Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction Research Articles

Motivation in learning mathematics among high school students in Ningbo, China

Motivation plays a crucial role in enhancing students' achievement in mathematics, as motivated students are more likely to engage actively with the subject. However, in China, there is a concerning trend of declining motivation among students toward mathematics, with many exhibiting avoidance behaviors. Despite Ningbo's significance as a major city in China, there is a lack of studies and surveys addressing students' motivation in mathematics learning. This study addresses this gap by employing a questionnaire based on Keller’s ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction) model, which has been proven effective in measuring students’ motivation. The survey, conducted among 384 high school students in Ningbo, China, aimed to assess their motivation levels in mathematics learning. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics 29 to calculate the mean and percentage for each item. The results revealed that the motivation level among high school students in Ningbo is notably low. Two significant factors contributing to this low motivation were identified: students’ lack of confidence due to the perceived difficulty of mathematics and the belief that mathematics is not closely related to real life.

Validation of the Instructional Materials Motivation Survey among Medicine Resident Physicians

Purpose The Instructional Materials Motivation Survey (IMMS) was developed to measure motivational characteristics of a learning activity, building on Keller's Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction (ARCS) motivation model. We aimed to validate IMMS scores using validity evidence of internal structure and relations with other variables. Methods Participants were internal medicine and family medicine residents who completed the IMMS following an online module on outpatient medicine, from 2005 to 2009. We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine model fit using half the data (split-sample approach). Finding suboptimal fit, we conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and developed a revised instrument. We evaluated this instrument with CFA using the remaining data. Associations were evaluated between IMMS scores and knowledge and other measures of motivation (Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire, MSLQ). All analyses accounted for repeated measures on subjects. Results There were 242 participants. Although internal consistency reliabilities were good (Cronbach alpha ≥0.70), CFA of the original 36-item, 4-domain instrument revealed poor model fit for data sample 1. EFA found that reverse-scored items clustered strongly together. Further EFA using data sample 1, followed by CFA using data sample 2, found good fit for a 13-item, 4-domain model that omitted reverse-scored items (standardized root mean square residual 0.045, root mean square error of approximation 0.066, comparative fit index 0.96). Linear regression confirmed positive, statistically significant associations for most hypothesized relationships, including IMMS total with knowledge (r=0.19) and MSLQ total (r=0.53; both p<.001). Examination of reverse-scored items suggested participant inattention but not acquiescence. Conclusions IMMS scores show good reliability and relations with other variables. However, the hypothesized and empirical factor structures do not align, and reverse-scored items show particularly poor fit. A 13-item, 4-domain scale omitting reverse-scored items showed good model fit.

Engaging EFL learners in online decoding training: comparing the conventional approach and the flipped SEF-ARCS model

Aural decoding skill, the ability to recognize words from speech, is crucial for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) listening. Yet, mastering decoding is challenging due to word variations and blending in natural spoken English. Online decoding training is vital for EFL learners because it provides opportunities for consistent and intensive practices. However, students’ disengagement and perceived difficulty plague online decoding training. The flipped SEF (suitability, explore, feedback)-ARCS (attention, relevance, confidence, satisfaction) decoding model holds potential in addressing these challenges. This instructional model combines the flipped learning approach, SEF decoding principles and the ARCS motivational model. However, although this model has been shown to improve learning outcomes for EFL learners at post-intervention stages, its role in enhancing students’ actual engagement and performance during the learning process requires further investigation. This is crucial as low levels of actual engagement or performance during the everyday practices can dampen learners’ motivation for ongoing decoding practice. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of the flipped SEF-ARCS decoding model by comparing three groups: an online out-of-class decoding training using the flipped SEF-ARCS decoding model (EG2), an online out-of-class decoding training using the conventional decoding approach (EG1), and a control group without online out-of-class decoding training (CG). Results indicated that the flipped SEF-ARCS model significantly improved student behavioral and cognitive engagement, and their actual performance during daily practice compared to the conventional decoding approach. Understanding how the flipped SEF-ARCS decoding model influences both actual engagement and performance can offer valuable insights into designing effective online decoding training programs for EFL learners.

Higher education quality evaluation based on neural network model

With the constant goal of improving the quality of higher education, quality evaluation is a widely concerned problem, prompting this study to construct a higher education quality evaluation method based on a neural network model. First, an Attention Relevance Confidence Satisfaction (ARCS) model was constructed herein. This was done through two rounds of screening; the evaluation indexes of higher education quality were selected, and an evaluation index system was finally constructed. Then, the weight of each evaluation index was calculated using the constructed ARCS model. According to the 1–9 grading scale, an index scoring matrix of industry-education integration was established. Afterwards, the higher education quality evaluation score was obtained based on the neural network model, and the evaluation effect level was determined. The experimental results showed that the quality evaluation effect of the proposed method in the past five years showed an overall rising trend, even already reaching the top level. Moreover, the denoised experimental dataset was finally divided into a test dataset (28%) and an experimental dataset (72%), with the proposed method exhibiting a favorable effect.

DEVELOPMENT OF ARCS-BASED LEARNING TOOLS CONTAINING HOTS QUESTIONS TO IMPROVE THE CRITICAL THINKING ABILITY OF CLASS VIII SMP/MTS STUDENTS

The literature study and preliminary analysis conducted showed that students' critical thinking skills were still low. This study aims to determine the characteristics of Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction (ARCS)-based learning tools that contain valid, practical, and effective HOTS questions to improve the critical thinking skills of class VIII students of SMP N 6 Padang Panjang. This research is a development research using the Plomp model. The learning tools developed are in the form of Learning Implementation Plans (RPP) and Student Activity Sheets (LKPD). The research subjects were students of class VIII SMP N 6 Padang Panjang. Data was collected through documentation, observation, interviews, questionnaires, and tests of critical thinking skills. RPP Validity Score: 3.28 and LKPD: 3.21 with a valid category. Practicality of RPP: 92.08% and LKPD: 87.35% with very practical category. The effectiveness of learning tools based on testing the average critical thinking skills of the experimental class was 81.93, control class was 76.63. Based on statistical tests, a significance value of 0.048 <0.05 was obtained, and based on the list of t distribution tables with (𝑑𝑓)=60 and a=0.05, 1.671. Because t_count= 2.108>1.671=t_(table) then H0 is rejected and accepts H1. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that the ARCS-based learning tools contain HOTS questions that meet valid, practical, and effective criteria to improve students' mathematical thinking skills.

Understanding Insights of Math Repeaters in a State University: A Qualitative Case Analysis

While the practical usefulness of Mathematics is undeniable, it unfortunately stands as one of the least appreciated disciplines. Even within educational settings, a significant number of students harbor an aversion towards this subject. This sentiment was vividly highlighted in the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), where the mathematical proficiency of Filipino learners fell below the average score of 79 when compared to their counterparts from 79 participating countries in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Grounded in the Attention-Relevance-Confidence-Satisfaction (ARCS) model and the Self-determination theory, this qualitative case study aimed to understand the insights of math repeaters within a state university in the province of Leyte, Philippines. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews, observation, and focus group discussion of 6 purposively selected students from one department in a state university. Using thematic analysis, two themes emerged namely the different challenges faced by math repeaters and their educational journey and support. The identified challenges encompassed a spectrum of issues, ranging from personal conflicts to academic struggles, along with difficulties in time management, test-taking situations, and struggling with specific mathematical concepts. Furthermore, the study emphasized the significance of an engaging educational environment, effective pedagogical strategies, and the tenacity of personal commitment in attaining academic accomplishments. Guided by these findings, the study advocates for a proactive stance within educational institutions, urging a concerted effort to bolster the support mechanisms available to math repeaters. By cultivating an environment that embraces their challenges and facilitates holistic learning experiences, educational institutions can catalyze the transformation of math repeaters into resilient learners capable of remarkable academic accomplishments.

Smart pictorial dictionary via mobile augmented reality

Augmented reality (AR) technology offers many benefits for language teaching and learning. Using the AR technique in pedagogy attracts and engages children to learn and memorize easily, even in a short time. Visual representation learning method like a pictorial dictionary is one of the beginnings of learning for children. It helps children to visualize the object and memorize it in effective ways. Based on the survey conducted in one of the primary schools at Merlimau, Melaka, it was found that the children have difficulties in learning English. The development of pictorial dictionaries with the combination of AR technology in 3D that are presented in the form of mobile applications can be used to improve existing learning methods in English. The method used during the development of this application is the ADDIE model, which comes with five phases: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The development of the ‘smart pictorial dictionary via mobile AR application has been done successfully and has received positive results. Based on the evaluation using the attention relevance confidence satisfaction (ARCS) model, the output has an overall mean of 4.58, which shows that using AR technology in early childhood learning makes children learn more.

Towards a flipped SEF-ARCS decoding model to improve foreign language listening proficiency

Listening is a major challenge for many English-as-a-foreign language (EFL) learners. Decoding training, which helps learners develop the ability to recognize words from speech, is frequently used to assist EFL learners. Although recent empirical studies on decoding training have provided positive evidence on its effectiveness in improving EFL listening proficiency, our knowledge about the specific design characteristics of an effective decoding training model is still limited. Based on a comprehensive review, this study proposed a theory-based flipped SEF-ARCS decoding model consisting of three major components: (a) design principles for flipped learning, (b) the SEF-Automation (suitability, explore, feedback, generalization, and automation) decoding principles and (c) the ARCS (attention, relevance, confidence, satisfaction) motivational model. This study then empirically tested the effect of the flipped SEF-ARCS decoding model and found that students using the model (N = 44) performed significantly better than their counterparts learning without the model (N = 36) in terms of decoding skills and listening proficiency. Students’ perceptions were also explored.

Digital Teaching Materials Based on Attention Relevance Confidence Satisfaction Substance Pressure Material

Teaching materials that are commonly used during the science learning process are printed teaching materials, so digital teaching materials are developed based on attention relevance confidence satisfaction (ARCS) on substance pressure material. Alessi and Trolip development model used in this research has 3 stages which include planning, design and development. The alpha test stage, results of the development of digital teaching materials found that ARCS based digital teaching materials were declared valid with a score of 71.48%, the beta test stage, the practical ARCS-based digital teaching material results given by three students in the high, medium and low categories get an average score of 80% which is included in the practical category and ARCS-based digital teaching materials were effective in improving class VIII student learning outcomes after the pretest and posttest were carried out and the N-gain result was 0.61 in the medium category. so that ARCS-based digital teaching materials on substance pressure material are declared valid, practical and effective

Chinese students’ motivation to adopt distance learning of the Russian language

Introduction. Currently, restrictions related to the coronavirus pandemic have not yet been fully lifted in the People's Republic of China and students studying in Russia periodically switch to distance learning. The purpose of the article is to study the specifics of students' motivation to use distance technologies for teaching the Russian language using internationally recognized methods of measurement and statistical data analysis. Materials and Methods. The Instructional Materials Motivation Survey (IMMS) measuring materials for studying the specifics of the educational motivation of students of the Ural Federal University (hereinafter referred to as UrFU) from the PRC for the use of distance technologies for teaching the Russian language were created for the AttentionRelevance-Confidence-Satisfaction (ARCS) structural model. We studied the relationship between the personal data of students (gender, age, year of study, educational program, additional language training and the results of measuring educational motivation (IMMS) for the use of distance technologies for teaching the Russian language and its structural components: attention (ATT), relevance (REL), Confidence (CON), Satisfaction (SAT).The study involved 673 UrFU students from the PRC, who had experience of long-term distance learning under restrictions due to the coronavirus pandemic. Statistical processing of the measurement results was carried out using the structural equation modeling method Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). A confirmatory and exploratory factorial analysis of the obtained results was carried out using the SPSS software tool, including the AMOS module. Results. The developed IMMS questionnaire was validated by confirmatory factor analysis of IMMS measurement results using the AMOS module of the SPSS software tool. The method of exploratory factor analysis revealed statistically significant relationships between the indicators of students' educational motivation for using distance technologies for teaching the Russian language (IMMS) and its structural components with the personal data of the respondents. The gender of the student and the presence of parallel additional language training were found to have the strongest influence on learning motivation (girls are more motivated than boys). The gender of the student and the presence of parallel additional language training (regression coefficient r = 0.61) have the strongest influence on the structural component of learning motivation relevance (REL). Conclusion. The results of the study showed a high level of motivation for distance learning of the Russian language among UrFU students from China which is due to the effective design of educational materials. It is shown that when developing motivating teaching materials for distance learning, it is necessary to take into account the gender composition of trainees and the availability of parallel additional training in the subject.

THE INFLUENCE OF PEER TUTORING-BASED HUMANISTIC MATHEMATICS LEARNING ON THE MOTIVATION OF LEARNING MATHEMATICS OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Many students are not comfortable studying mathematics and think mathematics is a boring subject. So students do not have good motivation in learning mathematics. This is due to the inhumane teaching of mathematics. This research was conducted to assess students' motivation when learning humanistic mathematics based on peer tutors. This research is experimental research with a one group pretest-posttest design. Data were collected using the Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction (ARCS) motivation questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test because the data obtained were not normally distributed. The results obtained that the value of sig. (2-tailed) of 0.000 is smaller than 0.05 (0.000 < 0.05), which means that the hypothesis is accepted. So that there is a significant comparison between students' mathematics learning motivation before and after applying humanistic mathematics learning based on peer tutors or there is a significant influence between peer tutor-based humanistic mathematics learning on students' mathematics learning motivation.

The Effectiveness of Using Reality Augmented Media to Increase The Students’ Learning Motivation in Chemical Bonding Material

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using Augmented Reality media to increase student learning motivation. This type of research is a quantitative quasi-experimental design with Pretest-Posttest Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. The sample in this study were 42 students in class X-Natural Science and X-Social Science. The research instrument used was a motivational questionnaire with 4 indicators, namely Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction (ARCS). Data collection techniques were carried out by giving motivational questionnaires to students before and after learning. The data that has been obtained, then analyzed using the completeness formula of student achievement to determine the level of effectiveness of Augmented Reality media on student learning motivation. The results of the effectiveness of the media in the experimental class and the control class obtained the final motivational completeness percentages of 100% and 86%, respectively. Based on the results of the effectiveness of the media, it can be concluded that the use of Augmented Reality media is stated to be very effective for increasing student motivation in chemical bonding material.

Using motivation to improve learning achievement with a chatbot in blended learning

Chatbots have the potential to be used as motivational learning tools, particularly for boosting academic performance. The purpose of this study is to construct a Facebook Messenger chatbot to promote accomplishment through the use of blended learning, guided by the ARCS (attention, relevance, confidence, satisfaction) motivation model that compares how engagement works, and explores the chatbot in terms of its usability. Integrated with Facebook Messenger, chatbot software was designed to answer inquiries based on the chatbot's communication framework. This included course alerts, a gradebook for each student, attendance statistics, and assignment feedback. Using a quasi-experimental research approach, the influence of the chatbot on student motivation and academic achievement was empirically investigated. The trial covered 18 weeks, and the sample comprised 48 students enrolled in a course on Information Technology for Learning. The results suggest that the chatbot increased the learning accomplishment of the students to a considerable extent, and that a motivational setting may lead to a better outcome than a blended learning environment. Overall, our approach produced reliable findings which validated the chatbot's capacity to communicate with students. The students agreed that the chatbot facilitated their learning, but that a few modifications were required in terms of ongoing development. Keywords: Motivation; Learning Achievement; Chatbot; Blended Learning

The Effect of Education Model in Physical Education on Student Learning Behavior.

This research explores the effect of the sports education model implemented in physical education on college students' learning motivation and outcomes. The sports education model was compared with traditional physical education teaching as a control group. Participants were 60 college students in two classes. The ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction) Learning Motivation Scale, the Physical Education Affection Scale and a learning sheet were used for pre- and post-test comparison. Quantitative analysis was carried out on the post-test data using a dependent sample t-test and an independent sample t-test. The study found that: (1) the students in the sports education model group showed clear progress in learning motivation, affection, cognition and behavior, whereas the students in the traditional physical education group showed clear progress in cognition but no significant improvement in learning motivation, affection or behavior; (2) the sports education model group is clearly superior to the traditional physical education group in terms of learning motivation, affection, cognition, and behavior. This research shows that students are highly receptive to the sports education model, with a positive attitude and a high degree of motivation to learn to actively change their sports behavior. The sports education model brings several benefits: (1) it is an effective teaching method; (2) students' sense of responsibility, leadership and participation can be improved; (3) the preliminary homework and course structure descriptions take more time to compose, but can better guide students' motivation for learning physical education and can enhance teachers' professional growth.

Mobile augmented reality adapted to the ARCS model of motivation: a case study during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The rushed introduction of online education for universities because of the current covid-19 health crisis, has started to affect the quality of education for millions of students around the world. This pandemic has emphasized the need to improve the teaching process through the use of innovating educational tools, such as mobile augmented reality (mAR). This pilot study intends to evaluate the relationship between motivation and meaningful learning for university students through mAR, as well as the effects and implications of its use how supporting teaching activities in an Industrial Design and Technical Drawing course. A quantitative method research approach was applied to collect, process, and analyze the research data of the students’ perception under the health restrictions caused by the current pandemic, using the Instructional Materials Motivation Survey (IMMS). The total number of questionnaires collected was 96, applied to students of the Industrial Engineering major at Universidad Católica del Maule in Chile. The instrument’s reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha, giving an overall value of 0.89. The implementation of an instructional model called ARCS (Attention-Relevance-Confidence-Satisfaction) was achieved. The implementation of mRA was positively valued by most of the students surveyed. An increase the percentage of students who achieved the expected learning objectives was found, in compared to previous versions of the course (without mAR). Finally, the results demonstrate a positive relation between mAR and the learning level achieved by students. There was no evidence of negative effects under the particular imposed conditions, because of sanitary restrictions when implementing the mAR.

The Influence of the Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction (ARCS) Learning Model on Accounting Learning Outcomes for Class XII AK Students at SMK PAB 2 Helvetia in the 2018/2019 Academic Year

The problem in this study is the low accounting learning outcomes of class XII students of AK SMK PAB 2 Helvetia. This study aims to find out the learning outcomes of accounting taught by the Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction (ARCS) learning model are higher than the accounting learning outcomes taught using conventional methods in class XII AK SMK PAB 2 Helvetia in the 2018/2019 academic year. This research was conducted at SMK PAB 2 Helvetia which is located on Jl. Helvetia IV Market Veterans in the odd semester of the 2018/2019 Academic Year. The population in this study were all students of class XII AK SMK PAB 2 Helvetia. The sample used in this study was taken randomly (Simple Random Sampling), based on the lottery technique from class XII AK 1 as the experimental class and XII AK 2 as the control class. Then based on the Slovin formula, the number of samples was 48 students. The data analysis technique was carried out based on the different test of two averages. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the average pre-test and post-test of the experimental class were 56.46 and 83.96. While the average value of the pre-test and post-test of the control class was 59.38 and 73.33. Hypothesis testing shows that count = 4.72 > ttable = 1.677 in other words Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected. Thus, it can be concluded that the learning outcomes of accounting, on the subject of depreciation of fixed assets, which are taught with the Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction (ARCS) learning model are higher than the accounting learning outcomes taught using conventional methods in class XII AK SMK PAB 2 Helvetia 2018/2019 Academic Year.

Evaluating the Effectiveness and Usability of AR-based OSH Application: HazHunt

This study investigates the effectiveness and usability level of an augmented reality (AR) application called HazHunt to improve occupational safety and health (OSH) training. Previous research shows that AR has been growing in popularity as an innovative tool to enhance hazard identification courses. HazHunt, a marker-based AR app, was first developed using Vuforia software with OSH experts' guidance. Then, two online sessions of hazard identification course were conducted, where the experimental group's (EG) training was enhanced with the implementation of HazHunt. Analysis shows that the EG scores better (mean = 13.82, s = 3.38, n = 22) than the CG (mean = 13.41, s = 2.15, n = 22) in the post-quiz, but this difference is statistically non-significant, with t (21) = 0.48 and one-tail p = 0.32. Reduced Instructional Motivation Survey (RIMMS) shows that EG participants obtained higher confidence levels among the Attention, relevance, confidence, satisfaction (ARCS) factors in learning motivation. The System Usability Scale (SUS) score of HazHunt recorded the maximum count of 'Good' rating (mean = 78.41, n = 8). It is concluded that HazHunt has positive impacts on enhancing OSH training in terms of effectiveness and motivational impact. HazHunt also scored a high SUS score among the EG.

Pengaruh demonstrasi penggunaan buku pop up sebagai media pembelajaran terhadap motivasi dan penguasaan konsep siswa pada materi sistem endokrin

This research was conducted to determine the increase in students' mastery of the endocrine system material and learning motivation after using learning media in the form of pop up books by demonstration methode because this learning is carried out in the midst of a pandemic that requires students to learn from home. The method that used in this research was experimental research using quasi-experimental research involving two classes, each consisting of 36 students of class XI Science. Determination of the sample was done by using purposive sampling technique. The instrument in this study consisted of tests containing a matter of mastery of the concept of multiple choice forms, and nontest namely the ARCS learning motivation questionnaire and student response questionnaire. Analysis of research results using statistical tests with the help of SPSS to see differences in the results of the initial test and final test, and N-gain to see an increase in mastery of concepts. The results showed that the initial and final test scores had significant differences (⍺ = 0.05). Reinforcement of concepts in the experimental class increases with the high category (g = 0.806), while the control class increases in the moderate category (g = 0.656). ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction) are in the high category. Meanwhile, questionnaire analysis showed higher student responses to learning.

What makes them the best English teachers? An analysis of the motivational strategy use based on ARCS model

A good English teacher can be defined as a motivator in learning English. The present study investigated how often and in what ways the best English teachers utilized motivational strategies in their classrooms by using Keller’s attention, relevance, confidence, satisfaction (ARCS) model as a framework for the analysis. The teaching clips from “The Best English Teachers” produced by EBS (Educational Broadcasting System) were observed. At the same time, a frequency count was made on the use of ARCS motivational strategy by the twelve best English teachers. Even though their strategy uses were heavily concentrated on attention strategies (n = 354), other strategies (satisfaction: n = 149; confidence: n = 144; relevance: n = 131) were also effectively utilized. In addition, the Friedman test showed well-balanced use of ARCS strategies of the best English teachers in beginning, during, and closing phase of instruction. Suggestions were made for EFL teacher education based on the findings.

Measuring student motivation on the use of a mobile assisted grammar learning tool.

Language learning is an emerging research area where researchers have done significant contributions by incorporating technological assistantship (i.e., computer- and mobile-assistant learning). However, it has been revealed from the recent empirical studies that little attention is given on grammar learning with the proper instructional materials design and the motivational framework for designing an efficient mobile-assisted grammar learning tool. This paper hence, reports a preliminary study that investigated learner motivation when a mobile-assisted tool for tense learning was used. This study applied the Attention-Relevance-Confidence-Satisfaction (ARCS) model. It was hypothesized that with the use of the designed mobile- assisted tense learning tool students would be motivated to learn grammar (English tense). In addition, with the increase of motivation, performance outcome in paper- based test would also be improved. With the purpose to investigate the impact of the tool, a sequential mixed-method research design was employed with the use of three research instruments; Instructional Materials Motivation Survey (IMMS), a paper-based test and an interview protocol using a semi-structured interview. Participants were 115 undergraduate students, who were enrolled in a remedial English course. The findings showed that with the effective design of instructional materials, students were motivated to learn grammar, where they were positive at improving their attitude towards learning (male 86%, female 80%). The IMMS findings revealed that students’ motivation increased after using the tool. Moreover, students improved their performance level that was revealed from the outcome of paper-based instrument. Therefore, it is confirmed that the study contributed to designing an effective multimedia based instructions for a mobile-assisted tool that increased learners’ motivational attitude which resulted in an improved learning performance.