Audio Video Interleave Research Articles

A Smartphone-Based Imaging Method for C. elegans Lawn Avoidance Assay.

When exposed to toxic or pathogenic bacteria, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans displays a learned lawn avoidance behavior, in which the worms gradually leave their food source and prefer to remain outside the bacterial lawn. The assay is an easy way to test the worms' ability to sense external or internal cues to properly respond to harmful conditions. Though a simple assay, counting is time consuming, particularly with multiple samples, and assay durations that span overnight are inconvenient for researchers. An imaging system that can image many plates over a long period is useful but costly. Here, we describe a smartphone-based imaging method to record lawn avoidance in C. elegans. The method requires only a smartphone and a light emitting diode (LED) light box, to serve as a transmitted light source. Using free time-lapse camera applications, each phone can image up to six plates, with sufficient sharpness and contrast to manually count worms outside the lawn. The resulting movies are processed into 10 s audio video interleave (AVI) files for every hourly time point, then cropped to show each single plate to make them more amenable for counting. This method is a cost-effective way for those looking to examine avoidance defects and can potentially be extended to other C. elegans assays.

Digital Video Compression Using DCT-Based Iterated Function System (IFS)

Large video files processing involves a huge volume of data. The codec, storage systems and network needs resource utilization, so it becomes important to minimize the used memory space and time to distribute these videos over the Internet using compression techniques. Fractal image and video compression falls under the category of lossy compression. It gives best results when used for natural images.
 This paper presents an efficient method to compress an AVI (Audio Video Interleaved) file with fractal video compression(FVC). The video first is separated into a sequence of frames that are a color bitmap images, then images are transformed from RGB color space to Luminance/Chrominance components (YIQ) color space; each of these components is compressed alone with Enhanced Partition Iterated Function System (EPIFS), then fractal codes are saved.
 The classical IFS suffers from a very long encoding time that needed to find the best matching for each range block when compared with the domain image blocks. In this work, the (FVC) is enhanced by enhancing the IFS of the fractal image compression using a classification scheme based on the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). Experimentation is performed by considering different block sizes and jump steps to reduce number of the tested domain blocks. Results shows a significant reduction in the encoding time with good quality and high compression ratio for different video files.

WhatsApp in mHealth: design and evaluation of an mHealth tool to share dynamic images in hemodynamics.

WhatsApp, like many other messaging Apps, enables messages, documents, and multimedia elements to be exchanged through a chat-based tool. Among the many potentialities of WhatsApp are: (I) the possibility to create groups (WhatsApp Groups) and (II) the possibility to install the app on a personal computer using the WhatsApp Web application. The two functionalities (I, II) were used to set-up an mHealth environment for teleconsultation in telecardiology which will support the exchange of the dynamic images in hemodynamics. A proper client/server architecture was proposed to supply the mHealth environment. The files related to the dynamic study were preliminarily converted [using picture archiving and communication system (PACS) functions] into an audio-video interleave (AVI) format, which is compatible with mobile technology. The mHealth environment was configured. Five dynamic images were extracted from the PACS in the format AVI. The images were exchanged using WhatsApp Web on the server side and WhatsApp on the client side (smartphones). An acceptance analysis of five observers showed high satisfaction with the methodology. From a global perspective, our contribution aligns with those of scholars in the field concerning the use of WhatsApp in medical imaging. Furthermore, this study suggests that research in the telecardiology field can be strengthened through the use of dynamic images and WhatsApp.

Encryption and Compression Digital Video Files using Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithm

The research and studies of encryption and compression of digital files to the confidentiality and ease of dealing with networks and the Internet, by reducing the size of files transmitted through multimedia, and also used to increase the confidentiality of information transmitted. The purpose of the research is to encrypt and compress colored digital video files using artificial neural networks and genetic algorithm, The digital video file is entered into Audio Video Interleave (AVI) and cut into a set of frames, Each frame is then analyzed into the three color segments (red, green and blue) And an audio input from the Waveform Audio File Format (WAV) type (which represents the encryption key), the encoded frame was then inserted into the compression algorithm, A hybrid compression method was adopted which is considered as one of the solutions that reduces the size of the required data on the one hand and gives it a secret on the other, Where it was segmentation and clustering the encoded frames into a cluster of clusters (The optical pixels), which have been introduced into the artificial neural network (back propagation network), The genetic algorithm has been used to calculate the weight values ​​of each cell of the network. The decryption and decompression is then performed, and by using a set of testing and comparison tools that showed that the results were consistent with the research requirements, and Matlab R2017b was used to implement research algorithms.

Clinical evaluation of vascular normalization induced by recombinant human endostatin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma via dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasonography.

BackgroundThe present study confirmed the presence and exact range of “vascular normalization window” induced by recombinant human endostatin (RHES) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) by analyzing the variation of dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (DCE-US) quantitative parameters. Also, the clinical application of DCE-US in the evaluation of vascular normalization was assessed.Materials and methodsA total of 30 previously untreated patients with stage III–IVA NPC were enrolled in the present study and were randomly but equally divided into RHES (endostar [ES]) and normal saline (NS) groups. The patients in the ES group were administered RHES intravenously, while the patients in the NS group were administered normal saline daily for 5 days prior to intensity modulated radiotherapy coupled with concurrent chemotherapy. All patients underwent DCE-US on the day before the administration and on days 3 and 5 subsequently. The Audio Video Interleave of each DCE-US examination was analyzed quantitatively using the CHI-Q software. Several parameters were investigated, such as peak intensity (PI), time to peak (TTP), and mean transit time (MTT).ResultsThe PI, TTP, and MTT differed significantly at the three time points in the ES group (all P<0.001) but not in the NS group (all P>0.05). In the ES group, PI increased and subsequently decreased, whereas TTP, as well as MTT, lessened initially and then increased within the 5 days after administration of RHES. The maximum value of PI and the minimum value of TTP, as well as MTT, occurred on day 3 (all P<0.05). Furthermore, the values of PI, TTP, and MTT were similar prior to the administration of RHES in both groups (all P>0.05). However, the PI of the ES group was significantly higher (P<0.05), whereas the TTP and the MTT were significantly lower following administration of RHES (all P<0.05) compared with the corresponding parameters of the NS group.ConclusionDCE-US is a suitable method for the clinical evaluation of vascular normalization induced by antiangiogenic agents. The “vascular normalization window” induced by RHES occurs in patients with NPC, and the exact range is within about 5 days post-administration, which contributes towards optimizing the modality of RHES combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy for NPC patients.

A two-level secure data hiding algorithm for video steganography

Sensitive data is exchanged frequently through wired or wireless communication that are vulnerable to unauthorized interception. Cryptography is a solution to overcome this issue, but once decrypted the information secrecy does not exist. Apart from hiding data in an image, it can be extended for digital media. In this work, data hiding and extraction is proposed for Audio Video Interleave videos, that embeds the image in Bitmap Image File, that has the secret information in a frame of the video by segmenting the bytes of the secret image and placing them in the video frame providing a higher level of encryption. This novel method provides a two level encryption, thus to decipher the data, the way in which the secret image is originally decomposed and the frame in which it is embedded should be known. The quality of the secret image embedded and the size of the video is not altered before and after encryption of the secret data. The secret image may contain any multimedia data that can be further extracted and recognized.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE SURFACE-DRIVEN CAPILLARY FLOW OF AQUEOUS MICROPARTICLE SUSPENSIONS IN THE MICROFLUIDIC LABORATORY-ON-A-CHIP SYSTEMS

In this work, total 1592 individual leakage-free polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microfluidic devices as laboratory-on-a-chip systems are fabricated by maskless lithography, hot embossing lithography, and direct bonding technique. Total 1094 individual Audio Video Interleave Files as experimental outputs related to the surface-driven capillary flow have been recorded and analyzed. The influence of effective viscosity, effect of surface wettability, effect of channel aspect ratio, and effect of centrifugal force on the surface-driven microfluidic flow of aqueous microparticle suspensions have been successfully and individually investigated in these laboratory-on-a-chip systems. Also, 5 micron polystyrene particles have been separated from the aqueous microparticle suspensions in the microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems of modified design with 98% separation efficiency, and 10 micron polystyrene particles have been separated with 100% separation efficiency. About the novelty of this work, the experimental investigations have been performed on the surface-driven microfluidic flow of aqueous microparticle suspensions with the investigations on the separation time in particle-size based separation mechanism to control these suspensions in the microfluidic lab-on-a-chip systems. This research work contains a total of 10,112 individual experimental outputs obtained using total 30 individual instruments by author’s own hands-on completely during more than three years continuously. Author has performed the experimental investigations on both the fluid statics and fluid dynamics to develop an automated fluid machine.

Proposed patient motion monitoring system using feature point tracking with a web camera.

Patient motion monitoring systems play an important role in providing accurate treatment dose delivery. We propose a system that utilizes a web camera (frame rate up to 30 fps, maximum resolution of 640 × 480 pixels) and an in-house image processing software (developed using Microsoft Visual C++ and OpenCV). This system is simple to use and convenient to set up. The pyramidal Lucas-Kanade method was applied to calculate motions for each feature point by analysing two consecutive frames. The image processing software employs a color scheme where the defined feature points are blue under stable (no movement) conditions and turn red along with a warning message and an audio signal (beeping alarm) for large patient movements. The initial position of the marker was used by the program to determine the marker positions in all the frames. The software generates a text file that contains the calculated motion for each frame and saves it as a compressed audio video interleave (AVI) file. We proposed a patient motion monitoring system using a web camera, which is simple and convenient to set up, to increase the safety of treatment delivery.

Quantitative Comparison of the Intraoperative Utility of Indocyanine Green and Fluorescein Videoangiographies in Cerebrovascular Surgery.

A quantitative analysis comparing indocyanine green videoangiography (ICG-VAG) and fluorescein videoangiography (FL-VAG) in cerebrovascular surgery has not been reported so far. To clear the differences of characteristics of ICG-VAG and FL-VAG by quantitative assessment. We prospectively analyzed results from 23 patients (3 males; mean age at surgery: 60.9 years, range: 14-75 years) at our hospital from August 2014 to July 2015. Eighteen patients had cerebral aneurysms for clipping, and 5 had intracranial arterial stenosis for superficial temporal artery (STA)-middle cerebral artery bypass. We imported data from the operative image data, converted by Audio Video Interleave to Aquacosmos as picture fluorescence intensity-analyzing software. Regions of interest were set at the parent artery, dome of aneurysms, and perforating artery in cases of clipping of aneurysms, and setting at 3 points in STA, in case of bypass. The transition of fluorescence intensity at each region of interest was calculated and plotted using Aquacosmos. Thick-walled artery, such as parent artery ( P = .0017) and STA ( P = .0182), was more significantly visualized by ICG-VAG than FL-VAG, whereas the perforating artery, especially in deep surgical fields, such as anterior communicating artery, internal carotid artery, and basilar artery, was better visualized by FL-VAG than ICG-VAG ( P < .0001). In this quantitative analysis of fluorescence study, ICG-VAG showed greater efficacy than FL-VAG in visualizing relatively thick arteries, such as parent artery and STA. However, FL-VAG has greater efficacy than ICG-VAG in visualizing perforating artery, especially in deep surgical fields with characteristic vessel walls.

Dual-Layer Video Encryption using RSA Algorithm

This paper proposes a video encryption algorithm using RSA and Pseudo Noise (PN) sequence, aimed at applications requiring sensitive video information transfers. The system is primarily designed to work with files encoded using the Audio Video Interleaved (AVI) codec, although it can be easily ported for use with Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) encoded files. The audio and video components of the source separately undergo two layers of encryption to ensure a reasonable level of security. Encryption of the video component involves applying the RSA algorithm followed by the PN-based encryption. Similarly, the audio component is first encrypted using PN and further subjected to encryption using the Discrete Cosine Transform. Combining these techniques, an efficient system, invulnerable to security breaches and attacks with favorable values of parameters such as encryption/decryption speed, encryption/decryption ratio and visual degradation; has been put forth. For applications requiring encryption of sensitive data wherein stringent security requirements are of prime concern, the system is found to yield negligible similarities in visual perception between the original and the encrypted video sequence. For applications wherein visual similarity is not of major concern, we limit the encryption task to a single level of encryption which is accomplished by using RSA, thereby quickening the encryption process. Although some similarity between the original and encrypted video is observed in this case, it is not enough to comprehend the happenings in the video.

Video Steganography Based on Integer Haar Wavelet Transforms for Secured Data Transfer

This paper proposes a video steganography algorithm based on Haar Integer Wavelet Transforms (IWT) and Least Significant Bits (LSB) substitution for data hiding and extraction in Red Green Blue (RGB) components of the video files. In this approach, the cover-video is divided into RGB frames and the text in binary form is embedded into the LSBs of IWT coefficients. The embedded text is extracted from stego-video using the reverse process of data hiding. The proposed system was implemented using Audio Video Interleave (AVI) files. The experimental results prove that the proposed system has shown imperceptible modifications in AVI videos that lead to high security and an eavesdropper's inability to detect hidden data. The proposed system is simple and therefore can be used to transfer highly confidential data like military secrets, hospital reports and other data.

Video Steganography based on Integer Haar Wavelet Transforms for Secured Data Transfer

This paper proposes a video steganography algorithm based on Haar Integer Wavelet Transforms (IWT) and Least Significant Bits (LSB) substitution for data hiding and extraction in Red Green Blue (RGB) components of the video files. In this approach, the cover-video is divided into RGB frames and the text in binary form is embedded into the LSBs of IWT coefficients. The embedded text is extracted from stego-video using the reverse process of data hiding. The proposed system was implemented using Audio Video Interleave (AVI) files. The experimental results prove that the proposed system has shown imperceptible modifications in AVI videos that lead to high security and an eavesdropper's inability to detect hidden data. The proposed system is simple and therefore can be used to transfer highly confidential data like military secrets, hospital reports and other data.

SISTEM APLIKASI MONITORING RUANGAN BERBASIS WEBCAM

Software design and hardware application system monitoring room webcam based aims to add value to the webcam to be used as part of the security system, implementing the work process of hardware and software monitoring system formed using delphi 7, analyzing the performance o f a stepper motor as the driving platform webcam and documenting object images and sounds in the room activities into a file format AVI (Audio Video Interleave). Webcams are used in this design is equipped with a standard webcam lighting lamps LED (Light Emitting Diode) with a USB data line, while the driver controls the webcam in the design o f this platform using unipolar type stepper motor controlled by a microcontroller, motor drivers and line interface RS232 to USB (Universal Serial Bus) converter. The installation o f the webcam to webcam platform play will lead to the right, left, stop rotating right and or to the left automatically. From the test results it can be concluded that the monitoring system and webcam based indoor stepper motor consists o f webcam applications and motor control applications platform which is separately because both applications use the USB and COM communication channels are opened simultaneously. As for the results o f the motion setting webcam platform proved to have a consistent degree of deviation for the wine and left turn kenanan but still require a series o f additional gears for smooth movement o f the platform and to reduce the effects o f shadow on motion pictures.

Fish Handling and Ultrasound Procedures for Viewing the Ovary of Submersed, Nonanesthetized, Unrestrained Channel Catfish

AbstractThis study addressed the development of rapid, straightforward, and minimally stressful procedures for the ultrasound imaging of ovaries of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in a commercial hatchery setting. The objectives were to (1) describe the ultrasound imaging equipment and settings used, (2) describe the fish handling procedures during imaging, and (3) illustrate image orientation with respect to the physical positioning of the probe and the catfish. Ultrasound images of the ovaries of channel catfish were recorded as digital video recordings (audio video interleave format) and as still images (ultrasound image format files). This study integrated the use of nonanesthetized, submersed fish within a recirculating tank system or portable container and a submersed waterproof probe, which enabled us to use water as a transmission medium for ultrasound. This allowed us to image the fish in ventral recumbency (upright swimming position) without using a physical restraint in the tank system, or by positioning the fish in the portable container by adjusting the position of its caudal peduncle with one hand and that of the probe with the other hand. The ease of using this technique allows it to be employed as a systematic method for fish handling under laboratory and hatchery conditions. The detailed ultrasound imaging procedures and instrument control settings reported can be used in future testing, improvement, and standardization of procedures for viewing ovaries in channel catfish and potentially other species.

Research of Vehicle Type Recognition System Based on Audio Video Interleaved Flow for Toll Station

With technology of digital image recognition, the data frames include vehicle’s digital image can be detected automatically from an Audio Video Interleaved (AVI) File, and vehicle type will be recognized automatically. The system consists of four modules: Reading AVI file and decomposing it into digital image frames; Motion detection; Vehicle’s digital image processing; Module of vehicle type classification. In particularly, algorithm of vehicle recognition through counting number of black pixels included in vehicle body contour is one innovation algorithm. Experiment on actual AVI files shows: the system design is simple and effective.

Implementation of Graphic User Interface Screen Capture Solution for Workflow Assessment of Abdominal MR Examinations: Valuable Tool to Analyze Discrepancies in Expected and Experienced MR Table Time

The aim of this study was to assess if graphical user interface screen-capture software applied to a magnetic resonance (MR) hardware console could nonintrusively allow the analysis of discrepancies between expected and experienced MR table time. Individual MR examination acquisition processes were captured in audio-video interleave streams for 10 patients who underwent comprehensive liver MR imaging. These audio-video streams were dissected into periods of true image data acquisition, scanner activity without direct image data acquisition, and scanner inactivity. Total expected time required for standardized liver MR image acquisition was estimated at 15 minutes. Experienced table times varied highly, ranging from 19:00 to 58:08 minutes. Image data acquisition occurred during approximately 58% (range, 43.3%-73.7%) of overall table time. Image data were obtained approximately 77% (range, 65.6%-87.0%) of the time the scanner spent active. Graphical user interface screen-capture software installed on an MR console nonintrusively revealed significant periods of table time spent not obtaining true image data and explained discrepancies between expected and experienced MR table times. Table-time calculations using Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine image headers and scanner-logged time stamps are underestimations of true table time because they do not take into account some scanner activities not directly leading to image formation.

Animation of boom failure processes

Computer animation is a useful tool for demonstrating time-dependent physical processes. In this paper, computer animations of oil-water flow around a boom and boom failure processes are presented. The animations are performed by playing a sequence of images at a speed of 15 frames/s (fps). The images have been obtained from the graphical output of mumerical modelling using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program, Fluent. The modelling is based on boom failure experiments carried out in flowing water channels. The animations are in audio video interleave (AVI) format and can be viewed easily on personal computers using the Media Player program within Windows '95. Features of the boom failure processes are more evident in the dynamic animation sequences than can be discerned from individual static images.

Converting laserdisc video to digital video: a demonstration project using brain animations.

Interactive laserdiscs are of limited value in large group learning situations due to the expense of establishing multiple workstations. The authors implemented an alternative to laserdisc video by using indexed digital video combined with an expert system. High-quality video was captured from a laserdisc player and combined with waveform audio into an audio-video-interleave (AVI) file format in the Microsoft Video-for-Windows environment (Microsoft Corp., Seattle, WA). With the use of an expert system, a knowledge-based computer program provided random access to these indexed AVI files. The program can be played on any multimedia computer without the need for laserdiscs. This system offers a high level of interactive video without the overhead and cost of a laserdisc player.