Attitudes Of Migrants Research Articles

Bridging the gulf: How migration fosters tolerance, cosmopolitanism, and support for globalization

AbstractImmigration has been shown to drive ethnocentrism and anti‐globalization attitudes in native‐born populations. Yet understanding how global integration shapes intercultural relations also necessitates clear evidence on how migration affects the attitudes of migrants. We argue that migration can foster tolerance, cosmopolitan identities, and support for international cooperation among migrants who experience sustained contact with other cultural groups. We evaluate this theory with the first randomized controlled trial resulting in overseas migration, which connected individuals in India with job opportunities in the Persian Gulf region's hospitality sector. Two years after the program began, individuals in the treatment group were significantly more accepting of ethnic, cultural, and national out‐groups. Migration also bolstered support for international cooperation and cultivated cosmopolitan identities. Qualitative and quantitative evidence links these changes to intercultural contact overseas. By focusing on migrants rather than native‐born individuals, our study illustrates how cross‐border mobility can facilitate rather than undermine global integration.

CAUSING FACTORS OF MIGRATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS

The said article on the study of the migration process of the motivation and push factors for migration and analysis of the human rights of the people, the cause of the migration of one state party can be the cause of human rights as the citizens of the country who make the behavior as a decision and on the other hand, it is very important for the migrants. There are many contributing factors to migration, including economic, political, socio-political, human rights factors, natural, health-related, cultural and educational factors. States where the level of social and economic life is low, human rights are not protected, the citizen has no income, there are small and unpromising opportunities for employment, due to which the unstable political environment loses a large part of citizens over time, therefore migration can be due to both labor and family factors. The article also discusses the facts of migration and the directions caused by political factors and coldblooded confrontations in the past, the First and Second World Wars led to the largest-scale migrations and changes in residential location. Also important is the structure and nature of migration, which can be shaped by the causes of violence and war. In international migration, human rights are particularly relevant and important, systemic or legal problems before leaving the country, and the attitudes of migrants towards them in the receiving state, are their rights fully protected? The important research results in the article are: Migration has acquired its character based on historical facts from the past, for example population migration is frequent from East Africa to North Africa, from East Africa to Europe, as well as population migration from Islamic states to Europe due to the insecurity of the population, especially women’s rights, with the motive of providing physical protection and security. The desire to get an education and simply to travel remains a contributing factor to migration among young people. The factors causing migration in international migration remain: the right to life, the right to personal freedom, the right to religious freedom, freedom of movement and movement, freedom of speech, the right to physical security. Key words: migration, challenge, human, right.

“At Least, at the Border, I Am Killing Myself by My Own Will”: Migration Aspirations and Risk Perceptions among Syrian and Afghan Communities

It is well-documented that border controls make migration journeys riskier for people on the move. Policymakers construe deaths in migration journeys as resulting from the individual risk-taking attitudes of migrants. However, risks involved in migration journeys are not only related to border control measures. Based on the analysis of 30 semi-structured interviews conducted with Syrian and Afghan migrants in Turkey, we embrace a social constructionist approach to unpack how migrants form their aspirations based on their risk perceptions. Our findings explain why some migrants would still move onwards despite violent borders while others stay or search for “safer” ways for onward migration.

The Effect of Migration on Political Support for Co-ethnics: Evidence From Turkey

In recent years, a record number of people have been forcibly displaced or migrated due to conflict. Whilst established political science research suggests that displaced communities are an added risk factor for conflict due to their support for extreme co-ethnic political parties and movements, this has been challenged by recent research which shows that migrants can be a moderating force. We offer a potential reconciliation of these divergent findings by distinguishing between first- and second-generation migrants. Due to their relative lack of conflict exposure, second-generation migrants will have significantly less support for co-ethnic political parties than first-generation migrants and those who remain. We test our argument using granular survey data comparing Kurds who migrated out of the conflict zone in Turkey with those who remained. The results support our theoretical framework and have important implications for our understanding of migrant attitudes and the long-term effects of conflict exposure.

Migrant Attitudes Towards Democracy in Australia: Excluded or Allegiant Citizens?

How do migrants evaluate democracy in Australia? While prior studies have examined migrant support for democracy in Australia, less is known about how migrants evaluate the performance of democracy, as captured by indicators on political trust and satisfaction with democracy. Would migrants have lower levels of political trust and satisfaction with democracy as a result of political exclusion, including under‐representation in parliament? Or would migrants from less democratic countries, socialised in regimes where critical attitudes towards political authorities are discouraged, be more allegiant citizens with relatively positive evaluations of democracy? Using data from the 2010 to 2019 Australian Election Study surveys, combined with Freedom House regime classifications of migrant origin countries, we examine migrant attitudes towards Australian democracy. The results show that while migrants to Australia from other democratic countries have similar attitudes to those born in Australia, those from less democratic countries have higher levels of political trust and satisfaction with democracy. This suggests that despite political exclusion, migrants from less democratic countries are more allegiant citizens than those born in Australia or another democracy.

When cultures clash: Links between perceived cultural distance in values and attitudes towards migrants

Migration elicits mixed reactions from the host‐society. Negative responses towards migrants seem to emerge when migrants are perceived as culturally different. We investigated when and why perceived cultural distance (PCD) is associated with negative migrant attitudes by focussing on differences in cultural values. We expected that PCD in social values (focus on relationships and society) should be more strongly associated with attitudes towards migrants than personal values (individual needs and gains) and should be mediated by symbolic threat. In two quasi‐experimental studies (N = 200, N = 668) with Dutch participants (host‐society), we simultaneously tested effects of respondents’ perception of Dutch values, their perceptions of migrant values (of Moroccan, Syrian, Polish ethnic origin), and PCD between Dutch‐migrant value on attitudes. For all migrant groups, PCD in social values was associated with more negative attitudes, less tolerance, and less policy support regarding migrants; this was mediated by symbolic threat. These links were weaker for personal values.

<p>Low Knowledge and Attitude Towards Visceral Leishmaniasis Among Migrants and Seasonal Farm Workers in Northwest Ethiopia</p>

ObjectiveEthiopia has the second highest burden of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) next to Sudan. North West Ethiopia alone accounts for 60% of the national burden. Migrant and seasonal farmworkers were the riskiest groups. Good knowledge and attitude on VL is a precursor for successful control of the disease. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine knowledge and attitude towards VL and its associated factors among migrants and seasonal farmworkers in West Gondar zone, Northwest Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October to November 2018 in Metema and West Armachiho districts. Two-stage cluster sampling was used to select 950 migrant and seasonal farmworkers. A binary logistic regression model was fitted and variables having a P-value<0.05 were considered to have a significant association with the outcome variable. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used as a measure of association. The goodness of fit test was assessed by Hosmer–Lemeshow test.ResultsOf the total participants, 33.2% (95% CI=30.2–36.2) and 30.2% (95% CI=27.4–33.2) were found to have good knowledge and favorable attitude towards VL, respectively. Factors associated with good knowledge include having health information (AOR=3.2, 95% CI=2.3–4.4), previous history of VL (AOR=6.8, 95% CI=3.7–12.8), and higher age (AOR=1.58, 95% CI=1.12–2.23). Moreover, factors associated with favorable attitude include having health information (AOR=2.8, 95% CI=2.0–3.9), previous history of VL (AOR=2.3, 95% CI=1.3–4.1), good knowledge (AOR=2.4, 95% CI=1.7–3.3), and larger number of visits to the farm area (AOR=2.5, 95% CI=1.5–4.1).ConclusionIn this study, knowledge and attitude of migrants and seasonal farmworkers towards VL were low. Having health information and previous history of VL had increased the odds of both knowledge and attitude. Tailored interventions for the migrant seasonal farmworkers focusing on knowledge and attitude of VL would be supremely important.

The role of mass media exposure on tuberculosis knowledge and attitude among migrant and seasonal farmworkers in Northwest Ethiopia

BackgroundGlobally, tuberculosis (TB) is the 10th leading cause of death. Despite no country achieved its target, the world health organization (WHO) proposed a 90–90-90 approach to fastening the end TB strategy. Improvement and progression of TB control need good knowledge and a favorable attitude towards the disease. However, interventions designed don’t take migrants and seasonal farmworkers into account. Therefore, this study aimed at estimating the level of knowledge and attitude on Tuberculosis among migrant and seasonal farmworkers in northwest Ethiopia.MethodsCommunity-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the West Gondar zone from October to November 2018. A two-stage cluster sampling was used to select 949 migrant and seasonal farmworkers. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. A p-value of < 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. The goodness of fit was checked using Hosmer and Lemeshow test.ResultsIn this study, (41.8%), (95% CI: 38.73, 45.01) and (50.5%), (95% CI: 47.29, 53.65) of migrants and seasonal farmworkers had good knowledge and a favorable attitude, respectively. The odds of good knowledge among mass media exposed migrants were AOR = 1.42, 95% CI: (1.02, 2.01). Moreover, urban residence and having good knowledge increase the odds of favorable attitude by 1.66, (AOR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.05, 2.62) and 4.3 (AOR = 4.3, 95%CI: 3.26, 5.75), respectively.ConclusionIn this study, the overall knowledge and attitude of migrant and seasonal farmworkers on TB were low. Family size and mass media exposure significantly affect knowledge of the migrants on TB. On the other hand, the attitude was affected by urban residence, health information, and having good knowledge. Health promotion interventions, focused on TB cause, mode of transmission, prevention, and treatment are important to migrant and seasonal farmworkers to improve the knowledge and attitude of migrants and seasonal farmworkers.

Commemorating the deadly other side of externalized borders through \u201cmigrant-martyrs\u201d, sacrifices and politizations of (irregular) migration on the international migrants' day in Mali

This article explores the different memorial strategies of the civil society associations and the public authorities in Mali through various practices and discourses of the International Migrant Day around the stinging reality of migrants’ shipwrecks in the Mediterranean. Against the backdrop of the progressive externalization of European borders, the Libyan coast has become a hecatomb for young Malian migrant ‘adventurers’. In 2015, around 360 young people from the region of Kayes, in the Southwest of Mali, lost their lives. Under the pressure of civil society associations, the government of Mali decreed days of National Mourning in memory of the shipwrecked. Simultaneously the transnational network Afrique-Europe-Interact in collaboration with representatives of the city of Kita, organized a politically ritualized ceremony to carry out sacrifices honoring the deaths. Based on an ethnography of this mourning ceremony, the article shows how civil society actors denounce the appropriation of the tragic events by a state that “expels” its citizens incapable to develop and the European Union that “kills” by externalizing borders. A short media analysis of the government’s celebration serves as a contrast to the civil society engagement. Through these competing memorial strategies, the article presents the antagonistic but overlapping positionings between the public authorities with their northern partners condemning irregular migration, and the bereaved populations and the civil society considering migration as a normal strategy for a better life and cultural heritage. Our analysis reveals that the celebration of the International Migrants Day and the National Day of Mourning have led to the construction of alternative discourses on ‘irregular’ migration that call to account externalization and neoliberal policies and the risk-taking attitude of migrants in migratory tragedies embedded in very localized mourning practices.

Religion and Prejudice Toward Immigrants and Refugees: A Meta-Analytic Review

ABSTRACT Religion is often a driving force in negative attitudes; however, in the specific case of migrant-based attitudes, research has produced conflicting findings. That is, religion can paradoxically facilitate either tolerance or intolerance toward this group. In light of these inconsistent findings, we conducted a meta-analytic review to estimate the effect size of this relationship with two major aims—first, to explore differences as a function of how religion was operationalised, and second, to explore differences in the target migrant-type (e.g., differences in religion-based attitudes toward immigrants and refugees/asylum seekers). Our search strategy was applied to PsycINFO, EBSCO Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, Web of Science, PsycEXTRA, and ProQuest Central for peer-reviewed English language studies and made calls for unpublished data through relevant professional bodies. This search strategy yielded 37 records (including 43 studies; N = 472,688). Religion was quantified in two ways: either as categorical religious affiliations (k = 60) or as individual differences in self-reported religiosity (k = 30). The meta-analyses revealed that religion quantified as affiliation, but not religiosity, was related to negative migrant attitudes. Specifically, religiously affiliated samples report more negative attitudes than nonreligious affiliated samples, and this effect was often stronger when the target groups were refugees rather than immigrants. In addition, analyses revealed that Muslims have more negative attitudes toward migrants than Christians. Religiosity was unrelated to negative attitudes. These findings are discussed in light of rising antimigrant attitudes.

Understanding Undocumented Migration from Honduras

AbstractQuantitative evidence on the drivers of undocumented migration from Honduras is limited. As a result, policy responses have been reactionary and understudied. Migration flows from the country are distinct from the rest of the region and merit study. By implementing different survey instruments, including focus groups, in‐depth interviews and a nationally representative survey, we build the first nationally representative data‐set on migrant attitudes in the country. Our results show that the propensity to migrate of individuals living in low‐income households is inversely related to human capital accumulation and access to basic services. Similarly, variables linked to networks in the destination country are positively correlated with the propensity to migrate. The prevalence of violence in areas where potential migrants live is unrelated to their migration decisions. This indicates that the focus of migration policy should rest in improving material conditions.

РИСКИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ МИГРАЦИИ И ПОЛИТИКА ИНТЕГРАЦИИ В АЗИАТСКОМ ПРИГРАНИЧЬЕ РОССИИ (ПО ДАННЫМ СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ В АЛТАЙСКОМ КРАЕ)

Migration processes in the Asian borderland play crucial role in determination of demographic, economic and cultural changes in sending and receiving countries. Russian border regions serve as a «buffer zone» in which migrants get primary adaptation, provide conditions for further integration into Russian society. Changes in priorities in Russian migration policy, aimed at implementing complex, differentiated approach to regulation of migration flows, increasing demands for linguistic and legal competence of new-comers, enhancing the attractiveness of Russia for international migrants need fine-tuning the social mechanisms of integration, including institutional, organizational and individual components, reformatting relationship between migrants and hosting communities. Sociological research, conducted in the Altai territory in 2017 (formal interviews with population, n=932, in the age of 18-70 years old, and interviews with migrants, staying in Russia less than 5 years, n=317, from 16 to 73 years old), examined peculiarities of perception of migration situation, migrants and migration policy by population, their evaluations of positive and negative effects of international migration, and analyzed acculturation strategies, expectations and attitudes of migrants towards their future in Russia. It was concluded that population of the Altai territory is rather unconcerned with international migration problem which is assessed as less relevant than socio-economic problems and depopulation. Awareness about possible gains from international migration is related with negative stereotypes and biased representations of population about migrants and migration. Migrants themselves, in contrast, demonstrate high level of satisfaction with their position and optimism about interactions with native population. Meanwhile, taking into account, hidden discontent of population and law level of trust towards social institutions among migrants, high level of informal networks used to access social services, authors conclude about latent character of migration risks in the region.

After the exodus: Exploring migrant attitudes to documentation, brokerage and employment following the 2014 mass withdrawal of Cambodian workers from Thailand

This paper uses the exodus of Cambodian migrant workers from Thailand in June 2014 as a focal point around which to explore Cambodian migrant attitudes towards the systems of documentation and brokerage that influence their movement. From the perspective of Cambodian returnees and their families, it builds on recent work exploring narratives of brokerage by demonstrating how documentation itself — and by extension the legality of migration — is viewed through a contextual lens. Specifically, it argues that documentation is not only viewed according to the formal regulatory framework governing migration between the two countries, but forms part of a more complex structure of influences in which norms of employment and brokerage are equally prominent. From this position, the paper suggests that migrants did not only respond directly to threats of a crackdown by authorities following the 2014 coup, but were additionally influenced by the actions of employers and brokers, whose guarantees of protection — or otherwise — were seen as vitally important in their migration decisions.

Migrants attitudes to immigration in Australia: 1990 to 2004

Since 1990, migrant Australians' attitudes to immigration have waned and waxed according to the same overall pattern as those of the Australia-born. However, migrants are consistently less likely to want a decrease in the intake and consistently (slightly) more likely to want an increase. This is particularly true of those born in non-English-speaking-background (NESB) countries. Even so, in 2004, only 26 per cent of NESB-born Australians wanted an increase in immigration. Migrants are also likely to want an increase in immigration from their own region of origin. But the stand-out group here are the British. UK-born Australians are much more likely to want an increase in British immigration than are Asia-born Australians to want an increase in Asian immigration or Southern-Europe-born Australians to want an increase in Southern European immigration. When we focus on regions within New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria, the differences between the Australia-born and the NESB-born in their attitudes to immigration in general are marked. But in no instance do a majority of the NESB-born want an increase in immigration.

Knowing is Not Enough: Migrant Workers’ Spouses Vulnerability to HIV

Introduction: Male migrants and their sexual partners at home are at increased risk of STIs (Sexually Transmitted Infections) including HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). We aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of migrants’ wives regarding HIV and STIs, and to understand risk perception of HIV due to their husbands’ sexual behaviour. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey among 182 migrants’ wives was conducted in two rural villages of Chitwan district in Nepal. The participants were selected through multistage cluster sampling method and data were collected through a questionnaire administered through a face-to-face interview. Results: Nearly all (94%) of migrants’ wives had a good knowledge of HIV, however with some misconceptions. More than two-thirds of the participating migrants’ wives were aware about the risk of HIV infection in migrant husbands and subsequent risk of transmitting themselves through sexual intercourse. Nearly half of the participants reported inability to ask their husbands about HIV and STIs even if they had their doubts. Knowledge of HIV and HIV risk associated with migration were statistically significantly higher in younger women, those who were literate and the longer the period of their husbands’ migration. Conclusion: Despite having generally a good knowledge and awareness of HIV and migration induced HIV risk; migrants’ wives could not discuss sexual health issues with their husbands, thus increasing their vulnerability to HIV and STIs.SAARC J TUBER LUNG DIS HIV/AIDS, 2016; XIII(1), page: 9-15

ГЕНДЕРНЫЕ УСТАНОВКИ МИГРАНТОВ-МУСУЛЬМАН В ЗАПАДНОЙ ЕВРОПЕ: МНОГОУРОВНЕВЫЙ НЕИЕРАРХИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ

The article examines the attitudes of Muslim migrants in Western Europe to gender equality in the labor market measured using the statement «When jobs are scarce, men should have priority over women». Applying a multilevel non-hierarchical regression analysis of the combined and harmonized datasets from the European Social Survey (ESS), World Values Study (WVS) and European Values Study (EVS), the author compares the migrant attitudes with the attitudes of European residents, as well as with values in twelve Islamic countries of origin. The survey shows that the migrants’ attitudes are generally closer to the society of destination than to the society of origin; however the Muslim migrants assimilate slower than others, and their attitudes are considerably more egalitarian than attitudes in the societies of origin though more patriarchal than attitudes in the societies or destination.

ТРУДОВА МІГРАЦІЯ ЯК ПОТЕНЦІЙНИЙ РИЗИК ДЛЯ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ УКРАЇНИ

The most massive and significant migration flow for Ukraine is labor migration of citizens abroad today. The article is aimed at researching the labor migration of our citizens abroad as a potential risk to the national security of the country. As a result of the researching, certain trends are established in migration processes from the territory of Ukraine according to the such criteria: by place of residence, by sex, by age, by level of education, by the nature of employment. Differences in wages are cited as the main reason for migration. The advantages and disadvantages of labor migration for the Ukrainian economy is identified. Among the advantages are: workers' remittances, a decrease in government spending on social benefits, a decrease in the unemployment rate, an increase in the level of real wages. The main drawback is the decrease in the supply of labor within the country. The essence of national security it is identified in accordance with the current legislation of Ukraine. It is proposed to consider labor migration as a potential risk to the national security of Ukraine. The latest changes in the sphere of employment is disclosed. The growing interest of developed countries in labor migrants is analyzed. The government's project on the economic reintegration of labor migrants are examined. The attitude of migrants to this project is analyzed. The most probable changes in the near future in the sphere of labor migration of Ukrainian citizens abroad is disclosed. It is identified that the best way to solution of the existing problem is the implementation of systemic and comprehensive reforms by the Ukrainian authorities in order to create favorable conditions for economic growth and social development of Ukraine in general. The creation of reform projects should be the aim of further research in this sphere.

Unsettling Narratives: Overcoming Prejudices in the Hostel Stories Project

ABSTRACTIn 1988, Jock Collins boldly suggested that Australia’s earlier migrant arrivals, the subject of prejudice themselves, often become the perpetrators of prejudice. Indeed, as we collect oral histories from post-war migrants, we are regularly confronted with angry statements such as “asylum seekers are just let in and given everything”. What lies at the heart of this phenomenon? Clearly, prejudice and stereotyping exists in all societies but seems to be particularly evident in societies where an ongoing flow of migrants continues to change and alter the ethnic and racial mix. This article reflects upon research conducted in the Hostel Stories project, where we frequently were confronted with stereotyped, prejudicial, and even racist comments about other migrants and refugees during interviews with migrants. These statements made us ask whether Collins was correct in his observations. Drawing on the literature from various disciplines, we consider various influences on migrant attitudes towards other migrants. We propose that it is critical to continue to progress beyond the conventional topics explored in migration studies and ask difficult questions in order to contribute to a growing global discussion on ethnicity and intergroup relations, especially in relation to prejudice and racism.

Assimilation or integration: Similarities and differences between acculturation attitudes of migrants from Central Asia and Russians in Central Russia

When acculturation strategies of migrants and acculturation expectations of a host society do not coincide, psychological outcomes for members of the groups in contact can differ significantly. Berry (2013) proposed that intercultural relations can be understood on the basis of three hypotheses: the multiculturalism hypothesis, the integration hypothesis, and the contact hypothesis. Our goal was to test these three hypotheses in Russian majority and Asian minority groups. Migrants from Central Asia (N = 168; 88 ethnic Uzbeks and 80 ethnic Tajiks) and ethnic Russians (N = 158) were surveyed using a self-report questionnaire that included measures developed by the Mutual Intercultural Relations in Plural Societies project. Data processing was carried out using Structural Equation Modeling with the Russians and the migrants separately. We found significant and positive relationships between perceived security and multicultural ideology in both groups. We found a positive relationship between intercultural contacts and the integration strategy among the migrants from Central Asia. Intercultural contacts in the group of Russians was positively related to the expectation of integration and negatively related to the expectation of assimilation. The integration strategy of the migrants was positively related to their self-esteem, while the assimilation strategy was positively related to their sociocultural adaptation and life satisfaction. Among the Russians, the integration expectation promoted their better life satisfaction and self-esteem. The multiculturalism hypothesis was partially supported with both the migrants from Central Asia and the Russians: perceived security promoted an acceptance of multicultural ideology but didn’t promote ethnic tolerance. The contact hypothesis was partially supported in both groups: interethnic contacts were positively linked to the integration strategy of the migrants and the integration expectations of the Russians. The integration hypothesis was fully supported in the sample of Russians and partially supported in the sample of migrants. The migrants’ adoption of the assimilation strategy promoted their life satisfaction and sociocultural adaptation.

Migration-affected change and vulnerability in rural Vanuatu

Migration is increasingly being promoted as a possible adaptive response to risks associated with climate change and other stresses. While migration may present an adaptation pathway in certain contexts, existing research fails to consider the ways in which migration could contribute to vulnerability in sending communities. This paper examines the impact of migration-affected change on local vulnerability in Lamen Bay, Vanuatu. Qualitative methods, including interviews and focus groups with 58 individuals, were used to determine how migration interacts with the multiple stressors faced by the community. The results show that migration is likely to contribute to vulnerability in already vulnerable communities. In Lamen Bay, migration affects a number of contextual factors that influence exposure and the capacity to respond to change, including labour supply, food security, migrant attitudes, underdevelopment and institutional viability. These results suggest that development policy in Vanuatu needs to address existing vulnerabilities while offering the opportunity to migrate.