Attendance Motivation Research Articles

Analysis of food supplements and sports foods consumption patterns among a sample of gym-goers in Portugal.

Gym-goers usually seek methods to improve performance, muscle gain, and overall health. One of the main strategies is including food supplements (FS) into their routine as aids to enhance their athletic capabilities and satisfy their nutritional needs. Thus, this study aimed to investigate and characterize the main FS and Sports Foods (SF) currently consumed, as well as the main reasons for their use and the source of advice in a group of gym-goers in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (Portugal). A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 303 gym-goers from Lisbon, Portugal, who were 133 women and 170 males (30.8 ± 12.9 years old). Face-to-face interviews were used by qualified researchers to gather data. Most of the interviewed athletes (71.95 %) took FS/SF, being men the main consumers. On average, 1.59 supplements were consumed per athlete. Logistic regression models indicated significant associations between age, gender, and motivations for gym attendance. While men and younger groups attended mainly for hypertrophy, women and older groups were focused on well-being. Protein (59.17 %) was the most used FS/SF, followed by creatine (41.28 %) and multivitamins (27.06 %). Men and younger individuals preferred protein and creatine, while older individuals focused more on specific vitamins and minerals. Women seemed to prefer L-carnitine and protein yogurts. Main sources of information included the internet, friends, and dietitians with notable gender and age-based preferences. Online stores were the main place of purchase. Monthly expenditures on FS/SF were not significantly affected by age or gender, but motivations for use had an influence. Most of the athletes interviewed took FS/SF, being men the major consumers. Protein was the principal FS/SF used, with online stores being the main place of purchase and the internet the primary source of information. Age and gender were key factors in adopted training, in the FS/SF chosen, and in the source of information selected. It is crucial that health professionals take primary responsibility for providing this guidance.

Girls’ Education and Literacy in Marginalized Areas and its Impact on Sustainable Economic Development: The Interlink Between Gender Equality and Women’s Socio-Economic Empowerment: Turkana South Sub-County, Kenya

Education is the pillar of any development, (UNESCO, 2010) and is also anchored in the Sustainable Development Goals (Goal 4: Quality Education). In Kenya, targeted interventions have been by the government in the education sector to bridge gender disparities but they are but they are still observed and evident at all levels (Leal Filho et al., 2019). Furthermore, Turkana County lags behind and was ranked second last in adult literacy (KNBS, 2019). Specifically, the study sought to establish the socio-cultural, economic and infrastructural determinants of enrolment, transition and retention among boys and girls. The study was guided by Sara Longwe's 1995 analytical framework on women's economic empowerment model. It was further guided Friedman’s 1992 dis empowerment theory. The study established that the overall primary school enrolment rate for the study area was 0.9343 (mean enrolment of 213.1 for boys and 199.1 for girls). The study also established that there were large fluctuations in the number of girls enrolled in schools. The difference in enrolment rates between boys and girls were statistically significant. The number of pupils in each primary school was about 200 hundred and less than 200 for secondary schools hence the conclusion that 100 per cent transition is not possible. Girls had lower enrolment rates as compared to the boys. Girls from regions practicing farming/pastoralism registered higher enrolment rates as compared to those from trade/pastoralism regions hence the conclusion that economic factors contribute to educational outcomes in the study area. The findings also indicate that the school feeding programs have been a motivation for attendance benefitting both parents and pupils. The study makes recommendations for future research, policies and programs.

Intrinsic Motivations and Religiosity of Christian Conference Attendees

Through the lens of social identity theory, this study aims to identify which motivations are pertinent for Christian conference attendance. It also aims to determine what constitutes religiosity for attendees and if Christian conference attendance is dependent on attendees’ religiosity, demographics, and/or ministry role. Based on survey responses (N = 209) collected at four Australian Christian conferences that were analyzed using correlation analysis, it was concluded that although motivations are largely correlated, spiritual encouragement and congregating with like-minded people are the dominant motivations for attendance. Religiosity comprised beliefs, emotions, and behavior. Chisquare analysis determined that attendees are of different ages, education, and ministry roles, and analysis‐of‐variance identified respondents that exhibited high religiosity are differentiated on their demographics. Binary regression identified that Christian conference motivation was largely dependent on attendees??? religious behavior. To further satisfy attendees, it is recommended that Christian conference organizers promote the need for togetherness and spiritual encouragement.

School Perceptions and Attendance for Children With Medical Complexity During COVID-19 Over Time.

Disparities in school attendance exist for children with medical complexity (CMC) due to COVID-19. Longitudinal changes in family-reported school safety perceptions and predictors of full-time, in-person school attendance are unknown. This was a prospective, longitudinal cohort study with 3 survey waves (June 2021-June 2022) among English- and Spanish-speaking families of CMC aged 5 to 17 years and pre-pandemic school attendance. Changes in Health Belief Model perceptions and full-time in-person school attendance were estimated using multivariate generalized linear modeling with repeated measures. Among 1601 respondents (52.9% of 3073 invited), 86.8% participated in all 3 surveys. School safety perceptions improved with time; however, perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 increased. Full-time in-person school attendance rose from 48.4% to 90.0% from wave 1 to 3 (p < .0001), and was associated with motivation, benefits, and cues. For example, families with low compared to high motivation for in-person attendance had 76% versus 98% predicted probability for child's school attendance, respectively at wave 3 (p < .0001). Probability of full-time in-person school attendance was associated with several health belief model perceptions. School health policy and programs may benefit from promoting family motivation, benefits, and cues during future respiratory illness epidemics including COVID-19. In-person school attendance improved for CMC over time. Opportunities exist to continue optimizing in-person attendance and family-perceived safety for CMC at school.

Crisis management: pathways to crisis pregnancy centers

ABSTRACT Crisis pregnancy centers (CPCs) provide social support, material aid, and counseling against abortion. We evaluated the perspectives of CPC clients to understand how they found the CPC that they attended for services. In 2019, we conducted in-depth interviews with 21 clients of 10 CPCs in Ohio, who were recruited from the CPC (n = 9) or an abortion clinic (n = 12), to understand their experiences attending the center. This analysis focused on the ways in which pregnant people end up as clients at a CPC seeking assistance instead of attending another setting, such as a medical center. We identified two pathways through which clients find CPCs. First, in the internet pathway, clients needing abortion services found CPCs via internet search for pregnancy symptoms, abortion care, or ultrasound services. Second, in the social safety network pathway, clients needing material aid found CPCs through recommendations from trusted others and due to the proximity of CPCs to their homes. Structural conditions influence the pathways clients pursue, such as the need for healthcare services and material aid. Future research should further explore the demographics of those who attend CPCs and motivations for attendance.

Unraveling motives: identifying the impact of university attendance motives on learning behaviors among dental students

PurposeStudents report various motives for attending university (MAU) grouped under five categories, namely, personal–intellectual development (PER), humanitarian (HUM), careerist–materialist (CAR), expectation-driven (EXP), and uncertain motives. Although the literature demonstrates that these motives exert an influence on learning and achievement, relatively less attention is given to this issue in the context of dental students. This study aimed to examine the relationship among the mindsets, MAU, academic engagement (AE), and DAL of dental students and to test the mediating effect of AE on the relationship between MAU and deep approach to learning (DAL).MethodsThe study recruited 226 dental students at various levels of the curriculum, who responded to four questionnaires for measuring MAU, DAL, mindsets, and AE. The study employed structural equation modeling to analyze the mediation effects of AE on the relationship between MAU and DAL and to determine the influence of mindsets on MAU.ResultsThis model reveals the significant relationships of a growth mindset with CAR, PER, and HUM. Moreover, the study finds that a fixed mindset was associated with CAR, EXP, and uncertain motives. Furthermore, AE only fully mediated the significant positive relationship between PER and DAL, whereas CAR negatively predicted DAL without a mediator.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that administering the inventories in a dental school setting can facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of students’ mindsets toward learning and effective processes related to learning. This understanding can inform instructors’ pedagogical practices, enabling them to provide more effective guidance to students navigating the complexities of academic coursework.

The factors influencing compliance in post-EVAR surveillance regarding the perspectives of practitioners and patients

Aim: Lifelong monitoring is essential to detect aorta-related complications. Yet, patient non-compliance with surveillance programs poses a significant obstacle. We explored reasons for adherence by engaging in clear, patient-centred communication and analyzed factors contributing to non-compliance. Material and Methods: In 2019, our clinic conducted elective EVAR procedures on 50 patients. They were informed of annual surveillance, including hospital visits, starting with a first-month appointment post-discharge. Patients with no or only one follow-up were deemed non-compliant, while two to three follow-ups indicated moderate compliance, and four to seven follow-ups qualified as high compliance. We recorded each patient's age, education level and demographics. We retrospectively assessed the factors on their compliance level as our first outcome. The second was to explore whether the survey could enlighten any reasons from the patient's perspective. Results: The average age of our cohort was 68.8±8.45 years, with only three females. Non-attendance at follow-ups was observed in 8 patients (16%). Seventy percent (35 patients) complied with at least two appointments. Residing in the same city markedly increased compliance by 20 times (p&lt;0.001). Older age appeared to influence compliance positively, on the borderline significantly (p=0.057). The primary motivation for attendance was adherence to doctor recommendations (n=14), while the predominant reason for non-attendance was patients’ feeling well (n=29). Notably, patients with lower compliance than predicted more frequently cited COVID-19 as a deterrent (p=0.02). Conclusion: Residence within the same city positively influences follow-up compliance. The national databases might be helpful tools for enhancing the surveillance anywhere the patients live. The existing hypotheses by healthcare professionals about patient follow-up compliance are only partially corroborated. Incorporating the patient's perspective into these models may be helpful in comprehensively understanding the underlying factors.

A Relationship of Traffic Congestion and Class Attendance Motivation among College Students in Davao City, Philippines

Traffic congestion has been observed to be one of the biggest and most prevalent problems on the society. With the policies’ implementation of face-to-face classes to the schools, numbers of college students frequently travel and mainly experience traffic congestion. Thus, transportation is one of many potential obstacles that students may experience when attempting to attend class particularly, students in Davao City as they are exposed to traffic and their classes need face-to-face interaction as a requirement to the institution. The study focuses on the significant relationship between traffic congestion and class attendance motivation. This study utilized a descriptive-correlational approach to research where it was used to describe the levels of traffic congestion and the levels of class attendance motivation, as well as to assess if there is a correlation between these variables. The 378 gathered results from one of the higher educational institutions in Davao City serves as respondents has indicated that the traffic congestion is highly observed, and class attendance motivation is manifested in high level. Furthermore, it was found in the study that motivation to attend class and traffic congestion are significantly and positively correlated. Hence, the study concluded that there is substantial proof that the motivation of students to attend class is significantly impacted by traffic congestion. The researcher recommend that future researchers widen the scope of the research and use this as a foundation and source of perspective leading as they explore possibilities for enhancing the study and to provide solution to alleviate this concern through implementation of various public and transportation regulations.

성인학습자의 대학진학동기가 융합전공 인식에 미치는 영향

This study aimed to analyze the influence of adult learners' motivation for attending college and their satisfaction with education on the recognition of convergence majors, as well as how the motivation for college attendance impacts the recognition of convergence majors through educational satisfaction. The study focused on adult learners enrolled in a regular degree program at K University, which is implementing the LiFE (University Lifelong Education System Support Project) initiative. Empirical analysis was conducted based on responses from a total of 205 surveys.&#x0D; The analysis yielded several key findings. First, the study revealed that only the learning-oriented motivation, which pertains to the desire for higher education, significantly affected educational satisfaction. Second, it was observed that goal-oriented motivation, activity-oriented motivation, and learning-oriented motivation, all of which contribute to one's decision to enter university, had a substantial impact on the recognition of convergence majors. Third, the study established a significant correlation between educational satisfaction and recognition of convergence majors. Lastly, the fourth finding highlighted that educational satisfaction partially mediates the relationship between adult learners' motivation for attending college and the recognition of convergence majors.&#x0D; These findings carry important implications. The study results offer fundamental insights for shaping a lifelong education system in response to the evolving landscape of creative convergence. Furthermore, they provide guidance for defining educational directions regarding convergence majors for adult learners and structuring a relevant curriculum.

Virtual Music Concert Attendance Motives and Experience Through the Lens of Uses and Gratification Theory

Through the nexus of event attendance motives, event experience, eventscape, and the Uses and Gratifications Theory to inform the conceptual framework of this study, this article sheds light on the motives and experience in attending virtual and physical music events. It adopts a qualitative case study approach to explore the motives and experiences of virtual events based on 55 interviews with people who attended both types of concerts. This research contributes to the literature in music event motivation by connecting the motives and outcomes of attending virtual and physical music concerts, which are similar but manifested differently. Participants of virtual concerts were able to interact with others and enjoy the event atmosphere. The convenience element of eventscape plays an important role in participants' experience, specifically on cost and accessibility. Technology also plays a pivotal role in inducing positive emotions and reaffirming fan identity. Practical implications for staging virtual events are discussed.

Cliques within the crowd: identifying medical conference attendee subgroups by their motivations for participation

Conferences enable rapid information sharing and networking that are vital to career development within academic communities. Addressing diverse attendee needs is challenging and getting it wrong wastes resources and dampens enthusiasm for the field. This study explores whether, and how, motivations for attendance can be grouped in relation to preferences to offer guidance to organizers and attendees. A pragmatic constructivist case study approach using mixed methods was adopted. Semi-structured interviews completed with key informants underwent thematic analysis. Survey results outlining attendees’ perspectives underwent cluster and factor analysis. Stakeholder interviews (n = 13) suggested attendees could be grouped by motivations predictable from level of specialisation in a field and past engagement with conferences. From n = 1229 returned questionnaires, motivations were clustered into three factors: learning, personal and social. Three groups of attendees were identified. Group 1 (n = 500; 40.7%) was motivated by all factors. Group 2 (n = 345; 28.1%) was mainly motivated by the learning factor. Group 3 (n = 188; 15.3%) scored the social factor highest for in-person conferences and the learning factor highest for virtual meetings. All three groups expressed a preference for hybrid conferences in the future. This study indicates that medical conference attendees can be clustered based on their learning, personal and social motivations for attendance. The taxonomy enables organizers to tailor conference formats with guidance on how to utilize hybrid conferences, thereby enabling better catering to attendees’ desires for knowledge gain relative to networking.

Ensuring competence of essential skills: clinical examination for final year medical students.

To ensure competence of essential skills of final year medical students in clinical examination by identifying essential skills and by revisiting and practising them before the examination. The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Aga Khan University, Karachi, from February to November, 2019, and comprised final year medical students and internal examiners from various academic disciplines. An overview of the organisational context, exam structure and process was noted. There were 96 medical students. The four key areas highlighted were development of the list of essential skills across five years of undergraduate medical curriculum with consensus from all disciplines, student motivation for attendance in practice sessions, unfamiliarity of examiners with the assessment tool, and the need for capacity-building. The key areas were based on the feedback received from all the stakeholders, and post-hoc analysis. This form of assessment would enable a thorough analysis of the preparedness of the students to function as independent physicians as undifferentiated doctor at the start of their careers as interns, and improve the quality of subsequent exams based on feedback and suggestions of faculty and students.

Substance Use and Attendance Motives of Electronic Dance Music (EDM) Event Attendees: A Survey Study.

EDM event attendees are a high-risk population for substance use and associated adverse effects. The aim of this study was to examine substance use at EDM events, focusing on associations between attendance motives and substance use. Sociodemographic characteristics, event specifics, past-year use, and attendance motives were assessed through an online survey. Participants were 1345 Belgian EDM event attendees (69.44% male, Mage = 22.63, SDage = 4.03). Ecstasy/MDMA/Molly (52.28%), other synthetic hallucinogens (53.68%), ketamine (42.13%), amphetamines (40.45%), and alkyl nitrites (poppers) (32.76%) were most frequently used at festivals/outdoor parties/raves. In nightclubs, cocaine (32.29%) was shown to be prevalent as well, while other synthetic hallucinogens (15.79%) were less often consumed. At events with a more private character, cannabis (68.88%) and magic mushrooms (66.44%) were most frequently used. Aside from alcohol (47.76%), substance use in pubs/bars was negligible. Overall enjoyment was demonstrated to be the key attendance motive, which was succeeded by those relating to music and socialization. A wide range of motives proved to be more important to users (e.g., dance, exploration, escapism, excitement, alcohol, drugs) than non-users, while some were associated with the use of particular substances. The prevalence of substance use was shown to be dependent on the specifics of the setting. Moreover, the idea of a three-dimensional classification of the most principal motives for music event attendance was supported. Finally, correlations were estimated between attendance motives and substance use as well as specific substances. Results could enable more tailored approaches in prevention and harm reduction efforts as well as event management strategies.

TYPES OF ATTENDEES IN COMMUNITY SPACE IN JAPAN: TOWARD DESIGNING AN ENVIRONMENT FOR SOCIAL PARTICIPATION

Abstract Introduction Designing community space for social participation of older adults is essential for healthy aging. The behavioral characteristics of the attendees have much to offer as they relate to social settings designed in the space. This study aims to elucidate the basic typology of the attendees considering their motivation for attendance and state of social connection. Methods Semi-structured interviews targeting attendees of Chiiki-Katsudokan, a space designed for social participation in a larger aging estate in Japan, were conducted in December 2021 (N=16, 16% male). Attendees were asked about their reasons for attending events at Chiiki-Katsudokan, interaction levels with other attendees, and levels of social participation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Based on the interviews, attendees were classified into three types: Seeker, Hobbyist, and Socializer. First, Seekers (n=3) used Chiiki-Katsudokan as the primary means of preventing social isolation. Amongst the three types, the social interaction level of Seekers was the lightest, and the opportunity decreased when Chiiki-Katsudokan closed during the quarantine. Second, the main motivation for Hobbyists (n=5) was the event contents which matched their interests. Hobbyists were also likely to engage in hobby networks, which continued privately during the pandemic. Finally, Socializers (n=8) attended Chiiki-Katsudokan to communicate with friends. Many were initially socially active and engaged in social interaction outside Chiiki-Katsudokan, e.g., teatime with friends, during the quarantine. Conclusion This study suggested that designing community space for social participation requires defining the varying levels of engagement and expecting relationships outside the space based on the behavioral characteristics of the attendees.

Evaluation of a special needs dental workshop for health professionals and students in Trinidad and Tobago.

This study aimed to evaluate a special needs dental workshop for dentists, allied dental health professionals and students in Trinidad and Tobago. This feedback study conducted in 2019-2020, included two surveys, one at the time of the workshop and a second survey one year after it. The first survey utilized an anonymous self-administered questionnaire enquiring about the reason for attendance, profession/education, demographics, and difficulties faced in treating patients with special needs. The follow-up study used an online survey tool assessing the workshop and queried comments/suggestions. The Chi-square test served for statistical analysis. Of the 176 attendees 131 participated (response: 74.4%). The majority (81.5%) were females. Most attendees were dental students (50.3%) or dentists (38.9%). Knowledge acquisition (73.1%) and professional development (14.2%) were the main motives for attendance while communication (31.8%) and non-compliance (34.5%) were the main problems faced in treating patients with special needs. The follow-up evaluation (post-workshop) (response: 72.5%) showed that most participants (90.5%) assessed the workshop as positive; 80% reported an increase in their knowledge and 64.2% perceived a need for further education. These findings suggest a considerable demand for special needs dental services and continuing education and show that workshops can actively affect patient care.

32381 Analysis of utilization of skin cancer screenings and screening motivations among national SPOT Skin Cancer program screenees from 2018 to 2019

Information on motivations for participation in the AAD SPOT Skin Cancer screenings is lacking, and understanding differences in motivations may help elucidate potential disparities in free skin cancer screening in the United States, informing the program where resources may be most needed. Records from 116,595 screenees were analyzed from 2018-2019, including demographic information, history of regular dermatologist and/or screening, and motivation(s) for screening attendance. Most screenees were White (86.3%), female (61.8%), and had completed at least a college education (69.6%). Higher ZIP code level income per $10,000 increments was associated with a higher likelihood of having a regular dermatologist or having been to a prior screening (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.04, P < .001 and aOR = 1.05, P < .001, respectively). “No regular dermatologist” or “not having been to a prior screening” were screening motivations more commonly reported by non-Whites versus Whites, those with less education versus graduate-level education, and those living in the Midwest versus Northeast. Having a concerning spot and no dermatologist were the most common motivations for attending a screening (36.3% and 26.2%, respectively). Screenees who had attended a prior screening were less likely than those who had not to report a spot of concern (aOR = 0.75, P < .001). The program appears effective in addressing its intended target of screenees with a concerning spot but had not obtained expert skin examination. A major limitation is screenee self-selection. Nonetheless, our data suggest the screenings could possibly be optimized by targeting individuals without a dermatologist, are uninsured/underinsured, reside in lower-income areas, and/or in the Midwest.

The Supreme Spectacle: An Analysis of Public Attendance at the Supreme Court

While many are aware that the Supreme Court allocates seats for the public to view oral arguments, substantive analyses that have measured the motivations for attendance are lacking. I analyze who attends oral arguments using a descriptive approach with a novel dataset of public attendance at Supreme Court oral arguments during the 2019 term. A concurrent assessment of interviews conducted on argument days illustrates notable differences among the motivations of prospective attendees. I conclude by noting that although the linkage between latent case salience and the demand for admission to arguments is not neatly discernable, attendance at the Supreme Court offers an interesting divergence from perceptions of attendance in a traditional courtroom setting.

Do Patients Seek Women-Centered Cardiac Care? Patient Experience of an All-Female Multidisciplinary Heart Center for Women.

PurposeCardiovascular disease in women is frequently under-diagnosed and under-treated. Numerous heart centers for women have opened throughout the world to address these disparities; however, there is a paucity of data regarding participants’ perspectives. The current study assesses motivation to participate and perceived benefits in attending a heart center for women (HCW) in Jerusalem, Israel.MethodsThis study utilized qualitative methods to assess patients’ motivation and perceived benefits to attending a women’s heart center, particularly as they relate to gender medicine and single-sex staffing. A random sample of 42 clinic patients were asked to participate in interviews. Inclusionary criteria consisted of previous cardiovascular event, active cardiac symptom or three or more cardiovascular disease risk factors. Exclusionary criteria consisted of pregnancy, type 1 diabetes requiring insulin, psychiatric diagnosis that precluded participation, dementia, or other multidisciplinary clinic participation. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative data analysis followed Braun and Clarke’s methodology of thematic analysis.ResultsThe single-sex and gender medicine aspects did not motivate women to attend the HCW, although some participants perceived this as beneficial in retrospect. Women reported that the clinic visit enhanced their knowledge and awareness of issues related to heart disease in women as well as personal health benefits. They reported benefitting from the holistic approach, consideration of their lifestyle, the staff’s expression of concern, personalized attention, common language, and feeling understood.ConclusionThis study describes the patient experience in an all-female HCW, highlighting their motivation for attendance and perceived benefits. While they did not actively seek women-centered care, women reported educational and care provision benefits to their attendance. The care attributes that women identified as beneficial typify the person-centered approach to care. These findings may inform both the design and evaluation of medical care facilities that aim to address the sex and gender disparities in cardiology as well as other medical specialties.

The Effect of Finger Print Absence and Work Motivation on Employee Discipline in Stimi Banjarmasin

Advances in science and technology, especially in the field of computer technology, have provided much faster, more accurate information, one of which is the use of the fingerprint biometric attendance system (finger print), which previously used manual presence. With the development of science, especially information technology, and supported by human resources who must have innovation and initiative and creative power to advance themselves. Having employees who have high work performance is the hope or dream of every company. The attendance system using finger print has been implemented in STIMI Banjarmasin since several years ago, to monitor the level of employee discipline at work. The formulation of the problem in this study is whether the fingerprint attendance (finger print) and work motivation simultaneously affect the increase in employee discipline. And this study also aims to determine: the extent to which fingerprint attendance (finger print) and work motivation partially adhere to the increase in employee discipline. The T test is used to test partially and the F test is used to test simultaneously.

Radio edutainment and participatory communication for social change: A case of lived reality among a rural Malawian audience

This article draws upon research exploring a project that combines edutainment and participatory communication strategies as an approach to social change in Malawi. Throughout the research, I take a critical stance that seeks to uplift voices of an audience attending a radio listening club (RLC) and therefore utilize participatory methods to co-create the body of knowledge with study participants. In this article, I query RLC audience’s thoughts of the project’s relevance and influence in their daily lives. Oriented by Hall’s concepts of encoding and decoding, I analyse my data focusing on the dynamics between the objectives of the producers and the lived reality of the participants. Findings reveal that audience’s motivation for continued attendance of the RLC is different to that intended in the encoding process; rather audiences negotiate the relevance of messages to their own needs, those of their children and utilize the space to extend their social capital.