Low Cost Attributes Research Articles

A Blockchain-based Digital Twin for IoT deployments in logistics and transportation

Digital Twins are software technologies that enable the modelling of real-world phenomena in digitised environments, representing and monitoring the reality of various processes, including IoT deployments. Since 2017, the use of Digital Twins has been increasing. However, in the road transport and logistics realm, the adoption rate remains low, primarily due to the costs of processing and validating data in centralised scenarios, among other factors. On the other hand, Blockchain technologies were created to provide immutable and decentralised data storage in diverse scenarios, adding a layer of isolation and reliability in heterogeneous solutions. This paper presents a case study proposing a Digital Twin based on open-source Blockchain technologies, such as FIWARE Canis Major. The primary goal is to design and implement a robust and efficient open-source architecture that allows for the control and optimisation of vehicle fleet allocations in logistics/transport companies within supply chain management. This case study aims to showcase the practical application of the proposed solution in a real-world context, providing insights into its eco-friendly and low-cost attributes while opening the door to a large number of additional applications.

Digital financial inclusion and quality of economic growth

Recently, digital financial inclusion has experienced rapid growth, introducing transformative changes to the finance industry. Its attributes of low cost, extensive coverage, and efficient cross-temporal and spatial information dissemination have had a significant impact on both economic growth and social development. This study, using China's provincial panel data, measures the quality of economic growth based on technological innovation, coordinated development, environmental protection, opening to the outside world, and people's livelihood. It verifies the impact of digital financial inclusion on the quality of economic growth by utilizing the panel fixed effect model, mediation effect model, panel threshold model, and spatial Durbin model. Digital financial inclusion has a positive impact on the quality of economic growth, particularly in the eastern region and regions with high marketization. It can effectively promote the quality of economic growth by stimulating entrepreneurial vitality, and has had a positive and increasing non-linear effect on the quality of economic growth over the past few years. Moreover, digital financial inclusion can promote the quality of economic growth in neighboring regions. Therefore, the quality of economic growth can be significantly improved by expanding the coverage breadth and usage depth of digital financial inclusion.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF GAMMA RADIATION DOSIMETERS REAL-TIME NETWORK-BASED SENSOR WIRELESS IEEE 802.15.4 PROTOCOL

Several studies have been carried out on the development of real-time gamma radiation dosimeter based on the wireless sensor network (WSN) protocol IEEE 802.15.4. WSN technology can be adopted to develop a gamma radiation dose monitoring system on a large scale due to its real-time, centralized, efficient, and relatively low-cost attributes. This study aims to develop a personal radiation dosimeter that can collect data from the measurement results of several sensor nodes or multi-sensors. The measurement results of radiation dose values from many radiation workers are sent to a coordinator node consisting of the Xbee module and Arduino as a microcontroller. The system test is compared with a calibrated dosimeter reading and is expected to be one of the instruments for determining radiation dose in real-time. It can also reduce the risk of receiving a radiation dose that exceeds the threshold allowed by the ionizing control agency and a program in radiation protection. Changes in the intensity of radiation emitted by Cs-137 (gamma radiation) are carried out by varying each detector's distance to the source, which indirectly varies the value of the dose rate received by the detector. This relationship is shown from the value of R2 = 0.99, which indicates a strong correlation between changes in the dose given to the detector's response being developed. The system built is efficient, inexpensive, and collecting radiation exposure data can monitor radiation exposure received by workers in real-time. This technique can help speed up reporting of radiation exposure received by radiation workers.

Applying the Blog in an Information Literacy Program in School Library Setting

For a long time library services of the elementary schools developed slowly due to the deficiency of funds and human resources. The phenomenon is also easily ignored or neglected by the public. The emergence of the blog brings new opportunities for the elementary school libraries with its attributes of low cost, low technique and easy interactions. The purpose of this study is to probe into the blog applied in an information literacy program in elementary school libraries from different perspectives: students’ uses of the blogs ,students’ learning behavior during the program, and opinions of students and the librarian-teacher toward the program.

An Ink‐Composition Engineering Approach for Upscaling of Organic Solar Cells with High‐Efficiency Retention Factor

The potential for commercialization of organic solar cells (OSCs) has vastly increased in recent years as the device efficiency for small‐scale laboratory OSCs has continuously increased. There are, however, still multiple challenges that need to be addressed and overcome. Among them, upscaling of the device manufacturing techniques to be compatible with the potential attributes of low cost must be the pinnacle. Herein, a pathway for upscaling with an ink‐engineering approach toward in‐air optimization of large‐area OSCs is presented. Optimized flexible indium tin oxide (ITO)‐free OSCs based on a PTB7‐TH:IEICO‐4F:PC71BM ternary blend show efficiencies up to 10.2% (device active area 0.88 cm2), which is the highest value reported to date (for in‐air slot‐die‐coated devices). This is achieved through ink modifications and optimizations as well as electrode and active layer compositional optimizations, leading to an impressive efficiency retention of 0.86 compared to the in‐literature optimized small‐scale devices.

Efficient access control system based on aesthetic QR code

With the explosive growth of smart phones in recent years, QR code is becoming more and more popular. This work presents a new electronic access control system for smart building based on QR code. The system exploits the single-key-lock mechanism to generate keys for users and locks for QR code reader on the door. After being encrypted using a symmetric-key cryptography algorithm, the keys are used to generate a QR code as its message. Then the system exploits the XOR characteristics of a Reed-Solomon code and a fusion strategy to synthesize aesthetic QR code from user's photo and QR code. Aesthetic QR code as a carrier of user's credential will be assigned to user. When user presents the aesthetic QR code to QR code reader, the QR code reader will decode and decrypt the key, then directly make the access decision by performing an operation between key and lock. Experimental results show that the proposed access control system has the attributes of low cost, flexibility, high security, and offline verification. Moreover, the generated aesthetic QR code is resistant to common image degradation attacks.

On the potential of bluetooth low energy technology for vehicular applications

With the increasing number of sensors in modern vehicles, using an Intra-Vehicular Wireless Sensor Network (IVWSN) is a possible solution for the automotive industry to address the potential issues that arise from additional wiring harness. Such a solution could help car manufacturers develop vehicles that have better fuel economy and performance, in addition to supporting new applications. However, which wireless technology for IVWSNs should be used for maximizing the aforementioned benefits is still an open issue. In this paper, we propose to use a new wireless technology known as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and highlight a new architecture for IVWSN. Based on a comprehensive study which encompasses an example application, it is shown that BLE is an excellent option that can be used in IVWSNs for certain applications mainly due to its good performance and low-power, low-complexity, and low-cost attributes.

POMAS: An Internet Public Opinion Monitoring and Analyzing System

With the rapid development of Internet technology, the Internet has become an essential part of our everyday life. However, Internet can pose potential threats to government authorities, economic development or social stability in any country if false information, unsolicited or malicious public opinions are uncontrollably disseminated in large scale on the Internet, thanks to the attributes of low cost and anonymity of information exchange on the Internet. It is evident that an ineffective supervision and monitor of public opinions in the virtual cyber space can lead to serious social crisis or social instability in our real life. This paper is concluded by a summary of IPOMAS (Internet Public Opinion Monitoring and Analyzing System) implementation including the technical challenges, lessons learned and project outcomes through the lifecycle of the design, development and implementation of IPOMAS.

Low-cost wafer bumping

As the demand for flip-chip interconnects mounts across an increasingly large spectrum of products and technologies, several wafer-bumping processes have been developed to produce the small solder features required for this interconnect technology. These processes differ significantly in complexity and commensurate cost. Recently, a new bumping process developed at IBM Research called injection-molded solder, or IMS, has shown the capability to combine low-cost attributes with high-end capabilities. The development of IMS technology was driven by the need to reduce wafer-bumping costs while simultaneously addressing the conflicting needs of increasing wafer dimensions to 300 mm, decreasing bump and pitch dimensions below 75 µm on 150-µm centers, and optimal Pb-free alloy selection and processing. This paper describes IMS technology for both standard eutectic SnPb and Pb-free wafer bumping. Existing mainstream bumping technologies are also reviewed, with a focus on the challenges of new industry requirements. Early manufacturing challenges are addressed, including solutions that demonstrated the appropriateness of IMS technology for low-cost 300-mm Pb and Pb-free wafer bumping. Early process and reliability data are also reviewed.