Attenuation In Optical Fibers Research Articles

Tunable fiber attenuator for electrically wet-driven micromirrors

Herein we report an electronically controlled tunable fiber-optic attenuator that leverages the microfluidic electro-wetting effect, which enables a fine-tuning of the solid-liquid interface wetting angle to control the micro-reflector, thus regulating the lens fiber coupling efficiency. Theoretical calculations indicated an optical attenuation regulation effect of 0–45.0 dB in the voltage range of 0–30.0 V. Experimental results align closely with theoretical calculations, demonstrating an attenuation range of 0.59–43.0 dB within a voltage variation range of 0–25.0 V, with control accuracy of 0.56 dB. Our study unveils the potential for designing fiber-optic attenuators with varying tuning accuracy by precisely adjusting the solid-liquid interface wetting angle.

Temperature Cycling Effects on Infrared Radiation-Induced Attenuation of Silica-based Optical Fibers

Temperature Cycling Effects on Infrared Radiation-Induced Attenuation of Silica-based Optical Fibers

Influence of Hydrogen on the Radiation-Induced Attenuation of Ge-doped Optical Fibers

Influence of Hydrogen on the Radiation-Induced Attenuation of Ge-doped Optical Fibers

Optimizing ODP Device Placement on FTTH Network Using Genetic Algorithms

Currently the problem of Optical Distribution Point (ODP) infrastructure is important in fiber to the home (FTTH) network access because ODP infrastructure development is no longer dependent on demand, so placing ODP manually without a systematic method can cause an increase in the value of optical fiber attenuation. on the length of the cable and cause the cable distribution to be irregular. This study aims to optimize the placement of ODP devices in PT BCV's FTTH network by using the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) scheme with the genetic algorithm (GA) approach and using hybrid GA, testing is carried out using Matlab software. Testing with development using Hybrid GA gets the best path with a fitness value of 28.6457 and a computation time of 89.93 seconds.

Optical driving, spin initialization and readout of single SiV− centers in a Fabry-Perot resonator

Large-scale quantum communication networks require quantum repeaters due to the signal attenuation in optical fibers. Ideal quantum repeater nodes efficiently link a quantum memory with photons serving as flying qubits. Color centers in diamond, particularly the negatively charged silicon vacancy center, are promising candidates to establish such nodes. Inefficient connection between the color center’s spin to the optical fiber networks is a major obstacle, that could be resolved by utilizing optical resonators. Here, we couple individual silicon vacancy centers incorporated in a nanodiamond to a hemispherical, stable Fabry-Perot microcavity, achieving Purcell-factors larger than 1. We demonstrate coherent optical driving between ground and excited state with a Rabi-frequency of 330 MHz, all-optical initialization and readout of the electron spin in magnetic fields of up to 3.2 T. Spin initialization within 67 ns with a 80 % fidelity and a lifetime of 350 ns are reached. Our demonstration opens the way to realize quantum repeater applications.

FTTH NETWORK DISTURBANCE ANALYSIS BASED ON ATTENUATION AND RECEPTION POWER ON THE INDIHOME SINGKAWANG NETWORK

Optical fiber is a transmission medium that allows it to meet human needs to be able to transfer data faster because it uses light as a conductor. There is a damping problem in optical fiber, it needs to be accommodated so as to minimize the occurrence of attenuation in optical fiber. With this research, it can be known the magnitude of the value of a fiber optic transmission attenuation through the method of measuring attenuation values and receiving power at the customer's home using OPM, identifying fiber optic channel attenuation that affects the quality of internet services, and knowing the comparison of OPM measurement results with OT data reading. This study uses an analytical descriptive approach where the research will describe what it is about a variable that is processed, as well as the symptoms and conditions to be identified. So the results of the study can be obtained, namely, the amount of attenuation measured in the customer's home is influenced by the attenuation measured in ODP. Attenuation at ODP is small with an average optical power value of -18.39 dB, this makes attenuation in customers' homes, namely ONT, tend to be smaller with an average optical power value of -20.04 dB. There is an additional value of -1.65 dB per transmission. So it is known that the longer the cable used for fiber optic transmission, the greater the attenuation produced so that the optical power emitted by the sender will weaken along with the length of the cable. This is what will affect the quality of internet services.

Theoretical and experimental investigation of the steady-state power distribution in multimode step-index plastic optical fibers

In this work we have examined theoretically and experimentally the influence of mode coupling on steady-state distribution (SSD) in step-index plastic optical fiber (SI POF). Numerical and analytical solution of the PFE under steady-state conditions are compared to our experimental results. A numerical solution of the power flow equation (PFE) has been obtained by the explicit finite difference method (EFDM). We demonstrated that SSD in the SI POF is achieved at length of 140 m, which is much shorter length compared to the case with silica fibers. The reported results appear to be particularly important since none of the main optical properties of an optical fiber (attenuation, bandwidth) can be accurately determined until the transmitted optical power reaches its SSD, due to strong influence of mode coupling phenomena that occur during the transmission process. These results are important for employment of the SI POFs as a part of communication or sensory systems.

Radiation Induced Attenuation and Luminescence Study in Radioluminescent Optical Fibers

We present experimental characterization of both RIA (Radiation Induced Attenuation) and RL (Radioluminescence) of differently doped optical fibre radiation sensors. We present data for different sample lengths and Total Ionizing Dose (TID) up to 600 kGy (SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) under X-rays. Combined RIA and RL responses are used to attempt explaining the variation of the RL signal with TID on those fibres.

Novel methodology for interpolation of radiation-induced attenuation in optical fibers

When irradiated with ionizing radiation, glass undergoes a darkening (or coloring), often referred to as Radiation-Induced Attenuation (RIA). This degradation is disadvantageous for many applications requiring optical fibers in radiative environments. In many cases, RIA growth follows a power-law with deposited dose. However, this law is descriptive and cannot be used to extrapolate or interpolate RIA in other experimental conditions. In this work, a methodology based on response surface methodology is suggested to interpolate the power-law in the region of experimentation. More specifically, the methodology leads to a single equation that approximates the RIA of the fiber inside this region. It might be useful to provide more information on the behavior of RIA regarding experimental parameters based on a batch of experiments.

Use of Optimism Software to Observe Effect of Different Sources in Optical Fiber

Abstract: Attenuation in fiber optics also known as transmission loss is the reduction in intensity of light beamwidth request respect to distance travelled through a transmission medium. Attenuation coefficient in fiber optics usually use units of db /km. The medium is typically fiber of silica glass that confines the incident light beam to the inside Attenuation in optical fiber is caused primarily by both scattering and absorption

Analysis of ICONNET Fiber Optic Network Improvement in Cluster Rayon Panam at Strategic Business Unit Central Sumatra PT PLN ICON PLUS

Optical fiber is a telecommunications transmission medium that has a large bandwidth and bit rate so that it can meet the needs of today's data services with great reliability and efficiency. Optical fiber applications continue to be broad and have included seabed networks, terrestrial networks, metropolitan and regional scope networks, and small-scale networks. Optical fiber communication systems have 2 factors that affect the quality of network performance, namely internal aspects and external aspects. These internal and external aspects can degrade the performance quality of the optical fiber used and can cause attenuation and other transmission losses. As an effort to prevent sudden and significant deterioration in the quality of a network, it is necessary to try regular maintenance activities such as scheduled fiber optic cable network service quality measurements. These maintenance activities can help ensure network capacity increase decisions. One of the quality of service parameters that is often measured is transmission attenuation and received signal energy (received power). This research examines increasing the bandwidth capacity of PT PLN ICON PLUS in the Central Sumatra region during a network anomaly, namely a slow internet connection in the Rayon Panam Cluster. The sample taken from one of the customers shows the results of measuring the internet speed of 4-5 Mbps only, while the service taken is 10 Mbps. The results of checking on the up-link side to OLT Rayon Panam found that the data output was close to its capacity, which was 940,919,000 bits/sec or 0.9 Gb/sec. Increasing bandwidth capacity is done by moving the OLT port on the up-link side from the gigabit ethernet port to the tengigabit ethernet port, then replacing the SR type SFP with SFP ER and adding fiber optic attenuators so that the speed test results on the customer side have returned to their original appearance., 10 Mbps.

Influence of Ambient Light on the Radiation-Induced Attenuation of Germanosilicate Optical Fibers in the Visible and Near-Infrared Domains

We investigated the influence of the ambient light on the Radiation-Induced Attenuation (RIA) of Ge-doped optical fibers measured at the telecommunication wavelengths when exposed to a <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">60</sup> Co source, and in the visible and Near-InfraRed (NIR) domains when exposed to X-rays. From our results, it is possible to observe that this class of optical fibers are sensitive to the ambient light. Indeed, in all cases, their RIA value changes depending on the illumination conditions. In particular, the γ-ray irradiations revealed jumps in the measured RIA when changing the lamp of the irradiation chamber, whereas the X-ray irradiations reported that the relative photobleaching effect caused by the ambient light increases with the wavelength, up to ~1300 nm. The spectral study revealed no direct correlation between the absorption bands of the known Ge-related point defects and the external photobleaching phenomenon.

Temperature Dependence of Radiation-Induced Attenuation of a Fluorine-Doped Single-Mode Optical Fiber at Infrared Wavelengths

Harsh environments can combine radiations and extreme temperature constraints, which can both degrade the optical performances of silica-based optical fibers. Among the different types of optical fibers, the ones having a core in pure-silica or doped with Fluorine are known to present, generally, the lowest steady state radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) to high cumulated doses (> 10 kGy) at room temperature. In this work, we investigate how the RIA levels and kinetics of a radiation hardened F-doped single-mode optical fiber depend on the irradiation temperature. To achieve this, we performed a systematic study on the combined temperature (from -80°C to 80°C) and steady state X-ray radiation (up to 100 kGy) effects on a F-doped single-mode fiber with a high temperature acrylate coating in the infrared domain. We then discuss the basic mechanisms at the origin of the RIA and its temperature dependence.

Optical frequency transfer with below 10−21 uncertainty using a DFB–laser-based fiber Brillouin amplifier

Exploiting the outstanding performance of optical atomic clocks for improved timekeeping, relativistic geodesy, and fundamental physics beyond the standard model demands comparing distant state-of-the-art optical clocks. Interferometric optical fiber links have been demonstrated as an eminent method for such frequency comparisons over distances up to thousands of kilometers. However, for such distances, the optical fiber attenuation mandates signal amplification. Fiber Brillouin amplification (FBA) has been proven as an efficient amplification technique for coherent frequency transfer. Demonstrated FBA schemes have been designed based on costly narrow-linewidth pump lasers and analog pump-to-signal phase locking schemes. Furthermore, the high pump power requirement of these FBAs hinders the integration of FBA-based frequency dissemination on fiber connections for shared telecommunication signals in the C-band. In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel FBA module (FBAM) employing cost-effective distributed feedback (DFB) pump lasers assisted by a digital phase locking scheme based on a field programmable gated array. The new FBAM is compact, cost-effective, and directly applicable to different bands, which opens up new opportunities to establish a frequency metrology infrastructure within existing telecommunication fiber networks. Additionally, the small-footprint of the DFB-FBAM allows for frequent amplification stages with lower pump power to reach continental scale optical metrology links with an optimized signal-to-noise ratio. We characterized the DFB-FBAM’s frequency transfer uncertainty using a two-way layout over an in-lab 100 km long optical fiber link and reach a fractional frequency instability of 9.3 × 10−22 at a 10 ks integration time. The DFB-FBAM characterizations show uncertainty contributions of (−2.1 ± 3.3) × 10−22 and below for averaging times &amp;gt;100 ks. For the first time, we assess the temporal Brillouin frequency shift variations in an underground fiber link and implement a scheme to track these changes in a remote FBAM.

Loss in hollow-core optical fibers: mechanisms, scaling rules, and limits

Over the past few years, progress in hollow-core optical fiber technology has reduced the attenuation of these fibers to levels comparable to those of all-solid silica-core single-mode fibers. The sustained pace of progress in the field has sparked renewed interest in the technology and created the expectation that it will one day enable realization of the most transparent light-propagating waveguides ever produced, across all spectral regions of interest. In this work we review and analyze the various physical mechanisms that drive attenuation in hollow-core optical fibers. We consider both the somewhat legacy hollow-core photonic bandgap technology as well as the more recent antiresonant hollow-core fibers. As both fiber types exploit different guidance mechanisms from that of conventional solid-core fibers to confine light to the central core, their attenuation is also dominated by a different set of physical processes, which we analyze here in detail. First, we discuss intrinsic loss mechanisms in perfect and idealized fibers. These include leakage loss, absorption, and scattering within the gas filling the core or from the glass microstructure surrounding it, and roughness scattering from the air–glass interfaces within the fibers. The latter contribution is analyzed rigorously, clarifying inaccuracies in the literature that often led to the use of inadequate scaling rules. We then explore the extrinsic contributions to loss and discuss the effect of random microbends as well as that of other perturbations and non-uniformities that may result from imperfections in the fabrication process. These effects impact the loss of the fiber predominantly by scattering light from the fundamental mode into lossier higher-order modes and cladding modes. Although these contributions have often been neglected, their role becomes increasingly important in the context of producing, one day, hollow-core fibers with sub-0.1-dB/km loss and a pure single-mode guidance. Finally, we present general scaling rules for all the loss mechanisms mentioned previously and combine them to examine the performance of recently reported fibers. We lay some general guidelines for the design of low-loss hollow-core fibers operating at different spectral regions and conclude the paper with a brief outlook on the future of this potentially transformative technology.

Analysis of the Impact of Wavelength-Dependent Physical Impairments Considering a Multiband Elastic Optical Network

In this paper, we analyze the impact of wavelength- dependent physical impairments, specifically the optical fiber attenuation coefficient (α) and the optical amplifiers noise figure (NF), considering S, C and L bands in a multiband elastic optical network. The calls blocking probability and the distribution of modulation formats among the network accepted calls were used as evaluation metrics. The results obtained for the use of G-652.A optical fiber show that using α and NF with fixed values underestimates the most realistic scenario (α and NF dependent on wavelength). For the use of G-652.D optical fiber, it was possible to obtain a reduction of approximately 63.41% for S band, 95.60% for C band and 98.84% for L band, in terms of calls blocking probability, when the most realistic scenario was compared with the scenario most used in the literature (α and NF with fixed values). In addition, it was verified that, with the most realistic scenario, it was possible to obtain the distribution of more efficient modulation formats using the G-652.D optical fiber with C band.

Fiber Optic Attenuation Analysis Based on Mamdani Fuzzy Logic in Gambir Area, Central Jakarta

In this study, the authors conducted an analysis of the quality of fiber optic network maintenance based on attenuation value and maintenance time using fuzzy Mamdani logic and simulated using Matlab software, to improve accuracy in drawing conclusions on maintaining quality. This study uses a quantitative method, in which the author obtains a summary of customer data from PT. Telkom Indonesia in a period of 4 months of observation from August to November 2021. In August there were 776 customers, in September there were 362 customers, in October there were 359 customers, and in November 445 customers who underwent Indihome fiber optic cable maintenance. The test results with the centroid method with an input Handling Time of 1.5 hours and an Attenuation of 15 dB, then the output Repair Quality is 5.5 or categorized as Good. The greater the attenuation value generated, the more time it takes to maintain the IndiHome internet network disturbance. This is due to the many technical maintenance of fiber optic cables carried out by technicians to adjust for damage/trouble in the field. It is expected that maintenance can be carried out routinely in order to avoid fatal internet disturbances on the customer's side, and maximize maintenance time according to the dosage determined by the company, which is less than 3 hours, taking into account the work performance of technicians and also the quality of maintenance.

Performance of an F-Doped Fiber Under Very High Ionizing Radiation Exposures

Radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) of silica-based optical fibers is a well-known and documented phenomenon. Radiation-hardened fibers, mainly having pure silica core (PSC), combat this effect successfully. Even better results have been reported for fibers with Fluorine-doped cores, especially for the transmission of visible wavelengths. Here, we show the results of an experiment at telecom wavelengths (1310 and 1550 nm) in a nuclear reactor core, demonstrating that for dose levels up to tens of MGy (SiO2) the F-doped fiber indeed shows less RIA than PSC fibers. However, at higher levels, the F-doped fiber loses its advantage, and the PSC fiber shows lower RIA than the F-doped for these doses and wavelengths.

Penerapan Quality of Service (QoS) pada Fiber to the Home (FTTH) di Graha Sudirman Indramayu

Graha Sudirman housing started its construction in 2012, Graha Sudirman itself is located in thecenter of Indramayu city. Graha Sudirman housing has implemented an internet network to support ITbasedsmart housing. In this case, it is still based on simple fiber optics. This network has limitations interms of QoS on the client side. One of the initiators of IT-based smart housing is the housing coordinator,namely Mr. Khaerul Anam. In this Community Service program, we try to apply FTTH technology inGraha Sudirman housing to support IT-based smart housing. This service is expected to assist partners inimplementing IT-based smart housing programs both in terms of infrastructure and applications. From theresults of the implementation, the fiber optic attenuation output in each house ranges from -13dB to -25dB,this is due to many factors ranging from the type of fiber cable to the splicing or installation process. Forspeed, from -13dB to -25dB, you can still get 902 Mbps of bandwidth. This speed will decrease if it exceeds-29dB and above, even for connections it can be lost.

Distributed remote antenna unit with selection‐based of (RoF‐IoT) paradigm: Performance improvement

AbstractMixing the wireless medium with fiber optics can form a new communication system called a radio‐over‐fiber (RoF) network; it is a promising solution that can provide high bandwidth and a reliable connection between numerous sensors in wireless sensor networks (WSN) and the central office (base station) within a particular area. This paper first design and discusses new paradigms of fire detection in the IoT environment using RoF technology. Second, this paper covers the distribution of remote antenna unit (DRAU) architecture within RoF‐IoT. Finally, best remote antennas unit selection (BRAUS) of distributed RAUs architecture protocols utilizing new selection metrics is proposed. Two important metrics have been analysed and mathematically modelled, outage probability and bandwidth efficiency, respectively. Both metrics have been analysed as a function of the distance, number of RAUs, fiber optic attenuation, and path loss factor. Based on the simulation and numerical analysis, the outage probability of proposed protocols is reduced by 65% compared to recent work; in addition, the bandwidth efficiency of the proposed protocol is increased by 34% compared to recent work.