Attention Of Other People Research Articles

Tabarruj Perspektif Wahbah Az-Zuhaili dalam Tafsir Al-Munir

Tabarruj is the behavior of a woman who always looks luxurious and shows her jewelry and beauty to others, which in general these jewelry will not be shown by a good woman, or even wear something that is not natural to wear. This study discusses the meaning of tabarruj in the Qur'an according to contemporary commentators, namely Wahbah Az-Zuhaili in his commentary book Tafsir al-Muni>r. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the interpretation of the verses about tabarruj and what are the forms of tabarruj according to Wahbah Az-Zuh}aili> in Tafsir al-Muni>r. This study uses a literature review with a qualitative approach technique. descriptive analysis. The results of this study indicate that: (1) Wahbah Az-Zuh}aili agrees in interpreting the verses of tabarruj, which is an act of women who display their jewelry to attract the attention of other people who are not their relatives. (2) Wahbah Az-Zuh}aili in his commentary explains several forms of tabarruj actions, including a woman stomping her feet when walking, using excessive perfume, make-up, and jewelry when leaving the house, and wearing tight or revealing clothes.

Combination ‘New Sincerity’ in Lexicographic Aspect

The question of the lexicographic description of idiomatic expressions with a new component in the composition, which have become widespread both in the texts of the official media and on other Internet resources, is considered. The relevance of the study is determined by the lexicographic practice of fixing neologisms in explanatory dictionaries of various types. It is noted that expressions built according to the “new + noun” model: new sincerity, new reality, new sociality, new normality, new romance, etc., include the second component, which names the phenomenon of socio-cultural or moral spheres, which has long been known by native speakers. Using the example of the idiom new sincerity and the lexeme sincerity, it is shown that the semantic scope of the meanings of these language units differs significantly. The authors come to the conclusion that the lexeme sincerity names a property inherent in a person, is evaluated by native speakers as an ethical category, and is often used in a number of nominations of other traditional values, such as courage, honesty, nobility, etc. It is proved that the expression new sincerity, denoting, same as sincerity, the openness of a person, first of all indicates not the property of the communicant, but his goal — to attract the attention of other people in the public space with the frankness of self-expression.

Why and How Did Narrative Fictions Evolve? Fictions as Entertainment Technologies.

Narrative fictions have surely become the single most widespread source of entertainment in the world. In their free time, humans read novels and comics, watch movies and TV series, and play video games: they consume stories that they know to be false. Such behaviors are expanding at lightning speed in modern societies. Yet, the question of the origin of fictions has been an evolutionary puzzle for decades: Are fictions biological adaptations, or the by-products of cognitive mechanisms that evolved for another purpose? The absence of any consensus in cognitive science has made it difficult to explain how narrative fictions evolve culturally. We argue that current conflicting hypotheses are partly wrong, and partly right: narrative fictions are by-products of the human mind, because they obviously co-opt some pre-existing cognitive preferences and mechanisms, such as our interest for social information, and our abilities to do mindreading and to imagine counterfactuals. But humans reap some fitness benefits from producing and consuming such appealing cultural items, making fictions adaptive. To reconcile these two views, we put forward the hypothesis that narrative fictions are best seen as entertainment technologies that is, as items crafted by some people for the proximate goal to grab the attention of other people, and with the ultimate goal to fulfill other evolutionary-relevant functions that become easier once other people’s attention is caught. This hypothesis explains why fictions are filled with exaggerated and entertaining stimuli, why they fit so well the changing preferences of the audience they target, and why producers constantly make their fictions more attractive as time goes by, in a cumulative manner.

Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents-Myth or Real Alternative?

Herbs and the essential oils derived from them have been used from the beginning of human history for different purposes. Their beneficial properties have been applied to mask unpleasant odors, attract the attention of other people, add flavor and aroma properties to prepared dishes, perfumes, and cosmetics, etc. Herbs and essential oils (EOs) have also been used in medicine because of their biological properties, such as larvicidal action, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, antioxidant, fungicide, and antitumor activities, and many more. Many EOs exhibit antimicrobial properties, which is extremely important in fields of science and industry, such as medicine, agriculture, or cosmetology. Among the 250 EOs which are commercially available, about a dozen possess high antimicrobial potential. According to available papers and patents, EOs seem to be a potential alternative to synthetic compounds, especially because of the resistance that has been increasingly developed by pathogenic microorganisms. In this review we summarize the latest research studies about the most-active EOs that are known and used because of their antimicrobial properties. Finally, it is noteworthy that the antimicrobial activities of EOs are not preeminent for all strains. Further investigations should, thus, focus on targeting EOs and microorganisms.

Development and psychometric properties of the Hookah Smoking Initiation for Women Questionnaire (HIWQ).

The aims of this study were to design the Hookah Smoking Initiation for Women Questionnaire (HIWQ) and determine its psychometric properties. This was a sequential exploratory mixed-methods design consisting of qualitative and quantitative phases. This study was conducted from August 2012 to July 2013 in Tehran. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were held with 36 Iranian women for developing a preliminary item pool. Consequently, during the quantitative phase, the psychometric properties of the questionnaire were determined with the collaboration of 323 women living in various geographical locations in Tehran, Iran. Content validity of the questionnaire was examined by a panel of experts. The questionnaire's construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analyses. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to check the questionnaire's internal consistency reliability. Moreover, its stability was tested using the test-retest method. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the HIQW could best be explained by a six-factor solution: 'drawing the attention of other people', the need to having fun and being relaxed, 'hookah smoking in the family', 'availability of hookah', 'curiosity' and 'having a positive attitude toward hookah'. It also was found that the construct and content validity, and the reliability of the questionnaire were satisfactory (α = 0.83, ICC = 0.94). The HIQW was valid and reliable. Therefore, healthcare professionals can use it for evaluating the hookah smoking initiation in women. Future studies are required to refine this questionnaire and assess its applicability in different cultures and contexts.

The control of social attention from 1 to 4 months

The control of social attention during early infancy was investigated in two studies. In both studies, an adult turned towards one of two targets within the infant's immediate visual field. We tested: (a) whether infants were able to follow the direction of the adult's head turn; and (b) whether following a head turn was accompanied by further gaze shifts between experimenter and target. In the first study, 1-month-olds did not demonstrate attention following at the group level. In addition, those infants who turned towards the same target remained fixed on it and did not shift attention again. In Study 2, we tested infants longitudinally at 2-4 months. At the group level, infants followed the adult's head turn at 3 and 4 months but not at 2 months. Those infants who turned towards the same target at 3 and 4 months also shifted gaze back and forth between experimenter and target. By 3 months, infants seem able to capitalize on the social environment to disengage and distribute attention more flexibly. The results support the claim that the control of social attention begins in early infancy, and are consistent with the hypothesis that following the attention of other people is dependent on the development of disengagement skills.

Infant joint attention, neural networks and social cognition.

Neural network models of attention can provide a unifying approach to the study of human cognitive and emotional development (Posner & Rothbart, 2007). In this paper we argue that a neural network approach to the infant development of joint attention can inform our understanding of the nature of human social learning, symbolic thought process and social cognition. At its most basic, joint attention involves the capacity to coordinate one's own visual attention with that of another person. We propose that joint attention development involves increments in the capacity to engage in simultaneous or parallel processing of information about one's own attention and the attention of other people. Infant practice with joint attention is both a consequence and an organizer of the development of a distributed and integrated brain network involving frontal and parietal cortical systems. This executive distributed network first serves to regulate the capacity of infants to respond to and direct the overt behavior of other people in order to share experience with others through the social coordination of visual attention. In this paper we describe this parallel and distributed neural network model of joint attention development and discuss two hypotheses that stem from this model. One is that activation of this distributed network during coordinated attention enhances the depth of information processing and encoding beginning in the first year of life. We also propose that with development, joint attention becomes internalized as the capacity to socially coordinate mental attention to internal representations. As this occurs the executive joint attention network makes vital contributions to the development of human symbolic thinking and social cognition.

P02-125 - Need for community-based services for mentally ill persons and their families

ObjectiveTo investigate need for social support for persons with mental health problems and their families on example of screening-questionnaire of persons, visiting on World Mental Health Day Clinics of Mental Health Research Institute SB RAMSci, Tomsk, Russia.MethodsScreening-questionnaire was carried out anonymously. Questions were answered by 14 persons of various ages, randomly selected by investigator. Respondents had to choose variants of answers for 4 questions:Results100% of respondents have come to clinics for their mental health problems, among them 1 person (7%) was a relative of person with mental health problems. 2 persons (14%) had friends with mental health problems. One person said that it is simply interesting for him. Patients and relatives need more information about mental health. They’d like to know about available medication. Overwhelming number of respondents believed that establishment of site and organization for mentally ill and relatives is necessary. % of negative answers was significantly lower and was explained by unwillingness to attract attention of other people. Organization of leisure-time would diversify life of patients and relatives. Of interest is advocacy of patients and their relatives,ConclusionsAnalysis of screening-questionnaire has shown that social support is really needed by persons with mental health problems and it may be rendered by user-led organizations, need for which in Russia has not been still satisfied. Social support is important both for patients and their families because they are often isolated and hardly cope with challenge of poor mental health of ill family member.

A parallel and distributed-processing model of joint attention, social cognition and autism.

The impaired development of joint attention is a cardinal feature of autism. Therefore, understanding the nature of joint attention is central to research on this disorder. Joint attention may be best defined in terms of an information-processing system that begins to develop by 4-6 months of age. This system integrates the parallel processing of internal information about one's own visual attention with external information about the visual attention of other people. This type of joint encoding of information about self and other attention requires the activation of a distributed anterior and posterior cortical attention network. Genetic regulation, in conjunction with self-organizing behavioral activity, guides the development of functional connectivity in this network. With practice in infancy the joint processing of self-other attention becomes automatically engaged as an executive function. It can be argued that this executive joint attention is fundamental to human learning as well as the development of symbolic thought, social cognition and social competence throughout the life span. One advantage of this parallel and distributed-processing model of joint attention is that it directly connects theory on social pathology to a range of phenomena in autism associated with neural connectivity, constructivist and connectionist models of cognitive development, early intervention, activity-dependent gene expression and atypical ocular motor control.

Gaze cuing and affective judgments of objects: I like what you look at

When we see another person look somewhere, we automatically attend to the same location in space. This joint attention emerges early in life and has a great impact on social interactions in development and in everyday adult life. The direction of another's gaze indicates what object is of current interest, which may be the target for a subsequent action. In this study, we found that objects that are looked at by other people are liked more than objects that do not receive the attention of other people (Experiment 1). This suggests that observing averted gaze can have an impact on the affective appraisals of objects in the environment. This liking effect was absent when an arrow was used to cue attention (Experiment 2). This underlines the importance of other people's interactions with objects for generating our own impressions of such stimuli in the world.

Privacy, emotional closeness, and openness in cyberspace

Emotions are typically associated with closeness and openness. The desire for privacy seems to contradict these related emotional features. Being emotionally close means losing some of our privacy, and maintaining a greater degree of privacy prevents us from being emotionally close. Similarly, great openness endangers our privacy and may cause us harm, and a great degree of privacy decreases our openness. I will argue here that the conflicts between privacy and emotional closeness and between privacy and openness are considerably weaker in cyberspace. The relative anonymity of cyberspace and the ability to control which matters we wish to reveal allow us to safeguard our privacy while increasing emotional closeness and openness. In fact, the nature of privacy itself has undergone a significant change in cyberspace since many matters that are usually kept private tend to be discussed in cyberspace. The greater tendency toward closeness and openness online has led to a redefinition of the nature of shame, which like privacy is connected to fundamental values that we want to safeguard. Privacy is characterized as the right to be left alone, to be allowed to pursue one’s activities without interference, scrutiny or comment. Why is such a right important? Why do we want to be left alone without having the focus or attention of other people trained on us? The simple answer is that such scrutiny can harm us as it may conflict with some of the values that we hold, or that other people significant to us hold. However, while we wish to guard our privacy, we also want to be close and open with others by expressing our genuine emotional attitudes through which honesty is developed in a relationship.

Walden Two: A 1950 Review

The following review of B. F. Skinner's Walden Two (1948) 1 was written forty years ago, not long after the book was originally publisbed. My manuscript was set in type -I have the galley proofs -but never appeared in print. I have been asked to describe the circumstances. From 1939, when I graduated from high schoo~ until 1951, when I left New York for Indiana, I probably spent more of my time campaigning against nationalism and war and for a socialist society than I did pursuing my studies. I thought of myself as a person whose mission in life was to transform the existing social order. One of my reasons for taking up psychology was that I agreed with Floyd Allport's contention (Institutional Behavior, 1933) that, when closely examined, social institutions turn out to be nothing more than the activities of their individual participants. Accordingly, I concluded that the best way to understand the functioning of various institutions must be through the study of individual behavior. Another reason was more practical: I hoped to earn my living in a way that would not be harmful to others and in a setting that would give me some license to speak on political matters but would leave me relatively free of pressures to conform to the viewpoint of any single political or economic organization. From 1943 to 1949 I pursued my graduate studies at Columbia, and from 1946 to 1951 I taught classes there, mostly in the School of General Studies. Through the influence of Fred Keller and Nat Schoenfeld I had become familiar with Skinner's writings (see Dinsmoor, 1990), and when his second book, Walden Two, appeared I inlmediately purchased and read it. I considered it an extremely innovative and significant contribution to our thinking on the way society should be organized and tried to think of ways of bringing it to the attention of other people who migllt be interested in that issue. For about ten years I had been a member of the National Executive Committee of the Young People's Socialist League, the youth section of the Socialist Party, and between my undergraduate and my graduate studies I had even served for a brief period as its National Secretary. But the Socialist Party's endorsement of the American military intervention in Korea proved the last straw, and in desperation the political grouping to which I belonged withdrew from the SP and

Toward a Practical Philosophy of Pronunciation: Another View

I will set out my own philosophy of under four headings. I. Pronunciation is the primary medium through which we bring our use of language to the attention of other people. Therefore, (A) it is potentially useful, and in many situations indispensable; but (B) it also makes the speaker vulnerable to his hearers either (1) on account of the social inferences that they may draw concerning him, or (2) on account of the opinions that they may form concerning his proficiency as a student, or both. The preceding paragraph contains the seeds for two kinds of conflict within the student. Most obviously, I.A tells him Speak! while l.B tells him Keep quiet! The urge to communication is balanced against the risks of disapproval. The second conflict is between I.B.1 and I,B.2: If the student pronounces the language well, people may get the impression that he loves the foreign culture and is willing to become more like its members. (In recent years, we have learned to say that such a student shows an integrative motivation to language study.) This may violate his own feelings, and/or the demands of the social group on which he depends for support. Excellent pronunciation may also alarm or offend classmates who feel that they look bad by comparison. On the other hand, if he pronounces the language poorly, he will have to bear the social and