Audiovisual Quality Research Articles

Current State of Serious Games in Human Trafficking: Evaluation, Gaps, and Future Research Directions

Addressing human trafficking is crucial due to its severe impact on human rights, dignity, and well-being. Serious games refer to digital games that are designed to entertain while also accomplishing at least one additional objective, such as learning or health promotion. Serious games play a significant role in raising awareness, training professionals, fostering empathy, and advocating for policy improvements related to human trafficking. In this study, we systematically examine and assess the current landscape of serious games addressing human trafficking to unveil the existing state, pinpoint gaps, and propose future research avenues. Our investigation encompassed academic publications, gray literature, and commercial games related to human trafficking. Furthermore, we conducted a thorough review of evaluation criteria and heuristics for the comprehensive assessment of serious games. Subsequently, incorporating these evaluation metrics and heuristics, the games were subjected to evaluation by both players and experts. Following a combined qualitative and quantitative analysis, the results were deliberated upon, and their implications were expounded. Five serious games related to human trafficking were identified and evaluated using the SGES and EGameFlow scales, along with both game-specific and serious game heuristics. Player and expert evaluations ranked “(Un)TRAFFICKED” and “Missing” as the best-performing games, while “SAFE Travel” received the lowest ratings. Players generally rated the games higher than experts, particularly in usability, feedback, and goal clarity, although the games scored poorly in audiovisual quality and relevance. Experts highlighted deficiencies in motivation, challenge, and learning outcomes. The lack of personalization and the absence of social gaming elements point to the need for more targeted human trafficking games adapted to different demographics, cultures, and player types.

Objective Comparison of the First-Person-View Live Streaming Method Versus Face-to-Face Teaching Method in Improving Wound Suturing Skills for Skin Closure in Surgical Clerkship Students: Randomized Controlled Trial.

The use of digital online teaching media in improving the surgical skills of medical students is indispensable, yet it is still not widely explored objectively. The first-person-view online teaching method may be more effective as it provides more realism to surgical clerkship students in achieving basic surgical skills. This study aims to objectively assess the effectiveness of the first-person-view live streaming (LS) method using a GoPro camera compared to the standard face-to-face (FTF) teaching method in improving simple wound suturing skills in surgical clerkship students. A prospective, parallel, nonblinded, single-center, randomized controlled trial was performed. Between January and April 2023, clerkship students of the Department of Surgery, Pelita Harapan University, were randomly selected and recruited into either the LS or FTF teaching method for simple interrupted suturing skills. All the participants were assessed objectively before and 1 week after training, using the direct observational procedural skills (DOPS) method. DOPS results and poststudy questionnaires were analyzed. A total of 74 students were included in this study, with 37 (50%) participants in each group. Paired analysis of each participant's pre-experiment and postexperiment DOPS scores revealed that the LS method's outcome is comparable to the FTF method's outcome (LS: mean 27.5, SD 20.6 vs FTF: mean 24.4, SD 16.7; P=.48) in improving the students' surgical skills. First-person-view LS training sessions could enhance students' ability to master simple procedural skills such as simple wound suturing and has comparable results to the current FTF teaching method. Teaching a practical skill using the LS method also gives more confidence for the participants to perform the procedure independently. Other advantages of the LS method, such as the ability to study from outside the sterile environment, are also promising. We recommend improvements in the audiovisual quality of the camera and a stable internet connection before performing the LS teaching method.

How to Develop an Online Video for Teaching Health Procedural Skills: Tutorial for Health Educators New to Video Production.

Clinician educators are experts in procedural skills that students need to learn. Some clinician educators are interested in creating their own procedural videos but are typically not experts in video production, and there is limited information on this topic in the clinical education literature. Therefore, we present a tutorial for clinician educators to develop a procedural video. We describe the steps needed to develop a medical procedural video from the perspective of a clinician educator new to creating videos, informed by best practices as evidenced by the literature. We also produce a checklist of elements that ensure a quality video. Finally, we identify the barriers and facilitators to making such a video. We used the example of processing a piece of skeletal muscle in a pathology laboratory to make a video. We developed the video by dividing it into 3 phases: preproduction, production, and postproduction. After writing the learning outcomes, we created a storyboard and script, which were validated by subject matter and audiovisual experts. Photos and videos were captured on a digital camera mounted on a monopod. Video editing software was used to sequence the video clips and photos, insert text and audio narration, and generate closed captions. The finished video was uploaded to YouTube (Google) and then inserted into open-source authoring software to enable an interactive quiz. The final video was 4 minutes and 4 seconds long and took 70 hours to create. The final video included audio narration, closed captioning, bookmarks, and an interactive quiz. We identified that an effective video has six key factors: (1) clear learning outcomes, (2) being engaging, (3) being learner-centric, (4) incorporating principles of multimedia learning, (5) incorporating adult learning theories, and (6) being of high audiovisual quality. To ensure educational quality, we developed a checklist of elements that educators can use to develop a video. One of the barriers to creating procedural videos for a clinician educator who is new to making videos is the significant time commitment to build videography and editing skills. The facilitators for developing an online video include creating a community of practice and repeated skill-building rehearsals using simulations. We outlined the steps in procedural video production and developed a checklist of quality elements. These steps and the checklist can guide a clinician educator in creating a quality video while recognizing the time, technical, and cognitive requirements.

Analysis of Brand Positioning in Online Course Companies to Change Consumption Patterns—A Case Study in the Personal Wellbeing Sector

This article examines the communication and marketing requirements of a prospective business enterprise that specializes in offering online courses focusing on psychology, personal growth and professional development to change patterns of educational production and consumption. The objective of this research is to analyse the necessary brand positioning for this company to improve its visibility, attracting and retaining interested customers. Using a sequential and evidence-based methodology, this study analyses the precise business requirements to establish an optimal and competitive platform for professionals offering wellbeing courses. This involved analysing the characteristics and needs of the target audience—the professionals who would deliver the courses—and the audience who would enrol in the courses. In addition, we assessed the company’s environmental context, its strengths, weaknesses and unique selling points, as well as effective marketing and positioning strategies, and its direct competitors. We identified a growing interest in online training of courses that contribute to wellbeing. Among the target audience, preferences were diverse, with 58.1% leaning towards personal growth, 45.9% interested in meditation and 43.2% in psychology. Social media, particularly YouTube (52.7%), served as the main source of information for these courses. Criticisms focused mainly on issues such as poor visual and audio quality (20%), inadequate structuring of content (30%) and perceived boredom (23.6%). Addressing these preferences through multilingual translation, niche targeting, diverse course offerings, flexible pricing and membership options can effectively cater to diverse customer segments. The findings emphasise the importance of prioritising audiovisual quality and personalised learning experiences to foster audience loyalty.

Measuring perception on multimedia-based agro-advisory: A scale construction

Access to information and effective delivery can be improved by using multimedia as a tool for advisory services. Various factors contribute to the development of an effective multimedia-based agro-advisory model. Stakeholders’ perception plays a major role to design and validate it properly. To measure stakeholders’ perception towards multimedia-based agro-advsiory (Pusa Samachar), a multi-dimensional perception scale was developed using Polychoric Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The data pertaining to this study were collected from 150 farmers using Google forms in 2021 and from 225 farmers in 2022. These farmers were sampled using stratified two-stage sampling from five districts each from Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab states. The majority of the farmers (68.6%) reported watching full weekly episode of agro-advisory telecasted as Pusa Samachar. Notably, farmers of Uttar Pradesh (54.67%) and Haryana (60.0%) showed affirmative perception; while Punjab (50.83%) had neutral perception towards Pusa Samachar model. Analysis of average perception score of farmers revealed that technical factor ranked I followed by linguistic factor (II), content and design factor (III) and timeliness factor (IV). Audio-visual quality, graphics, time duration of content, language, accent, and style of presentation with quality content could be considered as prime parameters for developing multimedia-based content. Location-specific, farmers’ centric language-based, and farmer participatory multimedia-based content should be created for better information availability and acceptance among farming community.

Delivering clinical tutorials to medical students using the Microsoft HoloLens 2: A mixed-methods evaluation

BackgroundMixed reality offers potential educational advantages in the delivery of clinical teaching. Holographic artefacts can be rendered within a shared learning environment using devices such as the Microsoft HoloLens 2. In addition to facilitating remote access to clinical events, mixed reality may provide a means of sharing mental models, including the vertical and horizontal integration of curricular elements at the bedside. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of delivering clinical tutorials using the Microsoft HoloLens 2 and the learning efficacy achieved.MethodsFollowing receipt of institutional ethical approval, tutorials on preoperative anaesthetic history taking and upper airway examination were facilitated by a tutor who wore the HoloLens device. The tutor interacted face to face with a patient and two-way audio-visual interaction was facilitated using the HoloLens 2 and Microsoft Teams with groups of students who were located in a separate tutorial room. Holographic functions were employed by the tutor. The tutor completed the System Usability Scale, the tutor, technical facilitator, patients, and students provided quantitative and qualitative feedback, and three students participated in semi-structured feedback interviews. Students completed pre- and post-tutorial, and end-of-year examinations on the tutorial topics.ResultsTwelve patients and 78 students participated across 12 separate tutorials. Five students did not complete the examinations and were excluded from efficacy calculations. Student feedback contained 90 positive comments, including the technology’s ability to broadcast the tutor’s point-of-vision, and 62 negative comments, where students noted issues with the audio-visual quality, and concerns that the tutorial was not as beneficial as traditional in-person clinical tutorials. The technology and tutorial structure were viewed favourably by the tutor, facilitator and patients. Significant improvement was observed between students’ pre- and post-tutorial MCQ scores (mean 59.2% Vs 84.7%, p < 0.001).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the feasibility of using the HoloLens 2 to facilitate remote bedside tutorials which incorporate holographic learning artefacts. Students’ examination performance supports substantial learning of the tutorial topics. The tutorial structure was agreeable to students, patients and tutor. Our results support the feasibility of offering effective clinical teaching and learning opportunities using the HoloLens 2. However, the technical limitations and costs of the device are significant, and further research is required to assess the effectiveness of this tutorial format against in-person tutorials before wider roll out of this technology can be recommended as a result of this study

Content quality and reliability of YouTube videos on oral appliance therapy for obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic analysis.

YouTube's popularity as a health information source raises concerns about credibility due to the absence of peer review. Therefore, this study assessed the content quality and reliability of YouTube videos related to oral appliance therapy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Videos were systematically searched on August 20, 2023, using terms determined through Google Trends. Videos were included based on predefined criteria and independently assessed by two researchers. Video demographics were extracted. Video quality was evaluated using audio-visual (AV) quality, video information and quality index (VIQI), global quality score (GQS), and reliability using a modified DISCERN tool (mDISCERN). High and low-content videos were defined based on the customized 10-point scoring system. Inter- and intra-examiner reliability of scoring system were calculated. Most videos were educational (46.3%), presented by dental sleep medicine specialists (42.6%), and aimed at laypersons (63%), with the majority originating from the United States (79.6%). The final 54 videos were categorized as high-content (n=29, 54%) and low-content (n=25, 46%). High-content videos had more views, comments, and longer video durations (7.07±6.04 min). Significant differences (p<.05) were observed among high and low-content videos in total VIQI, mDISCERN, GQS, and TCS. Moderate correlations were found between GQS and TCS (r=0.721), mDISCERN and VIQI (r=0.649), GQS and VIQI (r=0.601), and AV quality and VIQI (r=0.531). The study highlights variable content quality and reliability of YouTube videos on oral appliance therapy for OSA, emphasizing the need for guidelines to enhance their educational value and deliver reliable, evidence-based information to patients.

Broadcast Media Sensitization on Violence Against Women and Children in Port Harcourt

The study examined broadcast media sensitization on violence against women and children in Port Harcourt. The broadcast media have been sensitizing the members of audience on violence against women and children that happens in form of rape, domestic violence, among others. The social cognitive theory and aggressive cues media violence theory were adopted for the study. Three objectives which include to determine the frequency of broadcast media sensitization on violence against women and children in Port Harcourt and to examine the perception of residents of Port Harcourt towards broadcast media sensitization on violence against women and children and three research questions were adopted. Research methodology used was the survey design with the Taro Yamane formula used in deriving the sample size of 400 from the population size of 1,148,665. The convenience sampling technique was used and questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. Simple frequency distribution tables and percentages were used in the interpretation of data. Findings revealed that reports and programmes on violence against women and children in Port Harcourt are not broadcast regularly. Findings also revealed that residents of Port Harcourt find reports on violence against women and children to be scary, unreal and far. In conclusion, the broadcast media -radio and tv are great tools to influence sensitization because of their audio and audio-visual qualities. The study recommended that members of the audience will appreciate the adequacy of sensitization on violence against women and children when perpetrators are made to face the full weight of the law to serve as deterrent to others.

Technology in the courtroom: challenges with presenting children’s evidence

ABSTRACT Legislation permits or requires the use of audio-visual recordings and closed-circuit television where child witnesses give evidence in certain matters. Since its introduction, problems with the technology have been reported, such as poor audio-visual quality and connectivity issues, causing trial delays and exacerbating witness anxiety. This study analyses the perceptions of 18 professionals (n = 18) across 5 Australian jurisdictions (Queensland, the Northern Territory, the Australian Capital Territory, South Australia and Western Australia) who regularly work with the technology. We used non-directive prompts to determine what problems (if any) still exist in Australian courtrooms, the cause and impact of these problems, and potential solutions. Key themes emerged in the analysis. Problems were still commonplace, which included operator error, quality of the recordings, and issues with the recording technology and devices. The detrimental impacts of these problems included added stress to court employees and witnesses, extended and disrupted trial proceedings, poor quality evidence, and added costs of fixing problems. Tangible recommendations for change were provided by the participants, and the overall findings and their implications were discussed.

Implementation of Virtual, Livestream Yoga Classes for Veterans at Home During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mixed-Methods Pilot Program Evaluation.

The COVID-19 pandemic and shut down of in-person complementary and integrative (CIH) wellness services at the San Francisco Veterans' Affairs Healthcare System (SFVAHCS) required implementation of virtual program delivery. In May 2020, VA in-person group yoga classes pivoted to virtual classes for existing attendees. In October 2020, we partnered with SFVAHCS Integrative Health and the VA Office of Rural Health to formalize the TeleYoga Program to expand yoga access to Veterans in SFVAHCS' geographically dispersed area. This pilot study evaluated Veterans' experiences and self-reported health outcomes after participating in at-home tele-yoga groups during the COVID-19 pandemic. The RE-AIM framework guided program delivery evaluation. Reach was assessed with medical record data. Adoption was assessed by the number of new facilities providing referrals to tele-yoga. Implementation, satisfaction, and patient-reported outcomes, were evaluated through structured interviews with Likert scale and open-ended responses. We offered 4-6 weekly livestreamed classes between October 2020-September 2021. The program reached 70 Veterans, including 40 new participants, with 1208 total unique encounters. Referrals increased from 2 to 6 SFVAHCS facilities. Fourteen participants completed structured interviews. Over half rated highly the convenience and overall experience of tele-yoga classes and reported improvement with pain, stress management, exercise, and flexibility. Open-ended responses indicated opportunities for social connection, maintaining mental health, cultivating resilience, improving function, and managing pain. Suggestions for improvement focused on technological aspects, including audiovisual quality. During the COVID-19 pandemic, we successfully transitioned and expanded virtual group yoga delivery to Veterans from all geographic locations within SFVAHCS. We attribute this success to existing infrastructure for telehealth and CIH services and a virtual program orientation for new participants. The results of this pilot study suggest in-person group yoga may be successfully implemented virtually, serving as a viable modality that contributes to holistic wellbeing for Veterans.

Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) and channels television coverage of the war against Boko haram terrorism in north-east Nigeria

Building on the motivation created by the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre in the United States of America, terrorism has become a significant security and economic challenge globally. It has assumed worrisome scale and dimensions across the continents of the world despite the growing expertise of security intelligence and government leadership. From Asia, especially the Arabian nations, to Europe, America and Africa, terrorism has continued to dominate security discussions and planning among governments and, in particular, the United Nations. Its origin has been linked to both political and religious motivations and objectives. One of the earliest documentations on the origin of terrorism is seen in the works of Mark Burgess. He traces terrorism to the Thugees, an Indian religious cult that ritually strangle its victims (usually travellers chosen at random) as an offering to Kali, the Hindu goddess of terror and destruction. Between the 7th and mid-19th centuries, the Thugees were reputed to be responsible for as many as one million murders. That was perhaps the last example of religion-inspired terrorism until the phenomenon re-emerged a little over 20 years ago. David Rapport notes that “before the 19th century, religion provided the only acceptable justifications for terror” (p. 7). However, this study will adapt a working definition of terrorism as stated by The United Nations General Assembly. According to the UN, terrorism refers to: “…criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes... whatever the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or other nature that may be invoked to justify them” (p. 3). The United Nations, in the foregoing definition, places terrorism in a wide spectrum that captures anything that causes sustained acts capable of creating fear, death and destruction or disruption of human life cycle. People feel terror when they experience a threat to their lives, faith, ethnicity, property or livelihood. Primarily, the specifications in the definition underpin the core interests of terrorists. By terror and fear, they advance their political, ethnic, racial, religious causes, etc, on the public, or a targeted group of people. Television plays a very critical role in disseminating information in the most effective way. The audio-visual quality of transmission offered by the television gives it the edge above other means of mass communication. Since the invention of television in 1873 by a young telegraph operator, Joseph May of Ireland, the device has constantly undergone unprecedented transformation within its first one hundred years of invention and endeared itself to more users than predictable. Peter Olu, citing official figures from the International Telecommunication Union, noted that there were 600 million television sets, a higher figure than 565 million telephones in 1983 (p. 1). The attraction of the visual message the television transmits is powerful. It is very effective in modifying the social behaviours of viewers, a constant need by government, leaders and the business world.

Development of Teleaudiology Service in Special Education Service Centre in Malaysia: Lessons Learned

Teleaudiology has been implemented in several settings, including hospitals, nursing homes, community-based programmes, and educational institutions. Despite its numerous advantages, teleaudiology is still relatively new in Malaysia and is gaining popularity among audiologists. Additionally, the majority of studies have been conducted on normal-hearing individuals. Thus, as a pioneer in Malaysia, this study established teleaudiology services for students who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) at the Special Education Service Centre. The researchers examined two critical factors that contribute to the service's proper operation: internet speed and the audio-visual quality of the ICT applications employed. This study documented the details of the service's implementation, which included 25 sessions of synchronous teleaudiology with DHH school children. Additionally, this study revealed that upload and download speeds exceed prior research-recommended minimums. Meanwhile, most teleaudiology service sessions are done in high-quality audio and video, except for the Skype programme, which has a moderate visual quality. To summarise, teleaudiology services have been effectively deployed amongst institutions and have the potential to be expanded to another location in Malaysia.

Perceptions of Adults With Hearing Loss About the Communication Difficulties Generated by the COVID-19 Preventive Measures: A Qualitative Study.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to the implementation of preventive measures that exacerbated communication difficulties for individuals with hearing loss. This study aims to explore the perception of adults with hearing loss about the communication difficulties caused by the preventive measures and about their experiences with communication 1 year after the adoption of these preventive measures. Individual semistructured interviews were conducted via videoconference with six adults who have hearing loss from the province of Québec, Canada. Data were examined using qualitative content analysis. The study found that face masks and in-person work (i.e., in opposition to remote work) were important barriers to communication because of hindered lipreading and competing noise in many workplaces. In contrast, preventive measures that allowed visual information transmission (e.g., transparent face masks, fixed plastic partitions) were considered favorable for communication. Communication partners were perceived as playing an important role in communication success with preventive measures: Familiar communication partners improved communication, whereas those with poor attitude or strategies hindered communication. Participants found that videoconferences could provide satisfactory communication but were sometimes hindered by issues such as bad audiovisual quality or too many participants. This study identified reduced access to speech reading and lack of general awareness about hearing issues as key barriers to communication during the pandemic. The decreased communication capabilities were perceived to be most problematic at work and during health appointments, and tended to cause frustration, anxiety, self-esteem issues, and social isolation. Suggestions are outlined for current and future public health measures to better consider the experience of people with hearing loss.

Integrating fuzzy C-means clustering and fuzzy inference system for audiovisual quality of experience

Integrating fuzzy C-means clustering and fuzzy inference system for audiovisual quality of experience

Modelling audiovisual seat preference in virtual concert halls

Enjoying a music concert is a multisensory experience, which mostly involves auditory and visual perception. However, the quality of acoustics and view may vary greatly within an auditorium. This study investigates preference at various seats within two size variations of an auditorium, through a virtual-reality subjective experiment with realistic visual and auditory renders assessed by 33 participants. The study builds on an orthogonally controlled pilot study, and refines a prediction model for overall audiovisual seat preference. The final model that explains 93% of variance includes negative effects of distance to stage, lateral angle from centreline, and obstruction of stage view, a positive effect of early sound strength (Gearly), and a polynomial effect of vertical angle from stage plane. Other acoustic parameters do not further significantly contribute to seat preference. Findings highlight the potentially strong influence of stage-view on the audiovisual quality of concert auditoria.

Usefulness of QoS in Multidimensional QoE Prediction for Haptic–Audiovisual Communications

This article investigates prediction of QoE (Quality of Experience) by comparing borrowing–from–neighbor situations and isolated ones. We demonstrate that joint utilization of multiple QoE measures enhances the accuracy of QoE prediction compared to that by a collection of individual QoE measures each regressed on QoS (Quality of Service) parameters, while the accuracy improvement with additional usage of QoS information in the former is limited. As an example of system which needs multidimensional QoE representation, the article gives haptic audiovisual interactive communications. We employ QoE and QoS data taken previously in an experiment, where 13 QoE measures (a five–point score each) and 12 QoS parameters (nonnegative continuous values each) are available at three average rates of load traffic. We build two kinds of Bayesian models for QoE prediction; one is a logistic regression model of a single QoE measure as the response variable and QoS parameters as predictors, which is a typical traditional method of discrete QoE prediction and isolated in a sense. The other is a structural equation model (SEM) with latent constructs (i.e., factors) of audiovisual quality, haptic quality and user experience quality; the original SEM, which contains only QoE indicators of three constructs (AVQ, HQ and UXQ), was proposed in one of the author’s previous studies. This article extends the SEM in order to accommodate QoS parameters. We develop two kinds of new SEMs with QoS parameters: One has three extended constructs referred to as eAVQ, eHQ and eUXQ, each of which has both QoE and QoS indicators, and the other has separate constructs for QoE and QoS, which lead to totally six constructs (AVqoe, Hqoe, UXqoe, AVqos, Hqos and UXqos). We performed Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation of the Bayesian models with the JAGS software in an R environment. For comparison of QoE prediction accuracy, we adopt the 10–fold cross validation method and in part WAIC (widely applicable information criterion). We then found that the three–construct models outperform the logistic regression models with respect to all subjective QoE measures and that the two kinds of the models are comparable as for the objective measure. The six–construct model exhibits almost the same accuracy as that of the three-construct one unless the number of QoE measures ( n qoe ) in the model is small. When the number n qoe is small, single–construct models may be a better choice. We have thus learned that multiple QoE measures should be utilized jointly (i.e., borrowing from neighbor) in QoE prediction rather than resorting to QoS information only.

Educational Quality of YouTube Videos on Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder that can be fatal due to complications about which public knowledge is limited. YouTube, a very popular video site, can be used as a tool for learning about health issues as many videos are uploaded on the site and are viewed by large numbers. Cognizant of the power and potential of media to lead/mislead the audience, we aimed to investigate the utility and reliability of the information on OSA provided in YouTube videos. Queries of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Sleep Apnea were searched on YouTube. Three independent researchers classified and analyzed 151 videos by a customized scoring system along with likes, dislikes, total view time (min), and views/day. While educational [education (79%) and news (11%)] videos were encountered to be the highest, alternative medicine videos (2%) were to be the lowest. Average total quality score of education and news videos (10.8, for both) was the highest, and alternative medicine videos (5.7) was the lowest. ANOVA testing showed significant differences between all categories and likes (p < .001), dislikes (p = .012), daily views (p < .001), audio-visual quality (p = .028), comprehensiveness (p = .014), and content scores (p = .010). Most videos focused on otorhinolaryngology (51%) and surgery (31%). Likes (n:370.3) and daily views (n:56.7) of the alternative medicine videos were found to be the highest. Likes (n:31.7) and daily views (n:7.1) of the educational videos were observed to be the lowest. Although the number and quality of the educational videos were higher, the less viewing guided health professionals to increase the attractiveness of the videos’ contents.

Are Social Media Platforms Appropriate Sources of Information for Patients Regarding the Topic of Facial Trauma?

Internet technologies have made a wide variety of information available to the public. Social media platforms (SMPs) can also be used as a source of information for patients seeking health care information. However, the quality of health information on SMPs is not clear and standardized. To evaluate the content, reliability, and quality levels of videos reporting on facial trauma on a SMP (YouTube [Google LLC, San Bruno, California]) regarding patients' information. This was a cross-sectional study, and the sample is composed of videos found on a SMP based on searching the keyword "facial trauma." English-language videos with acceptable audiovisual quality and content related to facial trauma were included in the study. The descriptive features such as number of views, number of likes, number of comments, video duration, date of uploading, and the demographic features such as source and uploader were recorded. The primary outcome variable was content level. Secondary outcome variables were reliability and quality levels measured by DISCERN and Global Quality Scale. The name and uniform resource locator of the videos were recorded as additional data. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare low-content and high-content videos with a significance level of P<.05. The Kappa test was used to assess the inter-rater reliability. The sample was composed of 50 videos that met study's inclusion. The mean total content score for the videos was 2.87 (range: 0 to 7), with 64% of all videos (n=32) classified as low-content. The reliability and quality levels of videos classified as high-content were significantly superior (P<.001). In addition, the video duration was significantly higher in the high-content videos (P=.045). High-content videos were uploaded by health care professionals with a ratio of 39%, and the sources of these videos were predominantly oral and maxillofacial surgeons; however, low-content videos were mostly uploaded by clinics (75%), with the sources of these videos predominantly laypersons. Given the generally low content, reliability, and quality of online videos regarding facial trauma, clinicians should be cautious in recommending or referring patients to SMPs.

Optimized Visual Internet of Things in Video Processing for Video Streaming

The global expansion of the Visual Internet of Things (VIoT) has enabled various new applications during the last decade through the interconnection of a wide range of devices and sensors.Frame freezing and buffering are the major artefacts in broad area of multimedia networking applications occurring due to significant packet loss and network congestion. Numerous studies have been carried out in order to understand the impact of packet loss on QoE for a wide range of applications. This paper improves the video streaming quality by using the proposed framework Lossy Video Transmission (LVT) for simulating the effect of network congestion on the performance of encrypted static images sent over wireless sensor networks.The simulations are intended for analysing video quality and determining packet drop resilience during video conversations.The assessment of emerging trends in quality measurement, including picture preference, visual attention, and audio visual quality is checked. To appropriately quantify the video quality loss caused by the encoding system, various encoders compress video sequences at various data rates.Simulation results for different QoE metrics with respect to user developed videos have been demonstrated which outperforms the existing metrics.

Film Marketing in the Age of the Mobile Media How the Chinese Effectively Promote Their Films Through Douyin (Tik Tok)

Hailed as one of Chinas most profitable blockbusters to date, Changjin Lake is a film about the Peoples Volunteer Army fighting in North Korea. The combat troops on the eastern front pursued the enemy with iron-like will and heroic fighting spirit in a cold and harsh environment. They fought heroically and reversed the situation on the battlefield, showing their military strength and national prestige. Released in 2021, it has been reported that Changjin Lake underwent a box office gross of 5.694 billion nation-wide. Given its box office success, it is obvious that Changjin Lake has a pretty good audiovisual quality. However, its stunning audiovisual quality does not account for the only reason behind its domestic success. According to public information released by Changjin Lakes publicity team in October 2021, the films official Douyin account had 2.64 million fans, and its three Douyin videos had more than 100 million views in a single stream while the film was widely shown in cinemas. In total, Douyin videos about Changjin Lake has been viewed more than 11.25 billion times. As exemplified by Changjin Lakes extraordinary market performance, with the popularization of short video genres, Douyin and other platforms in recent years have become an important publicity channel for the promotion of commercial films.