Attention Deficit Disorder Children Research Articles

Islamic parenting education in the success of the 'Aisyiyah of love children movement

Special attention to children as individuals who are still in their developmental age is certainly no less important, because childhood is a process towards maturity. Use of gadgets that are not ideal for more than 2 hours per day can result in attention deficit disorder in children which causes anxiety, anger, and so on. If left untreated, it can have an impact on the child's psychology and disrupt the child's development. One of Aisyiyah's roles as a women's organization was declaring the 'Aisyiyah of love children movement. The purpose of this program is to improve the quality of children with Islamic parenting educational activities. The method used is counseling and outreach. The result is an increase in understanding from teachers in the good category from 67% to 93%, and parents' understanding in the good category from 71% to 96%. After this program, it is hoped that health monitoring can be carried out on an ongoing basis, one of which is screening for growth and development of toddlers.

A Review on Pulsatile Drug Delivery System

In essence, pulsatile drug delivery systems (PDDS) are time-controlled drug delivery systems in which the system regulates the lag time independently of external parameters such as pH, enzymes, gastro-intestinal motility, etc. Traditionally, medications either release immediately or over time. Nevertheless, interest in pulsatile drug release devices has grown recently. These systems were created to work with the body's natural circadian cycle. In Latin literature, Circa and Dian are the words for day and night, respectively. For many medications or treatments, pulsatile drug release—in which the drug is released quickly after a clearly defined lag—could be useful. Asthma, peptic ulcer, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, attention deficit disorder in children, and hypercholesterolemia are among the illnesses where PDDS appears promising. This medication distribution system has been pre-programmed

Intensity of The Use of Gadgets to Attention Deficit Disorder in Children

The demands of the times and the many benefits of gadgets make many parents start introducing gadgets from an early age. The use of gadgets can have an impact on children, be it a negative impact or a positive impact. The negative impact felt by children in terms of motor, accepting learning and difficulties in socializing with other people. Attention disorder is one of the main psychiatric problems that is often found in children under 7 years of age. In some people, they still cannot recognize this disorder even though this disorder can be found in everyday life, both in preschool children, adolescents, and even adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the intensity of the use of gadgets on disruption of concentration of attention in elementary school children. This type of research is a quantitative study with a correlational analytic design and a cross sectional approach. Respondents taken in this study were students in elementary schools in the Sleman Regency in the age range 7-10 years and their mothers using the quota sampling technique. Data analysis using chi square. Based on the results of the calculation of the chi square test, it is known that the p value is 0.000 so that it can be concluded that the p value is 0.000 <0.05. From the results of the bivariate analysis, it can be concluded that there is an effect of the intensity of the gadget on attention disruption in school-age children. It is hoped that parents and teachers can monitor the intensity of the use of gadgets in children.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children Born to Patients with Infertility: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in children conceived to mothers requiring infertility treatment are unknown. We investigated the association between infertility, infertility treatment, and risk of childhood attention deficit disorder (ADHD).

Yoga exercises can improve sustained attention in children with ADD

IntroductionIt is known that children with attention deficit disorder (ADD) have deficit in sustained attention. It is important to develop trainings for improving sustained attention in ADD children. It was shown that yoga exercises have positive effect on sustained attention in adults.ObjectivesThe gaol of this study was to reveal effect of yoga exercises on sustained attention in 7-8 years of age children with ADD. We compared the efficacy of two methods of treatment (yoga exercises vs. conventional motor exercises) in a randomized controlled pilot study.Methods18 children with ADD at the age of 7-8 years were included and randomly assigned to treatment conditions according to a 2×2 crossover design. Children from intervention group participated in 8 weeks of yoga exercises. To assess the sustained attention we used subtest from Luria’s child neuropsychological battery. This subtest is designed to assess visual sustained attention.. Effects of treatment were analyzed by means of an ANOVA for repeated measurements.ResultsThe ANOVA has revealed (p<.05) that for sustained attention subtest the yoga exercises were superior to the conventional motor training, with effect sizes in the medium-to-high range (0.39-0.77).ConclusionsThe findings from this pilot study suggest that yoga exercises have positive effect on sustained attention in 7-8 years of age children with ADD. However, it is necessary to do further research to reveal the impact of yoga exercises on the prevention and treatment of attention deficit disorder in children.

Comparison of Basic Psychological Needs and Different Levels of Theory of Mind between Mothers of Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Hyperactivity / Attention Deficit Disorder Children

Comparison of Basic Psychological Needs and Different Levels of Theory of Mind between Mothers of Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Hyperactivity / Attention Deficit Disorder Children

An Examination of Blood Cell Membrane Potential as a Diagnostic Test of Attention Deficit Disorder in Children

Objective: To reexamine previous findings that reported that blood cells’ membrane potential ratios (MPRs™) differ between youth with ADHD and controls and to determine whether psychostimulants affect MPRs™. Method: Forty-four youth (ages 6-17) with ADHD (not currently taking psychostimulants; n = 24) and controls (n = 20) completed the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview 7 (MINI 7) and a blood draw to determine MPR™. Youth with ADHD provided another blood draw 30 days after receiving psychostimulants. Results: MPR™ values of participants with ADHD who were not taking stimulants were not significantly different from those of the controls. MPR’s™ sensitivity was 79.2% and specificity 25.0%. Among youth with ADHD, there was a trending association between lower MPRs™ and taking stimulants (compared with baseline). Conclusion: Results neither replicate prior findings nor support MPRs’™ utility in diagnosing ADHD in youth. We identified possible MPR™ changes after participants with ADHD began stimulants. Further studies are needed to establish the clinical significance of this finding.

Phenotypically distinct subtypes of psychosis accompany novel or rare variants in four different signaling genes

BackgroundRare gene variants are important sources of schizophrenia vulnerability that likely interact with polygenic susceptibility loci. This study examined if novel or rare missense coding variants in any of four different signaling genes in sporadic schizophrenia cases were associated with clinical phenotypes in an exceptionally well-characterized sample. MethodStructured interviews, cognition, symptoms and life course features were assessed in 48 ethnically-diverse cases with psychosis who underwent targeted exome sequencing of PTPRG (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type G), SLC39A13 (Solute Carrier Family 39 (Zinc Transporter) Member 13), TGM5 (transglutaminase 5) and ARMS/KIDINS220 (Ankyrin repeat-rich membrane spanning protein or Kinase D-Interacting Substrate of 220kDa). Cases harboring rare missense coding polymorphisms or novel mutations in one or more of these genes were compared to other cases not carrying any rare missense coding polymorphisms or novel mutations in these genes and healthy controls. FindingsFifteen of 48 cases (31.25%) carried rare or novel missense coding variants in one or more of these genes. The subgroups significantly differed in important features, including specific working memory deficits for PTPRG (n=5); severe negative symptoms, global cognitive deficits and poor educational attainment, suggesting a developmental disorder, for SLC39A13 (n=4); slow processing speed, childhood attention deficit disorder and milder symptoms for TGM5 (n=4); and global cognitive deficits with good educational attainment suggesting neurodegeneration for ARMS/KIDINS220 (n=5). Case vignettes are included in the appendix. InterpretationGenes prone to missense coding polymorphisms and/or mutations in sporadic cases may highlight influential genes for psychosis and illuminate heterogeneous pathways to schizophrenia. Ethnicity appears less important at the level of genetic variability. The sequence variations that potentially alter the function of specific genes or their signaling partners may contribute to particular subtypes of psychosis. This approach may be applicable to other complex disorders.

Circulating phthalates during critical illness in children are associated with long-term attention deficit: a study of a development and a validation cohort

Environmental phthalate exposure has been associated with attention deficit disorders in children. We hypothesized that in children treated in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), circulating phthalates leaching from indwelling medical devices contribute to their long-term attention deficit. Circulating plasma concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) metabolites were quantified in 100 healthy children and 449 children who had been treated in PICU and were neurocognitively tested 4 years later. In a development patient cohort (N = 228), a multivariable bootstrap study identified stable thresholds of exposure to circulating DEHP metabolites above which there was an independent association with worse neurocognitive outcome. Subsequently, in a second patient cohort (N = 221), the observed independent associations were validated. Plasma concentrations of DEHP metabolites, which were virtually undetectable [0.029 (0.027-0.031) µmol/l] in healthy children, were 4.41 (3.76-5.06) µmol/l in critically ill children upon PICU admission (P < 0.001). Plasma DEHP metabolite concentrations decreased rapidly but remained 18 times higher until PICU discharge (P < 0.001). After adjusting for baseline risk factors and duration of PICU stay, and further for PICU complications and treatments, exceeding the potentially harmful threshold for exposure to circulating DEHP metabolites was independently associated with the attention deficit (all P ≤ 0.008) and impaired motor coordination (all P ≤ 0.02). The association with the attention deficit was confirmed in the validation cohort (all P ≤ 0.01). This phthalate exposure effect explained half of the attention deficit in post-PICU patients. Iatrogenic exposure to DEHP metabolites during intensive care was independently and robustly associated with the important attention deficit observed in children 4 years after critical illness. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00214916.

Neurocognitive consequences of iatrogenicphthalate exposure during critical illness in children: a study of a development and validation cohort

Phthalates are chemical additives incorporated in PVC-based materials to make them more pliable. Intensive care management, especially in the pediatric setting, relies heavily on the use of soft and flexible indwelling medical devices. As phthalates are not chemically bound to these devices, they can leach during use [1,2]. Environmental phthalate exposure has been associated with attention deficit disorders in children [3,4].

Child Use of Controlled Substances for Treating Attention Deficit Disorder

Attention Deficit Disorder is a learning disability that limits attentiveness and increases hyperactivity and impulsivity in affected individuals. On average, more children are diagnosed with this disorder than adults, indicating that the majority of people being treated for this disorder are children. With the recent rise in Attention Deficit Disorder diagnoses in children, more children are being exposed to controlled substances to treat the disorder. Considering the tight restrictions and regulations implemented by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), many question the safety of these medications used to treat children with Attention Deficit Disorder. This research explores the safety and efficacy of the controlled substances used to treat Attention Deficit Disorder in children. Findings indicate that these medications pose no significant danger to children and drug dependence is not likely. Furthermore, findings also show that the medications used to treat the disorder are effective overall.

Primary headaches, attention deficit disorder and learning disabilities in children and adolescents

BackgroundPrimary headaches and Learning difficulties are both common in the pediatric population. The goal of our study was to assess the prevalence of learning disabilities and attention deficit disorder in children and adolescents with migraine and tension type headaches.MethodsRetrospective review of medical records of children and adolescents who presented with headache to the outpatient pediatric neurology clinics of Bnai-Zion Medical Center and Meyer Children’s Hospital, Haifa, during the years 2009–2010. Demographics, Headache type, attention deficit disorder (ADHD), learning disabilities and academic achievements were assessed.Results243 patients met the inclusion criteria and were assessed: 135 (55.6%) females and 108 (44.4%) males. 44% were diagnosed with migraine (35.8% of the males, 64.2% of the females, p = 0.04), 47.7% were diagnosed with tension type headache (50.4% of the males, 49.6% of the females). Among patients presenting with headache for the first time, 24% were formerly diagnosed with learning disabilities and 28% were diagnosed with attention deficit disorder (ADHD). ADHD was more prevalent among patients with tension type headache when compared with patients with migraine (36.5% vs. 19.8%, p = 0.006). Poor to average school academic performance was more prevalent among children with tension type headache, whereas good to excellent academic performance was more prevalent among those with migraine.ConclusionsLearning disabilities and ADHD are more common in children and adolescents who are referred for neurological assessment due to primary headaches than is described in the general pediatric population. There is an association between headache diagnosis and school achievements.

Health 4.0 in the i2i Era

The acceptance of iPhones, iPads, and iPods in medical environments, as well as the FDA approval of several diagnostic-prognostic-distant care-management applications, demonstrates the modern medicine trend to introduce mobile applications initiating the i2i era. Furthermore, Cloud and Internet applications ranging from non-quality control up to intelligent-quality-control data base management anytime, anywhere, are the basis of what is called Health 4.0. The present editorial listed approved FDA applications and future deployments, including three personal projects in iHealth: blood-pressure monitoring, iAnapath and the i-EEG control in child Attention Deficit Disorder.

P01-229 - Beyond the ritalina attention deficit disorder in children: developmental, parenting, and treatment

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is a very prevalent disorder in children and adolescents determining important impairments in those affected. This review aims to discuss some clinical and therapeutic dilemmas found by clinical psychiatrists in the treatment of the disorder.MethodsThis is a comprehensive, non-systematic review of the literature addressing the following issues:a)differentiation normality/presence of the disorder;b)clinical relevance of the age-of-onset of impairment criterion;c)frontiers with Bipolar Disorders (BD);d)guidelines for treatment when the disorder is associated with comorbidities.ResultsClinical tips are presented to make the diagnosis without significantly increasing the proportion of false positives, as well as to help in both the differential diagnosis with BD and the pharmacological management of the disorder associated to comorbidities.ConclusionsThe precise diagnosis, avoiding very flexible criteria, is crucial in a disorder with a dimensional construct in the population, as well as the adequate use of medication for a highly comorbid disorder.

The role of teachers in the assessment of children suspected of having AD/HD

In the light of recent guidance published by The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) on the diagnosis and management of attention deficit disorders in children, young persons and adults, Gill Salmon, a consultant Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist based in Swansea, South Wales, and Amanda Kirby, Professor of Developmental Disorders in Education based at the University of Wales, Newport, give an overview of the rationale for involving teachers in the assessment of children with AD/HD and the development and implementation of subsequent educational interventions. They also review the resulting training implications; explore some of the obstacles to multi-agency, multi-disciplinary working; and examine how current special educational needs policy goes hand-in-hand with the tiered approach to provision of child and adolescent mental health services in offering a graduated response to these children.

Correlation Between Hospitalization for Pharmaceutical Ingestion and Attention Deficit Disorder in Children Aged 5 to 9 Years Old

To determine if attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a risk factor for pharmaceutical ingestions leading to hospital admission in children between ages 5 and 9, a retrospective, case-controlled chart review was conducted at a children's hospital. Cases were children aged 5 to 9 admitted for oral ingestion of pharmaceuticals. Controls were children admitted during the same time period with abdominal pain, appendicitis, or gastroenteritis. Controls were matched to cases 3:1 by age and gender. An odds ratio was calculated to determine if attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a statistically significant risk factor for hospitalization after pharmaceutical ingestion. A total of 36% of 31 identified cases had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder compared with 7% of controls. The odds ratio for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children hospitalized after pharmaceutical ingestion was 7.97 (95% confidence interval, 2.35-28.01; P < .01). Children hospitalized for pharmaceutical ingestion are nearly 8 times more likely to have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder than children hospitalized for an unrelated disorder.

Chronic oral methylphenidate administration to periadolescent rats yields prolonged impairment of memory for objects

Methylphenidate (MPD) is widely prescribed for the treatment of attention deficit disorders in children and has generally been thought to be free of significant side effects when administered at recommended therapeutic doses. However, recent behavioral research with laboratory rodents has indicated that, like other psychostimulants with which it shares neurotransmitter-modulating properties, chronically administered MPD can bring about lasting and potentially detrimental alterations in brain function. Some of these may involve changes in the neuromodulatory input from noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems that project to the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, regions with significant roles in several cognitive functions, including those critical to memory formation. To investigate the possibility of cognitive impairment, the effects of a regimen of chronic MPD on the performance of an object recognition task known to rely on the integrity of systems involved in rodent memory was assessed. The drug, at doses of 2, 3 or 5 mg/kg, was delivered twice daily to periadolescent rats via an oral administration technique on either 11 or 21 treatment days. Subsequent to this period, the animals were subjected to an object recognition test at 14, 28, and 42 days after their last MPD treatment. In each of these tests, exploration time for two objects, one novel and one previously encountered (3 h earlier), was assessed. Longer exploration of the novel object was considered evidence of retained memory for the familiar object. It was found that rats exposed to 3 or 5 mg/kg (b.i.d.) on 21 occasions exhibited no significant preference for exploration of the novel object at any of the three post-treatment intervals. This finding was interpreted as evidence of a persisting MPD-induced impairment of recognition memory in these animals.

Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Adults with ADHD

Adults with ADHD have been found in prior studies to have a greater risk for various psychiatric disorders. Chief among these are oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). Approximately 24–35% of clinic–referred adults diagnosed with ADHD have ODD and 17–25% have CD, either currently or over the course of their earlier development (Barkley, Murphy, & Kwasnik, 1996; Biederman, et al., 1993; Murphy & Barkley, 1996; Murphy, Barkley, & Bush, 2002; Spencer, 2004). These figures for clinic–referred adults are below those reported in studies of ADHD children, particularly studies of hyperactive children followed to adulthood, where levels of ODD and CD may be double or triple these rates reported for adults diagnosed with ADHD (see Barkley, 2006, for a review; Barkley, Fischer, Edelbrock, & Smallish, 1990; Fischer, Barkley, Smallish, & Fletcher, 2002; Weiss & Hechtman, 1993). Among parents of children having ADHD who also meet criteria for ADHD, disruptive behavior disorders are also significantly more common (McGough et al., 2005; Minde, et al., 2003). For instance, one study found that 53% have had ODD and 33% have had CD sometime in their lives (Biederman et al., 1993), figures closer to those seen in follow–up studies of hyperactive or ADHD children. Antisocial Personality Disorder is often an associated adult outcome in a large minority of those children or adolescents who have both ADHD and CD; thus it is not surprising to find that 7–44% of clinic–referred adults diagnosed with ADHD also qualify for a diagnosis of this personality disorder (Biederman et al., 1993; Shekim, Asarnow, Hess, Zaucha, & Wheeler, 1990; Torgersen, Gjervab, & Rasmussen, 2006). Even among those who do not qualify for this diagnosis, many receive higher than normal ratings on those personality traits associated with this personality disorder (Tzelepis, Schubiner, & Warbase, 1995). Substance dependence and abuse are known to occur to a more frequent degree among hyperactive or ADHD children who develop CD by adolescence or Antisocial Personality Disorder by adulthood (Barkley, 2006; Tercyak, Peshkin, Walker, & Stein, 2002). Arecent study of a large general population sample likewise found an association between ADHD and antisocial disorder (Kessler, et al., 2006). Adults clinically diagnosed with ADHD seem to be no exception to this rule linking ADHD, antisocial activities, and drug use disorders. Studies have found lifetime rates of alcohol dependence or abuse disorders ranging between 21% and 53% of adults diagnosed with ADHD, whereas 8–32% may manifest some other form of substance dependence or abuse disorder (Barkley,

Stimulant Misuse in College for “Pseudo-Attention Deficit Disorder” During Schizophrenia Prodrome

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Letters to the EditorFull AccessStimulant Misuse in College for “Pseudo-Attention Deficit Disorder” During Schizophrenia ProdromeOLIVER FREUDENREICH M.D.CORINNE CATHER Ph.D.DAPHNE HOLT M.D., Ph.D.,OLIVER FREUDENREICH M.D.Search for more papers by this authorCORINNE CATHER Ph.D.Search for more papers by this authorDAPHNE HOLT M.D., Ph.D.Search for more papers by this author,Published Online:1 Nov 2006https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.11.2019AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail To the Editor: Stimulant use to treat attention deficit disorder and stimulant misuse to aid studying has dramatically increased in recent years among college students (1) . A phenomenon we have observed is the use of stimulants during the schizophrenia prodrome for presumed attention deficit disorder or attentional difficulties in the absence of any childhood attention deficit disorder. The following case typifies this presentation, which we have seen several times over the past 2 years in our First Episode and Early Psychosis Program. “Mr. A,” a 20-year-old man, with normal childhood development and no behavioral or academic problems, graduated high school with honors despite regular marijuana use. During his sophomore year, he suddenly found it difficult to concentrate and demonstrated difficulty keeping up with his course work. These difficulties prompted him to try a friend’s prescription stimulant Adderall, which he found effective and continued to use it intermittently without a prescription for "cramming." Several months after starting Adderall, he became acutely psychotic after smoking phencyclidine-laced cannabis at a party. He required a lengthy hospitalization but was eventually stabilized and treated with aripiprazole 10 mg/daily. His request for stimulants “to concentrate better” was resisted, and after 6 months of treatment with aripiprazole, he made a full symptomatic and functional recovery without any objective or subjective residual psychotic or cognitive symptoms. His provisional diagnosis of schizophrenia was confirmed when he had a psychotic relapse 3 months after discontinuing his maintenance antipsychotic aripiprazole following 1 year of treatment. The prodrome of schizophrenia is characterized by nonspecific symptoms that include cognitive problems, often characterized by patients as “difficulties concentrating.” The construct of “basic symptoms” attempts to capture these nonpsychotic, subjective cognitive problems that begin during the prodrome and might presage the onset of psychosis. Two basic symptoms that would lead to a complaint of “difficulties concentrating” are thought interference (the intrusion of often banal thoughts) and disturbances of receptive language (problems with the meaning of words). Both are of particular interest because of their potential as specific predictors of schizophrenia (2) . College students who present for treatment with self-diagnosed “pseudo-attention deficit disorder” should be asked about misuse of stimulants and followed closely, since a small percentage will be in the early phases of schizophrenia. Although the impact of stimulants on the course of schizophrenia is not known, sensitization has been described with stimulants (3) , raising the possibility that stimulant use is a risk factor for some cases of schizophrenia. Boston, Mass.

Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY) as a genetic model for psychotic disorders

Males with an extra-X chromosome (Klinefelter's syndrome) frequently, although not always, have an increased prevalence of psychiatric disturbances that range from attention deficit disorder in childhood to schizophrenia or severe affective disorders during adulthood. In addition, they frequently have characteristic verbal deficits. Thus, examining brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of these individuals may yield clues to the influence of X chromosome genes on brain structural variation corresponding to psychiatric and cognitive disorders. Eleven adult XXY and 11 age matched XY male controls were examined with a structured psychiatric interview, battery of cognitive tests, and an MRI scan. Ten of eleven of the XXY men had some form of psychiatric disturbance, four of whom had auditory hallucinations compared with none of the XY controls. Significantly smaller frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and superior temporal gyrus (STG) cortical volumes were observed bilaterally in the XXY men. In addition, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of white matter integrity resulted in four regions of reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) in XXY men compared with controls, three in the left hemisphere, and one on the right. These correspond to the left posterior limb of the internal capsule, bilateral anterior cingulate, and left arcuate bundle. Specific cognitive deficits in executive functioning attributable to frontal lobe integrity and verbal comprehension were noted. Thus, excess expression of one or more X chromosome genes influences both gray and white matter development in frontal and temporal lobes, as well as white matter tracts leading to them, and may in this way contribute to the executive and language deficits observed in these adults. Future prospective studies are needed to determine which gene or genes are involved and whether their expression could be modified with appropriate treatments early in life. Brain expressed genes that are known to escape inactivation on extra-X chromosomes would be prime candidates.