrastructure factors that support well-planned infrastructure. The result contains recommendations to improve and enhance road infrastructure for pedestrians and cyclists for school children with the integration of bicycle service levels into school safety zones (ZoSS).

AUDIT QUALITY: THE IMPACT OF EXPERTISE, INDEPENDENCE AND ETHICS OF PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTANT A CROSSSECTIONAL STUDY

This study aims to determine the effect of expertise, independence, and ethics on audit quality at the Inspectorate of West Java Province. The study in the initial review of this study found that the audit quality is shown in the opinion given by the examiner, including the opinion "Reasonable Without Exception" is a professional audit statement regarding the "fairness" of the financial statements, not a "guarantee" that no fraud was encountered or the possibility of the occurrence of fraud. Fraud in the future also on the problem of procurement of goods and services that cause indications of regional losses, management of accounts that are not following the provisions, causing potential fraud, management of fixed assets that are still problematic both in terms of administration and utilization and the problem is that the value is still found to be immaterial so that the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia gives an opinion "Reasonable Without Exception" (RWE). In the first stage of this research, namely, test the validity and reliability of all valid and reliable variables. In the second stage of conducting a correlation analysis for Expertise, Independence and Ethics on Audit Quality, showing a significant correlation, the relationship between Expertise and Audit Quality obtained a result of 0.813. Independent Relationship with Audit Quality obtained results of 0.751, and the result of Ethics Relationship with Audit Quality obtained results of 0.812. In the third stage, partial regression analysis for all variables proved to be significant, and it was found that the regression coefficient value of Expertise on Audit Quality obtained the result of 0.411. The independent regression coefficient value on Audit Quality is 0.235, and the Ethics regression coefficient on Audit Quality is 0.403. Likewise, in the fourth stage, simultaneous multiple regression analysis of expertise, independence, and ethics has a significant effect on Audit Quality with a total effect of 83.7%

Public Company Auditing Around the Securities Exchange Act

We explore the landscape of public company auditing around the introduction of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in 1934. Using a broad sample of historical annual reports spanning several decades, we document that most public companies obtained audits even before the SEC’s audit mandate, which limited the mandate’s impact on audit rates. We further document that these companies selected their auditors based on characteristics reflecting independence and competence, even before the SEC’s mandate. While changes in audit rates and auditor choices were limited, we observe significant changes in the content of audit statements around the introduction of the SEC. These changes, however, appear to reflect concurrent standardization efforts initiated and driven by private-sector actors rather than the SEC. Finally, we do not find any significant impact of the SEC’s audit mandate on capital-market outcomes. Collectively, our descriptive evidence suggests that the introduction of the SEC, while widely viewed as a sea-change in public company auditing, had a limited impact on companies’ reliance on audits and investors’ trust in companies’ reports, at least initially.

The Impact of Audit Report on Earnings Quality Emphasizing the Moderating Role of Corporate Governance Quality

The purpose is investigating the manipulation effect and relationship and earning smoothing in companies with independent auditors’ report, investigating the impact and relationship of corporate governance components with corporates independent auditor’s report, and also examining the simultaneous impact of these two variables, auditor’s characteristics and financial traits of addressing corporates and auditor’s problems on auditor’s report. The spatial scope of the research includes corporates listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The spatial realm of research includes the period between 2012 and 2018. The examination consists of two independent variables (audit report), the dependent variable (earnings quality), and moderating variables (corporate governance). The results show that the type of audit report affects earnings quality. Corporate governance quality does not modify the interaction between audit statement type and earnings quality. The type of audit statement is different in firms with strong and weak corporate governance. It also shows that it is endorsed in firms with strong corporate governance and not in firms with weak ones.

Wytyczne w sprawie funkcjonowania audytu wewnętrznego w Polsce

Audyt wewnętrzny funkcjonuje na świece od kilku wieków, ale w Polsce został wprowadzony ustawowo w sektorze finansów publicznych w 2002 r. W pozostałych sektorach obowiązują regulacje prawne ograniczające się do wybranych aspektów funkcjonowania audytu wewnętrznego. Celem opracowania jest prezentacja zakresu regulacji prawnych audytu wewnętrznego w Polsce w przekroju następujących typów jednostek: − jednostki sektora finansów publicznych, − jednostki zainteresowania publicznego, − spółki giełdowe, − banki. Badaniem objęto przepisy prawne regulujące zakres audytu wewnętrznego. Z zaprezentowanych regulacji wynika, że najpełniej w formie ustawy, rozporządzeń i komunikatów jest uregulowany sektor finansów publicznych, procedury audytowe dla banków są opisane w Rekomendacji H, a jednostki zainteresowania publicznego i spółki giełdowe posiadają wytyczne w sprawie komitetów audytu.

Corporate governance, opini going concern, subsequent event dan audit report lag

Audit Report Lag is completion time of the annual financial audit statements from the date of company book closing up to the date of the audit report. This research represents empirical study to know influence of corporate governance, going concern opinion, and subsequent event toward Audit Report Lag . The populations of this research are all of manufacturing companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013. Samples of this research are 137 companies and the method of data analysis is using descriptive and doubled regression analysis. To obtain model of regression which representative is hence conducted by test of classic assumption. The result of descriptive statistic indicate that mean of an audit report lag in 2013 is 76,0146 days . The result of this research shows that the size of the board of directors, audit opinion and going concern opinion significant effect on Audit Report Lag. Furthermore, Independence board of directors, audit committee independence and subsequent event have not influence toward Audit Report Lag.

AUDIT FORENSIK OLEH AKUNTAN PUBLIK SEBAGAI SALAH SATU BUKTI PERKARA DI PENGADILAN

Audit Forensic is a falseness auditing, connected with criminal case and an audited with falseness connected with governmental financial and other object including corruption as a special criminal result. As the most cases corruption in the world, cleaning in the whole level of corruption, collutin and Nepotism (KKN), the goverment of Indonesia ask for assistance to Public Accountant to take Forensic Auditing for falseness done by government and private apparatures.This paper presented to know how far the special audit (Forensic) for financial can be used as a falseness evidence in the law court. Forensic Audit Report presented by Public Accountant, the audit procedures have been conformed with auditing standard and investigate’s procedures arranged with Law Articles (KUHAP). By Joint Venture between Public Accountant and investigator the falseness action which can not been detected by auditing standard procedures the falseness like Collutions, and Nepotisme can be broken – up.Public Accountant as an expert witness has been executed his job, prepared in Forensic Audit Statement, which content with unlawful actions by the Accused, it can be used as an evidence’s tools in the law – court.

First Nations Own-Source Revenue: How Is the Money Spent?

The confluence of several factors – favourable Supreme Court of Canada decisions, the rise (until recently) in natural resource prices and the emergence of a cadre of well-educated on-reserve leaders – has encouraged the growth of First Nations commercial ventures over the past generation. This growth raises important questions: How significant is own-source revenue (much of it derived via First Nations-owned corporations) in financing First Nations governments? How are these governments spending incremental revenue that arises from market-based activities? Before the passage in 2013 of the First Nations Financial Transparency Act (FNFTA), relevant audited statements of First Nations were hard to obtain, if indeed they were publicly available. The FNFTA requires First Nations to publish online audited statements of revenues and expenditures, which enables hitherto unavailable insights into First Nations budgeting priorities. Our analysis of a sample of 72 FNFTA filings submitted by First Nations in Ontario, covering the fiscal years 2013 and 2014, finds that own-source revenue comprises, on average, nearly a third of total First Nations government revenues. First Nations with higher per capita own-source revenue increase economic development activities but only modestly increase education and health spending. They also undertake large increases in spending on general government and business management. Whether large increases in this last category are warranted is an important question for members of First Nations to address. Interpreting the audited statements of First Nations governments is difficult, however, because they do not apply standardized protocols to identify revenue and expenditure categories. Furthermore, some undetermined portion of their own-source revenue derives from impact and benefit agreements negotiated between First Nations councils and resource developers. These agreements are usually confidential and details about them in audited statements are scant. Finally, since our sample is derived from First Nations communities in Ontario, it might not be representative of pan-Canadian experience. Our results are an admittedly tentative look at the data derived from the audited statements, but two obvious policy conclusions emerge from the analysis. First, since the FNFTA is intended to help First Nations assess the budgeting activities of their respective councils, one simple policy recommendation would be to introduce more uniform and informative accounting protocols, which would considerably aid those interested in undertaking this task. Second, since many First Nations apparently do not consider it appropriate to use own-source revenue to finance basic education and health services, the onus for education funding will continue to fall squarely on the federal government. In the end, of course, it is up to First Nations people themselves to determine their financial priorities.

What determines the allowance of bank loans for investment – an overview of Kosovo SMEs

The present study determines firm and entrepreneurship characteristics of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) active in international trade towards investment and growth. Using data collected through self-administered interviews with 180 SMEs in Kosovo, we investigated factors that influence the investment growth financed by bank loans. Econometric model of linear regression indicates that a large number of firm and entrepreneur characteristics including experience, sector, business plan, audit statements, collateral significantly affect investment growth. Our findings suggest that especially education of SMEs managers have higher rate of financing sources through bank loan. The study concludes with respective findings translated into recommendations, which have to be considered by relevant stakeholders active in entrepreneurship and policymaking.

Determinants of internal control characteristics influencing voluntary and mandatory disclosures

Purpose – Concern has been raised over the dubious utility of internal control (IC) reports that contain vague disclosures of unclear meaning or that contain sweeping, albeit, and confusing statements. The purpose of this paper is to examine, from a Malaysian perspective, the internal audit control variables, which are directly responsible for the company to disclose their audit statements voluntarily or mandatorily and make it transparent to the shareholders and public.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 121 publicly traded companies were selected using the systematic sampling method from the target population of 599 companies listed on the main board of Bursa Malaysia. The names of the heads of internal audit function of the sample were obtained from the Institute of Internal Auditors Malaysia. Structured interviews were conducted with 40 heads of internal audit function out of 121 companies in order to protect anonymity of the companies that did not feel comfortable responding in writing.Findings ...

Bank Disclosure and Market Assessment of Financial Fragility: Evidence from Turkish Banks’ Equity Prices

In this paper we explore whether Turkish banks with worsening indicators of financial fragility were subject to market monitoring during the years leading to the 2000/2001 crisis, and how the quality and timeliness of the disclosure affect market reaction. We find that shareholders reacted negatively to indicators of financial fragility such as increases in maturity mismatches, currency mismatches, and non-performing loans, showing shareholders’ concerns about the impact of financial fragility indicators on future profits. We also find that audited statements that show larger reporting lags, are not informative, pointing to the need of improving their timeliness. Finally, our study suggests that the finding that securities prices react to financial fragility indicators should not be taken as sufficient evidence of banks’ safety and soundness.

The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Élaboration et diffusion dans un réseau de santé en périnatalité de recommandations concernant les « Soins au nouveau-né normal dans les deux premières heures »

Perinatal “Sécurité naissance-Pays de la Loire” (France) network organized together with paediatricians and midwives of the 24 maternity units in the region of meetings to propose, in 2005 and 2006, recommendations on the care of healthy newborns in the six first hours. This theme was chosen because of new attitudes have for the good treatment of children, once their safety assured. Consensus points which have been identified: definition of normality at birth, limiting the introduction of oral and nasal pharynx suction, the environment of the newborn, delayed actions, clinical examination at birth… Other discussion points were made and were left to the discretion of teams: the time of cord clamping, testing of atresia of the esophagus by the introduction of a gastric suctioning, indications and modalities and skin to skin and eye care. Sending telematics days and at regular scientific network with pediatricians, midwives and gynecologists-obstetricians ensured dissemination. These recommendations have been assessed by an audit statement shows good acceptability and good feasibility of those who responded to the audit (15/24). An audit observation practices birth room should be provided.

Information architecture: Data‐driven design: Using web analytics to validate heuristics system

Information architecture: Data‐driven design: Using web analytics to validate heuristics system

Audit and control in the not-for-profit sector: an endowed charity case 1739–1853

This paper reports on an investigation of an endowed charity, the Lady Elizabeth Hastings Trust, over the period 1739 to 1853. This period pre-dated the establishment of the permanent Board of Charity Commissioners, and was one in which the legal regulatory framework offered the trust's beneficiaries only limited redress against abuse by the managers of the trust. The safeguarding of the beneficiaries' interests depended heavily on the governance and control structures established by the trust's dead benefactress. Examination of the trust's Deed of Settlement, the accounting records and audit statements, show that from its inception this not-for-profit organisation employed a system of separation of powers, internal audit with documentary audit trail, and notably, an independent audit. The paper highlights the ‘progressive’ nature of the auditing mechanism adopted by this not-for- profit organisation, even when compared to the commercial sector of the period. Archival evidence is used to show that the governance system put in place by the foundress of the trust was successful in overcoming agency problems, in detecting abuse by the agents, and in ensuring the compliance of the agents with the wishes of the benefactress for more than a century after the benefactress's death in 1739. It is suggested that examination of the not-for-profit sector, so far largely ignored in the history of audit, can yield valuable insights into the development of auditins in the UK.