Atwood's Machine Research Articles

Atwood machine automation using Arduino and LabVIEW

The Atwood machine is an apparatus used in physics experiments to visualize the concept of Newton’s Second Law of Motion. However, the data collection on the Atwood machine, which is still done manually using a stopwatch, may cause errors and can be time-consuming. To improve the efficiency and accuracy of the experiment, this research developed Atwood machine automation using Arduino Uno microcontroller. The automation enables automatic release of weights and automatic data collection through a graphical user interface developed using LabVIEW. The experiment using the automated machine obtained satisfactory results in verifying the earth’s gravitational acceleration. Therefore, this machine can be used in physics learning, especially in physics experiment. The automation also enables remote utilization through internet connection, thus allowing easier and wider access for users.

Variable-Length Pendulum-Based Mechatronic Systems for Energy Harvesting: A Review of Dynamic Models

The ability to power low-power devices and sensors has drawn a great deal of interest to energy harvesting from ambient vibrations. The application of variable-length pendulum systems in conjunction with piezoelectric or electromagnetic energy-harvesting devices is examined in this thorough analysis. Because of their changeable length, such pendulums may effectively convert mechanical vibrations into electrical energy. This study covers these energy-harvesting systems’ basic theories, design concerns, modeling methods, and performance optimization strategies. This article reviews several studies that look at dynamic models, the effects of damping coefficients, device designs, and excitation parameters on energy output. The advantages and disadvantages of piezoelectric and electromagnetic coupling techniques are demonstrated by comparative research. This review also looks at technical advances and future research prospects in variable-length, pendulum-based energy harvesting. An expanded model for an energy harvester based on a variable-length pendulum derived from the modified, swinging Atwood machine is more specifically presented. This model’s numerical simulations, estimated current and voltage outputs, and produced power from the electromagnetic and piezoelectric devices integrated at various points in a 4-DOF variable-length pendulum model all indicate encouraging results. This necessitates extra study, changes, and optimizations to improve the usefulness of the proposed model. Finally, important dynamic models on developing variable-length, pendulum-based energy harvesters for usage in a range of applications to create sustainable energy are summarized.

Experimental Justification of the Poggendorff Experiment

Atwood invented a machine in the 1780s that enabled him to observe the motion of a falling body as slowly as desired. This machine was equipped with the necessary means to measure the distance covered by the body and the time taken. With this data, it was possible, in addition to studying the falling motion, to calculate the local gravitational constant. In the mid-19th century, this machine appeared reduced to its core: two bodies hanging from a thread passing over a pulley. This device, which we call the Atwood machine, has been the subject of experimental and theoretical research. On the other hand, this is a typical textbook problem and has great pedagogical value. Poggendorff performed the first experimental research on the Atwood machine. He weighed an Atwood machine when it is prevented from moving and when in motion. He verified that the machine weighs less when in motion. This experiment has been confirmed over time. What has never been shown is how the effective weight of each body on the machine varies. This is the task of the present paper.

Dynamics and integrability of the swinging Atwood machine generalisations

This paper studies the dynamics and integrability of two generalisations of a 3D Swinging Atwood’s Machine with additional Coulomb’s interactions and Hooke’s law of elasticity. The complexity of these systems is presented with the help of Poincaré cross sections, phase-parametric diagrams and Lyapunov exponents spectrums. Amazingly, such systems possess both chaotic and integrable dynamics. For the integrable cases we find additional first integrals and we construct general solutions written in terms of elliptic functions. Moreover, we present bifurcation diagrams for the integrable cases and we find resonance curves, which give families of periodic orbits of the systems. In the absence of the gravity, both models are super-integrable.

Tool modelling system of atwood machine with remote control of released objects for tracker video analysis

An interesting physical phenomenon to observe is the dynamics of motion. A physics tool to observe the dynamics of motion phenomena can be used Atwood machine. From the result of observation, it was known that the Atwood machine experiment was still done manually by using the ruler and stopwatch to determine the velocity and acceleration of a falling object. Besides that, the Atwood machine experiment manually had a big error and was unable to visualize the results of the experiment. A solution to solve this problem is to use a tracker video analysis and tool modeling. The analysis result on the tracker can display the position graph, the velocity graph, the acceleration graph, and the rope tension graph. Based on the data analysis, It can be stated third research results. First, the tool modeling system of atwood machine with remote control has good performance specifications. Second, the accuracy and precision of the tool modeling system of Atwood machine with remote control can be put in the high category. Third, the tool modeling system of atwood machine with remote control is able to display the characteristics of linier motion with constant acceleration and linier motion with constant velocity.

Rancang Bangun Alat Timer Otomatis Pesawat Atwood Berbasis Arduino

This research was motivated by the problem of accuracy measuring the Atwood machine practicum time caused by the time lag when activating and pausing the stopwatch. The purpose of this research is to produce a practical tool for measuring time, namely an Arduino-based automatic timer that is suitable for use in practical activities in the UNIMA physics laboratory. This research is a research and development model of the ADDIE model which consists of several stages of research, namely analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation, finishing of media products. Data collection was carried out by experiment, expert/expert validation. The results of testing the Arduino-based automatic stopwatch tool have a gravity value of 10.095 m/s2 and an error percentage of 2.7% to 3.4% while the validation of material experts and media experts for Atwood aircraft practicum tools and guides using an Arduino-based automatic timer is at criteria 90.4% - 95.2% and the assessment given by a small group is 98.8%. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that tools and guides have been produced for time with valid or appropriate qualifications.s.

The Atwood machine experiment assisted by smartphone acceleration sensor for enhancing classical mechanics experiments

Newton’s second law can be demonstrated by classical mechanical experiments, one of which is using the Atwood machine. Atwood machines consist of two weights suspended by a rope and connected by a pulley. In this study, an Atwood machine experiment was carried out, where the smartphone was placed on one of the loads, so that the vertical acceleration of the motion system could be measured easily using an acceleration sensor. We also consider the effect of pulley rotation which is usually missed from previous studies. By deriving the second law equation of Newton on rotational and translational motion, we can get the relationship between the system acceleration and the gravitational acceleration of the earth. The results of the earth’s gravitational acceleration obtained, compared with the results of the experiment using a stopwatch (conventional method), and with the value of the standard earth gravitational acceleration at that place. Earth’s gravitational acceleration from the experiment using a smartphone is closer to the standard earth gravitational acceleration value than using a stopwatch. So, in this experiment, the use of a smartphone acceleration sensor contributes to enhance a conventional demonstration of classical mechanics experiments.

PENGEMBANGAN ALAT PRAKTIKUM MESIN ATWOOD

Abstract: The development of science and technology increasingevolved following the times, especially in education. Education thatcannot be separated from the learning process requires a tool that canhelp and support the learning process. One of them is physics learningwhich requires a tool that can show physical phenomena in real. Basedon the above ideas then developed atwood machine practicum tool thatcan be used in learning. The purpose of this study is to: (1) Increase thelevel of accuracy of atwood machine tools. (2) Produce appropriateatwood machine tools. (3) Knowing the feasibility level of the developedatwood machine tool. (4) Knowing the respondent's response to atwoodmachine tool developed. The type of this research is the development ofADDIE model which consists of 5 stages: analysis, design, development,implementation, and evaluation. Based on the research result: (1) thequality atwood machine tool obtaine the average percentage accordingto the media expert of 92% with very reasonable criteria, and accordingto the material expert of 91% with very reasonable criteria. The averagepercentage of experts is 91.5% with very reasonable criteria means thatpracticum tool can be used in learning. (2) The result of questionnaire ofstudent response got percentage 87% with criteria strongly agree thatstudent have interest to atwood machine tools in. Suggestion in thisresearch that atwood machine practice tool can be used and used forlearning process and practice tool can be developed become moresophisticated.Keywords: Development, Practicum Tools, Atwood Machines.

Resolving tensions surrounding massive pulleys

The distribution of string tension on the contact line between an ideal string and a massive pulley is a frequently discussed but incompletely posed problem that confronts students in introductory mechanics. We highlight ambiguities in the usual presentation of this problem by the massive Atwood's machine and discuss two compact resolutions that treat situations where the pulley or the string elastically deforms. We propose experiments that can be developed in an intermediate laboratory to determine the tension profile.

The experimental solution of the elevator problem

This paper combines the physics of the Atwood machine and the classic elevator problem. An Atwood machine equipped with accelerometers is used to determine the acceleration in the bodies’ frames. The product of this acceleration by the mass of the body gives us the weight of the body in that frame. The body that accelerates up weighs more than in the laboratory and the body that accelerates down weighs less. The elevator is then a particular case of this. The upward or downward accelerated motion of an elevator will have the same effect on the acceleration inside the elevator, as the acceleration of the bodies on an Atwood machine has on the accelerations in the bodies’ frames. The weight of a body inside the elevator is given by the product of mass and the inside acceleration, as the weight of the body in its own frame. As this acceleration is greater or smaller than the free fall acceleration in the laboratory, the body’s weight in an elevator will be greater or smaller than the weight in the laboratory.

PENGGUNAAN ALAT PRAKTIKUM MESIN ATWOOD BERBASIS ARDUINO TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR DAN KETERAMPILAN ARGUMENTASI MAHASISWA PENDIDIKAN FISIKA PADA MATA PRAKTIKUM MEKANIKA TAHUN AKADEMIK 2017/2018

Abstract: The results of the presurvey conducted at the Laboratory of Physics Education, University of Muhammadiyah Metro that there is an arduino-based atwood machine practicum tool that has been made by Rohmah (2017) and has been validated with good accuracy but this tool has not been used in learning and has several advantages one of which is automatic detect the time needed for objects to move, so that the tool can work well and can be used to find out learning outcomes and argumentation skills. The research subjects were 12 students of Muhammadiyah Metro University physics education. Data collection instruments use student worksheets and test questions. The results showed that the use of arduino-based atwood machine practicum tools could affect the learning outcomes and argumentation skills of physics education students. Learning outcomes were calculated using a t-test with a significance level of 5%, so the results showed that thit abel t table was 5.66 ≥ 2.07, thus rejecting hypothesis H0 and accept H1: (there is a difference between the pretest and posttest scores) the disputes are 21.61. Then for student argumentation skills obtained an average percentage value of 83.33% from three aspects, namely claim, evidence and reasoning. Suggestions for readers, can be used as reference media for atwood machine practicum tools in learning with different materials and other learning methods.

On the integrability of new examples of two-dimensional Hamiltonian systems in curved spaces

In this work, we inspect the integrability of a natural Hamiltonian system interpreted physically as the motion of a particle in the Euclidean plane under the effect of conservative forces derived from a certain type of a non-homogeneous potential. We announce the necessary conditions for its integrability by using the differential Galois theorem. We present three examples to clarify the applicability of the obtained results is easy and efficacious. Some of these examples restore the previous results in the literature, and one of them gives a new integrable case describing a generalization of the well-known Swinging Atwood machine.

Dynamics of a Spool-Block Atwood System

For many years, Atwood’s machine has been used to demonstrate, illustrate, or verify Newton’s laws in introductory physics courses. It consists of two objects of different mass that are fastened to the ends of a string that hangs over a pulley. In an idealized situation, one assumes that pulley friction, the string’s mass, and changes in the string’s length are negligible. Cases in which the pulley’s mass is non-negligible may be considered. Advanced students can investigate non-ideal cases in which the string’s mass or friction is not negligible or cases in which the masses swing. Computer-based data acquisition tools allow quick and accurate measurements of the acceleration of the objects in the Atwood machine. They enable an instructor to ask probing questions regarding this apparatus while quickly verifying its prevailing physical principles through simple measurements. Two interesting questions that one can ask are: Question (1): “What is the acceleration of the objects in an Atwood machine when both objects are of equal mass with one being an unraveling spool?”Question (2): “Is it possible to determine a mass ratio in which the acceleration of the spool is non-zero while the acceleration of the other object is zero?”

Utilizing the phyphox app for measuring kinematics variables with a smartphone

In this work, we propose an interesting combination of the Atwood machine and Galileo’s inclined plane to study quantitatively kinematics with a smartphone and the phyphox app. For this purpose, we use the optical stopwatch function, based on the photosensor of the smartphone. The choice of phyphox app has some advantages for presenting the concepts of kinematics to lower high school students, as it directly and wirelessly provides analysed data to the screen of a laptop or a desktop computer. Thus, eliminating the need to export the raw data and necessitating the demanding step of data processing by the young pupils.

Architecture of Atwood Machine Props with Sensor-based Passive Infrared

The aim of this research is to develop Atwood machine propswith sensor-based PIR (Passive Infrared) to determine the acceleration value of earth gravity. This type of research is an experiment conducted in the physics laboratory of Universitas Indraprasta PGRI. Atwood machine was developed by using PIR (Passive Infrared) sensors to detect the movement of the objects used. Based on the trialof the result of the data analysis experiment tool, the acceleration of gravity was obtained (9.87 ± 0.08) m/s2. Whereas the value of acceleration of gravity in the literature is 9,80665 m/s2. The obtained results shows that the acceleration of gravity obtained in this research is not much different from the acceleration value of gravity found in the literature so that Atwood machine tool that is developed by using PIR sensor is recommended to be one alternative tool in determining the acceleration of earth gravity.

Modelling Atwood\u2019s Machine with Three Degrees of Freedom

A generalized model of the Atwood machine when two bodies can swing in a plane is considered. Combining symbolic and numerical calculations, we have obtained equations of motion of the system and analyzed their solutions. We have shown that oscillations can completely modify motion of the system while the simple Atwood machine demonstrates only the uniformly accelerated motion of the bodies. In particular, a quasi-periodic motion of the system can take place even in case of equal masses of the bodies. We have also obtained a differential equation determining an averaged translational motion of the system and have shown that its solution corresponds completely to the numerical solution of the exact differential equations of motion. The validity of the results obtained is demonstrated by means of the simulation of motion of swinging Atwood’s machine with the computer algebra system Wolfram Mathematica.

Force and torque of a string on a pulley

Every university introductory physics course considers the problem of Atwood's machine taking into account the mass of the pulley. In the usual treatment, the tensions at the two ends of the string are offhandedly taken to act on the pulley and be responsible for its rotation. However, such a free-body diagram of the forces on the pulley is not a priori justified, inducing students to construct wrong hypotheses such as that the string transfers its tension to the pulley or that some symmetry is in operation. We reexamine this problem by integrating the contact forces between each element of the string and the pulley and show that although the pulley does behave as if the tensions were acting on its ends, this comes only as the final result of a detailed analysis. We also address the question of how much friction is needed to prevent the string from slipping over the pulley. Finally, we deal with the case in which the string is on the verge of sliding and show that this cannot happen unless certain conditions are met by the coefficient of static friction and the masses involved.

Study of a variable mass Atwood’s machine using a smartphone

The Atwood machine was invented in 1784 by George Atwood and this system has been widely studied both theoretically and experimentally over the years. Nowadays, it is commonplace that many experimental physics courses include both Atwood’s machine and variable mass to introduce more complex concepts in physics. To study the dynamics of the masses that compose the variable Atwood’s machine, laboratories typically use a smart pulley. Now, the first work that introduced a smartphone as data acquisition equipment to study the acceleration in the Atwood’s machine was the one by M. Monteiro et al. Since then, there has been no further information available on the usage of smartphones in variable mass systems. This prompted us to do a study of this kind of system by means of data obtained with a smartphone and to show the practicality of using smartphones in complex experimental situations.

Decomposition of the compound Atwood machine

Non-standard solving strategies for the compound Atwood machine problem have been proposed. The present strategy is based on a very simple idea. Taking an Atwood machine and replacing one of its bodies by another Atwood machine, we have a compound machine. As this operation can be repeated, we can construct any compound Atwood machine. This rule of construction is transferred to a mathematical model, whereby the equations of motion are obtained. The only difference between the machine and its model is that instead of pulleys and bodies, we have reference frames that move solidarily with these objects. This model provides us with the accelerations in the non-inertial frames of the bodies, which we will use to obtain the equations of motion. This approach to the problem will be justified by the Lagrange method and exemplified by machines with six and eight bodies.

Note: Planetary gravities made simple: Sample test of a Mars rover wheel.

We introduce an instrument for a wide spectrum of experiments on gravities other than our planet's. It is based on a large Atwood machine where one of the loads is a bucket equipped with a single board computer and different sensors. The computer is able to detect the falling (or rising) and then the stabilization of the effective gravity and to trigger actuators depending on the experiment. Gravities within the range 0.4 g-1.2 g are easily achieved with acceleration noise of the order of 0.01 g. Under Martian gravity, we are able to perform experiments of approximately 1.5 s duration. The system includes features such as WiFi and a web interface with tools for the setup, monitoring, and data analysis of the experiment. We briefly show a case study in testing the performance of a model Mars rover wheel in low gravities.