Treatment Of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Research Articles

In silico evaluation of the role of lisdexamfetamine on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder common psychiatric comorbidities: mechanistic insights on binge eating disorder and depression.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric condition well recognized in the pediatric population that can persist into adulthood. The vast majority of patients with ADHD present psychiatric comorbidities that have been suggested to share, to some extent, the pathophysiological mechanism of ADHD. Lisdexamfetamine (LDX) is a stimulant prodrug approved for treating ADHD and, in the US, also for binge eating disorder (BED). Herein, we evaluated, through a systems biology-based in silico method, the efficacy of a virtual model of LDX (vLDX) as ADHD treatment to improve five common ADHD psychiatric comorbidities in adults and children, and we explored the molecular mechanisms behind LDX's predicted efficacy. After the molecular characterization of vLDX and the comorbidities (anxiety, BED, bipolar disorder, depression, and tics disorder), we created a protein-protein interaction human network to which we applied artificial neural networks (ANN) algorithms. We also generated virtual populations of adults and children-adolescents totaling 2,600 individuals and obtained the predicted protein activity from Therapeutic Performance Mapping System models. The latter showed that ADHD molecular description shared 53% of its protein effectors with at least one studied psychiatric comorbidity. According to the ANN analysis, proteins targeted by vLDX are predicted to have a high probability of being related to BED and depression. In BED, vLDX was modeled to act upon neurotransmission and neuroplasticity regulators, and, in depression, vLDX regulated the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and glutamatergic excitotoxicity. In conclusion, our modeling results, despite their limitations and although requiring in vitro or in vivo validation, could supplement the design of preclinical and potentially clinical studies that investigate treatment for patients with ADHD with psychiatric comorbidities, especially from a molecular point of view.

The possibilities of osteopathic correction using for the treatment of children with attention defi cit hyperactivity disorder

Introduction. Attention defi cit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is diagnosed in childhood and is the most common mental disorder in children — about 5–7 % among school-age children. None of the treatment methods, as clinical observations showed, is completely effective for the treatment of ADHD. In most cases, the main method of treatment is pharmacotherapy. But despite the proven short-term effectiveness, pharmacotherapy may have limitations: partial response or no response, side effects, questionable long-term benefi ts, poor adherence to the treatment regimen, negative attitude of parents. Limitations of existing pharmacological treatment methods emphasize the need to develop effective non-pharmacological interventions that improve short- and long-term results in regard to neuropsychological defi ciency symptoms and disorders of other general activity fi elds. Currently, there are publications noting the positive clinical effect of osteopathic correction on the children′s health state in various mental sphere disorders. But only a few studies are aimed at studying the effect of osteopathic correction in ADHD. At the same time, there are no publications about the osteopathic correction use in the ADHD treatment without pharmacotherapy.The aim of the study is to investigate the possibility of osteopathic correction using for the treatment of children with attention defi cit hyperactivity disorder.Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the medical organization «Health′ Clinic» Tver from March 2021 to February 2022. Inclusion criteria: children age 7–10 years; established ADHD diagnosis; absence of diseases and conditions that are an absolute contraindication for osteopathic correction; parental consent to osteopathic examination and correction. Criteria for non-inclusion: age of children younger than 7 and older than 10 years; not confi rmation of the diagnosis according to the «ADHD Assessment Scale — ICD-10 criteria»; the presence of diseases and conditions that are an absolute contraindication for osteopathic correction. Exclusion criteria: failure to attend repeated examinations. The total number of children was 38 people. The patients were distributed by randomization envelopes into 2 groups of 19 people each. The main group: the osteopathic correction and the behavioral psychotherapy were used. The comparison group: the drug hopanthenic acid and the behavioral psychotherapy were used. Before and after the treatment, osteopathic status was assessed in both groups, and the severity of ADHD was assessed according to the ADHD assessment scale (ICD-10 criteria), and an attention test was conducted in the form of a Bourdon correction test.Results. At the beginning of the study, the patients were characterized by regional biomechanical disorders of the head region — in 100 % of participants in both groups, as well as the neck (structural component) — in 63 % of participants in both groups, and the dura mater — in 89 % of participants in the comparison group and 79 % of the main group. After the course of treatment, a signifi cant (p<0,05) positive dynamics was observed in the main group according to the three above indicators, and there was no signifi cant dynamics in the comparison group. After the treatment, the statistically signifi cant (p<0,05) positive dynamics was observed in both groups with respect to the severity of ADHD and the main characteristics of attention: the indicators of the ADHD assessment scale (ICD-10 criteria) decreased, the accuracy coeffi cients and concentration of attention increased, and the fatigue index decreased. At the same time, in the main group, the fatigue index decrease was statistically signifi cant (p<0,05) more pronounced than in the comparison group.Conclusion. The obtained results allow us to recommend osteopathic correction in the treatment of children with ADHD, especially in the cases where, for some reasons, there are restrictions on the medications use.

Effect of Pharmacological Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on Criminality

Criminality rates are higher among persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and evidence that medication reduces crime is limited. Medication rates between clinics vary widely even within universal health care systems, partly because of providers' treatment preferences. We used this variation to estimate causal effects of pharmacological treatment of ADHD on 4-year criminal outcomes. We used Norwegian population-level registry data to identify all unique patients aged 10 to 18 years diagnosed with ADHD between 2009 and 2011 (n= 5,624), their use of ADHD medication, and subsequent criminal charges. An instrumental variable design, exploiting variation in provider preference for ADHD medication between clinics, was used to identify causal effects of ADHD medication on crime among patients on the margin of treatment, that is, patients who receive treatment because of their provider's preference. Criminality was higher in patients with ADHD relative to the general population. Medication preference varied between clinics and strongly affected patients' treatment. Instrumental variable analyses supported a protective effect of pharmacological treatment on violence-related and public-order-related charges with numbers needed to treat of 14 and 8, respectively. There was no evidence for effects on drug-, traffic-, sexual-, or property-related charges. This is the first study to demonstrate causal effects of pharmacological treatment of ADHD on some types of crimes in a population-based natural experiment. Pharmacological treatment of ADHD reduced crime related to impulsive-reactive behavior in patients with ADHD on the margin of treatment. No effects were found on crimes requiring criminal intent, conspiracy, and planning. The ADHD controversy project: Long-term effects of ADHD medication; https://www.isrctn.com/; 11891971.

The effect of psycho-education given to mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on mother-child interaction and family functionality.

One of the most prevalent psychiatric conditions in children is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Regular psycho-education for people with chronic illnesses and their families is beneficial for prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation. This study aimed to determine the effect of psycho-education given to mothers of children with ADHD on mother-child interaction and family functionality. The sample of the study consisted of 98 mothers and children (50 participants for the intervention group and 48 participants for the control group). Mothers in the intervention group were given psycho-education. Pre and post-tests were completed by mothers. Post-test mean scores in terms of warmth/affection, hostility/aggression, indifference/neglect, and control subscales of the Parental Acceptance-Red/Control Scale were statistically significantly lower among the intervention group. Post-test mean scores in terms of communication, showing interest, and the behavior control subscales of the family assessment device were statistically significantly lower in the intervention group. For families dealing with a child with ADHD, psychoeducation increased mother-child interaction and family functioning Therefore, psychoeducation should be widespread in the treatment of ADHD. When ADHD causes problems with mother-child contact, maternal psychoeducation may be helpful.

Effectiveness of School-Based Occupational Therapy Interventions on School Skills and Abilities Among Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity and Autism Spectrum Disorders: Systematic Review

ABSTRACT This systematic review aimed to synthesize the best available research evidence regarding the effectiveness of school-based occupational therapy interventions on school skills and abilities among children with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and ASD (autism spectrum disorder). The review was conducted according to JBI (Joanna Briggs Institute) guidelines . A three-step search strategy was conducted from five electronic databases (CINAHL, PubMed, OTDBASE, Google Scholar, and Oula-Finna) in January 2022. This review considered randomized and quasi-randomized studies that evaluated school-based occupational therapy interventions for children on school skills and abilities, specifically outcomes of social interaction and process skills, and cognitive abilities. This review includes thirteen studies with a total sample size of 375 participants. Results are divided into two categories: school-based occupational interventions for children with ADHD (three studies) and school-based occupational interventions for children with ASD (ten studies). Results from school-based occupational therapy intervention studies for children and adolescents with ADHD indicate that this group of students benefits from manualized interventions that focus on social interaction skills, process skills, and cognitive abilities. Positive responses to these outcomes were found when using interventions concerning mindfulness, weighted vests, and executive function training programs. Results from school-based occupational therapy intervention studies for children and adolescents with ASD emphasize using interventions that affect social interaction skills.

Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a Narrative Review of Biological Mechanisms, Treatments, and Outcomes.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous and complex neurodevelopmental disorder related to disruptions in various neuronal structures and pathways, dopamine (DA) transporter, and receptor genes, resulting in cognitive and regulation deficits. This article reviews recent research on the biological mechanisms and markers, clinical manifestations, treatments, and outcomes of adult ADHD as well as current controversies within the field. New research identifies white matter disruptions in multiple cortical pathways in adults with ADHD. New treatments for ADHD in adults such as viloxazine ER have shown preliminary effectiveness in addition to research showing transcranial direct current stimulation can be an effective treatment for adults with ADHD. Although questions exist about the effectiveness of current assessments of and treatments for adult ADHD, recent findings represent a step towards improving the quality of life and outcomes for individuals experiencing this life-long, chronic health condition.

Sluggish cognitive tempo (Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome) symptoms are more associated with a higher risk of internet addiction and internet gaming disorder than ADHD symptoms: A study with medical students and resident doctors

Background & AimsThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT), demographic factors, and Internet Addiction (IA) and internet gaming disorder (IGD) among medical students and resident doctors. MethodsThe study included 274 medical students and resident doctors. (Ages:18–35, 70.4% female). Fisher exact test, Contingency Table analyses, Mann Whithey-U Test and structural equation model-path analysis were used for analysis. The Sociodemographic Information Form, ASRS Scale, Barkley SCT Scale, Young Internet Addiction Test-Short Form and The Digital Game Addiction Scale were utilized to collect data. ResultsIn the sample, 48 participants (17.51%, 22 female, 26 male) were classified as having a high-risk internet gaming disorder (IGD+), while 53 participants (19.3%, 37 female, 16 male) were classified as having a high-risk internet addiction (IA+). SCT Scale Daydreaming and Sluggishness scores, as well as ASRS Scale Inattention and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity ratings, were all substantially higher in high-risk groups (for all, p < 0.05). Instead of age, there was no difference between high and low-risk groups, but men had a significantly greater rate of high risk- IGD (%32.1 vs. 11.4; p = 0.001).Path analysis revealed that while older age has a substantial negative effect (β = −0.37, p = 0.001) on increased risk of IA, Inattention (β = 0.19, p = 0.028), Daydreaming (β = 0.62, p0.001), and Sluggishness ( β = 1.12, p0.001) had significant positive effects. On the other hand, results revealed that male gender (β = 5.08, p0.001), IA scores (β = 0.21, p0.001), and only Sluggishness ( = 0.52, p = 0.002), but not Inattention, Hyperactivity/impulsivity, or Daydreaming, have positive effects on greater risk of internet gaming disorder (IGD). Conclusion & ImplicationsOur study is the first to show that SCT symptoms increase the risk of Internet addiction and Internet Gaming Disorder even when ADHD symptoms are controlled. To date, many research have highlighted the necessity of ADHD treatment when evaluating IA and IGD. However, SCT symptoms have a greater impact on people who are predisposed to these behavioral addictions, and despite high comorbidity rates, various treatment approaches for ADHD and SCT are effective. SCT should be kept in mind when assessing treatment-resistant individuals with IA and IGD.

In silico clinical trial evaluating lisdexamfetamine's and methylphenidate's mechanism of action computational models in an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder virtual patients' population.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an impairing psychiatric condition with the stimulants, lisdexamfetamine (LDX), and methylphenidate (MPH), as the first lines pharmacological treatment. Herein, we applied a novel in silico method to evaluate virtual LDX (vLDX) and vMPH as treatments for ADHD applying quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) models. The objectives were to evaluate the model's output, considering the model characteristics and the information used to build them, to compare both virtual drugs' efficacy mechanisms, and to assess how demographic (age, body mass index, and sex) and clinical characteristics may affect vLDX's and vMPH's relative efficacies. We molecularly characterized the drugs and pathologies based on a bibliographic search, and generated virtual populations of adults and children-adolescents totaling 2,600 individuals. For each virtual patient and virtual drug, we created physiologically based pharmacokinetic and QSP models applying the systems biology-based Therapeutic Performance Mapping System technology. The resulting models' predicted protein activity indicated that both virtual drugs modulated ADHD through similar mechanisms, albeit with some differences. vMPH induced several general synaptic, neurotransmitter, and nerve impulse-related processes, whereas vLDX seemed to modulate neural processes more specific to ADHD, such as GABAergic inhibitory synapses and regulation of the reward system. While both drugs' models were linked to an effect over neuroinflammation and altered neural viability, vLDX had a significant impact on neurotransmitter imbalance and vMPH on circadian system deregulation. Among demographic characteristics, age and body mass index affected the efficacy of both virtual treatments, although the effect was more marked for vLDX. Regarding comorbidities, only depression negatively impacted both virtual drugs' efficacy mechanisms and, while that of vLDX were more affected by the co-treatment of tic disorders, the efficacy mechanisms of vMPH were disturbed by wide-spectrum psychiatric drugs. Our in silico results suggested that both drugs could have similar efficacy mechanisms as ADHD treatment in adult and pediatric populations and allowed raising hypotheses for their differential impact in specific patient groups, although these results require prospective validation for clinical translatability.

Cause and Intervention in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) usually occurs in childhood and is characterized by neurodevelopmental disorders. It is characterized by age-inappropriate attention deficit, behavioral hyperactivity and emotional impulsivity, and even accompanied by cognitive impairment. The exact cause of the disease is still unclear. It is generally believed that the incidence is the result of the combined action of biological factors, environmental factors and psychological factors. Therefore, the treatment of ADHD children should take into account multiple factors, various stereoscopic and comprehensive interventions. This article reviews the concept, cause, diagnosis and treatment of ADHD.

The longitudinal influence of ADHD status and stimulant medication on body mass index and blood pressure among youth with obesity.

Youth with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more vulnerable to developing obesity. Stimulant medication use, an evidence-based treatment for ADHD, is associated with lower body mass index (BMI) and higher blood pressure among non-overweight youth. The purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal influence of ADHD and stimulant medication use on BMI and blood pressure among a sample of 456 youth with overweight and obesity treated in a paediatric weight management clinic. Mixed linear modelling examined the main and interactive effects of time by ADHD status and stimulant medication use on BMI and blood pressure. Youth without ADHD experienced a significantly faster decrease in BMI compared to youth with ADHD (p < 0.001). Youth with ADHD who were taking stimulant medication had a significantly faster decrease in BMI compared to youth with ADHD who were not taking stimulant medication (p = 0.009). There was no significant effect of ADHD status or stimulant medication use on diastolic or systolic blood pressure trajectories over time (ps >0.05). Results from this study suggest that youth with ADHD who are not taking stimulant medication may not benefit from clinical weight management to the same extent as either youth without ADHD or youth with ADHD who are taking a stimulant medication.

The Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

The objective of this article was to provide an overview of the development and recommendations from the Australian evidence-based clinical practice guideline for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The guideline aims to promote accurate and timely identification and diagnosis, and optimal and consistent treatment of ADHD. Development integrated the best available evidence with multidisciplinary clinical expertise and the preferences of those with lived experience, underpinned by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. The 23 guideline development group members included psychiatrists, paediatricians, general practitioners, psychologists, speech pathologists, occupational therapists, educators, Indigenous psychologists, and people with a lived experience; with two independent chairs and a methodologist. Where appropriate, evidence reviews from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 2018 'Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management' guideline were updated. Fifty prioritised clinical questions were addressed in 14 systematic reviews (new and updated from NICE 2018) and 28 narrative reviews. The 113 clinical recommendations apply to young children (5 years and under), children, adolescents and adults. They provide guidance for clinicians on identification, screening, diagnosis, multimodal treatment and support, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. The guideline and supporting information are available online: https://adhdguideline.aadpa.com.au/. The guideline was approved by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia and relevant medical and allied health professional associations. It is anticipated that successful implementation and uptake of the guideline by organisations, health care providers and other professionals will increase delivery of evidence-based treatment and improve health outcomes for the more than 800,000 Australians with ADHD.

Evaluating serdexmethylphenidate and dexmethylphenidate capsules as a once-daily treatment option for ADHD

ABSTRACT Introduction Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common behavioral disorder which is best treated through a combination of medication and behavioral therapy, with stimulant medications serving as a first-line treatment approach. Serdexmethylphenidate (SDX), a prodrug of dexmethylphenidate (d-MPH), a commonly utilized stimulant medication, has recently received approval and is marketed in the U.S.A. Areas covered This review summarizes peer-reviewed literature on SDX published between 2021–2023 and a review of data available from ClinicalTrials.gov. Expert opinion SDX represents a new option for treatment for ADHD. It is unique in its prodrug design and achieves a relatively extended duration of action in comparison to other stimulant formulations. Although the research is relatively limited thus far, early data suggests it to be a safe medication to consider with side effects being similar to other stimulant medications. Its prodrug design is useful in potentially serving as a deterrent to intentional parenteral abuse and its ability to be opened and sprinkled makes it an option for those individuals with ADHD who might be unable to swallow pills.

Social gradient in use of health services and health-related quality of life of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review.

ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) affects 5% of children on average. Despite the high need to access services for ADHD treatment, not all children with ADHD utilise healthcare services equally. This study aims to systematically synthesise evidence of equity and equality in health service use/costs and health-related quality of life (HRQoL)/wellbeing of children with ADHD across socioeconomic (SES) classes. The literature search was conducted across seven databases (Academic Search complete, MEDLINE Complete, PsycINFO, ERIC, Global Health, CINAHL and EconLit). The search was limited to peer-reviewed articles published to 23rd January 2023 in English and focused on children. Study quality was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP), Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) checklists. 25 out of 1207 articles were eligible for inclusion. The results showed that SES was associated with different types of healthcare utilisation. Only three studies were found on HRQoL/well-being. Children with ADHD from low SES families had lower HRQoL than children from high SES families. This study found that a social gradient exists in both healthcare service use and children's HRQoL among those with ADHD.

Effects of a Primary Care-Based Engagement Intervention for Improving Use of ADHD Treatments

Uptake of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatments is low in primary care. A quasi-experimental study assessed the impact of a primary care-based engagement intervention to improve ADHD treatment use. Families of children with ADHD from four pediatric clinics were invited to participate in a two-stage intervention. The first step was an assessment battery to assess functioning and identify goals, followed by an in-office engagement session run by primary care staff. Of the 636 invited families, 184 (28.9%) completed ratings, with 95 (51%) families completing the engagement session. ADHD office visits varied based on the number of steps completed (0-2). ADHD prescriptions decreased over time in families completing neither step but increased for children previously unmedicated whose parents completed either step. Families completing both steps had the highest rates of nonmedication ADHD treatments. A brief two-step engagement intervention was associated with increased uptake of ADHD treatments.

The Role of Alpha-2 Agonists for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: A Review.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), which is marked by symptoms such as inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that can affect academic, social, and personal functioning in children and adolescents. This review summarizes clinical trials demonstrating the effectiveness of Alpha-2 agonists in reducing symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in children with ADHD. Studies were identified through a systematic search of PubMed and Cochrane databases. However, these medications' long-term safety and efficacy remain uncertain, with a lack of data on their effects on growth, cardiovascular function, and other adverse events. Further studies are required to determine these medications' optimal dose and treatment duration. Medications that target the noradrenergic system, such as Alpha-2 agonists, have been increasingly used as a treatment option for ADHD, with guanfacine and clonidine being two of the most commonly used medications. They function by selectively targeting Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the brain leading to improved attention and reduced hyperactivity and impulsivity symptoms in children with ADHD. Clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of Alpha-2 agonists in treating ADHD in children by reducing symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. However, these medications' long-term safety and efficacy still need to be completely understood. Due to a lack of information on the effects of Alpha-2 agonists on growth, cardiovascular function, and other long-term adverse events, more studies must investigate the optimal dose and treatment duration for these medications. Despite these concerns, Alpha-2 agonists remain a valuable treatment option for ADHD in children, especially those unable to tolerate stimulant medications or who have coexisting conditions such as tic disorders. Future research should continue to explore the safety and efficacy of Alpha-2 agonists in the long term. In conclusion, Alpha-2 agonists show promise as a treatment for ADHD in children; however, the safety and efficacy of these drugs in the long term are not yet completely understood. Additional studies are required to investigate the optimal dose and treatment duration for these medications in their use as a treatment for this debilitating disease.

VIRTUAL REALITY, DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND BRAIN REWIRING TECHNIQUES FOR INTERVENTION IN ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects cognitive function, behavior, and social interaction. While medication and behavioral therapy are the standard of care for ADHD, complementary and alternative interventions that leverage the brain's neuroplasticity, such as brain rewiring techniques and digital technologies, have emerged. These techniques, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based interventions, neurofeedback, Neuro-Linguistic Programming, clinical hypnosis, exercise, yoga, music therapy, and working memory exercises, aim to modify the function and structure of the brain to improve cognitive function, self-regulation, and overall quality of life in individuals with ADHD. Additionally, virtual reality has shown promise as a potential tool for improving attentional control and reducing ADHD symptoms. This literature review provides an overview of the effectiveness of brain rewiring techniques, including NLP and clinical hypnosis, as well as exercise, yoga, music therapy, and working memory exercises for ADHD, and the potential utility of virtual reality for treating ADHD.

A Comparative Evaluation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Behavioral Parent Training in Treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

The article summarizes the popular treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental disorder characterized as possessing two behavioral issues: inattentiveness and impulsiveness or hyperactivity. An individual with the first subtype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is recognized as having six or more symptoms related to inattention and less than six symptoms of hyperactivity in a duration of six months or more. By comparing cognitive behavioral therapy and behavioral parent training in treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, a validity and effectiveness declaration is drawn on both therapies. In the scope of this article, cognitive behavioral therapy, and parenting skills training on the consequences of childrens behaviors will be examined and compared. It also provides some aspects of the differences for further studies. Cognitive behavioral therapy and consequence-based behavioral parent training are two effective and adequate treatments for ADHD. While the former consists of the section of planning and organizing, reducing distractibility and applying adaptive thinking, the latter centralizes on the idea of positive reinforcement where parents can choose techniques such as the token economy and praising to motivate particular behaviors.

Many children with parent‐reported ADHD not receiving outpatient MH care

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from families with the highest income level were less likely than those from families with the lowest income level to receive outpatient mental health care, according to new research seeking to gain a better understanding of ADHD treatment for children with ADHD based on parent‐reported Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria.

Academic motivation decreases across adolescence for youth with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Effects of motivation on academic success.

This longitudinal study examined growth trajectories of academic motivation in youth with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) across the important developmental transition from middle school to high school, and associations with academic success. Consistent with self-determination theory (SDT) of motivation, trajectories of amotivation, extrinsic motivation, and intrinsic motivation were modeled. The study included a robust multi-method, multi-source assessment of academic outcomes, including homework performance ratings; reading and mathematics standardized test scores; and grade point average (GPA) obtained from school records. Participants included 302 adolescents (ages 12-14; Mage = 13.20) in eighth grade who were specifically recruited so that approximately half (n = 162) were diagnosed with ADHD and 140 adolescents comprising a comparison sample without ADHD. The sample was predominantly White (81.80%), with 7.90% identifying as bi/multiracial, 5.30% identifying as Black/African American, 4.60% identifying as Asian, and 0.30% identifying as Indigenous/Alaskan. Adolescents with ADHD had worse academic motivation at all timepoints. Growth curve analyses indicated the academic motivation of adolescents without ADHD decreased at faster rates across the transition to high school compared to adolescents with ADHD. However, for adolescents with ADHD, amotivation, extrinsic motivation, and intrinsic motivation each predicted GPA, with higher extrinsic and intrinsic motivation also predicting better homework performance and different aspects of math performance, whereas for youth without ADHD, only amotivation and extrinsic motivation predicted GPA. Intervention and school policy implications are discussed, including the importance of fostering autonomy and internal motivation, and consideration of whether current ADHD interventions primarily foster extrinsic motivation.

How does traditional chinese medicine treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-A different understanding and treatment strategy

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder, and the incidence in children is increasing year by year. The modern medical field lacks long-acting drugs for the treatment of ADHD and there is an urgent need to investigate new therapeutic drugs or complementary and alternative therapies. Recent studies have found that Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has the advantages of individualization, precise efficacy and minimal side effects in improving attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This paper reviews the progress of Chinese medicine in the treatment of ADHD in terms of its understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of ADHD, treatment according to pattern identification and Chinese medicinal preparations.