Intensity Of Attacks Research Articles

Prediction Model of the Temporal Dynamics of Severe Pest Cashew Anacampsis phytomiella Using Artificial Neural Networks

ABSTRACTThe cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale) is a tropical plant that yields the world's most consumed nut. Anacampsis phytomiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is the primary pest that infests cashew nuts, leading to losses of up to 80%. The comprehension of the spatiotemporal dynamics of pests enables enhanced planning of sampling and control methods. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are computational models in machine learning with high predictive capability. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine a seasonal dynamic model of A. phytomiella using ANNs. Over 3 years, the pest attack intensity and climatic elements were monitored in two cashew orchards. A total of 1716 ANN models were determined. The model predictors included the time of plant fruiting, average air temperature, dew point, atmospheric pressure and rainfall. The temperature, atmospheric pressure and time of plant fruiting had a positive effect on pest infestation, while the opposite occurred with rainfall. The pest infestation curve in relation to the dew point exhibited a point of maximum. The model successfully predicted the intensity of A. phytomiella infestation across different years, plant fruiting stages and pest densities. Therefore, the ANN model determined in this study is promising for predicting the intensity of A. phytomiella infestation in cashew orchards.

An evacuation model considering pedestrian group behavior under violent attacks

In recent years, violent attacks have garnered significant attention from the international community and gradually evolved into a global issue. In responding to such emergencies, effective emergency evacuation is an essential means to ensure public safety. In order to explore the pedestrian evacuation dynamics in violent attacks and understand the behavioral characteristics of individuals and the dynamic interactions of groups during the evacuation process, this paper proposes an agent-based cellular automata evacuation model. First, each agent is assigned several internal attributes such as life value, panic value, and movement speed, and the assignments fully take into account the heterogeneity of individuals. Next, by setting the attack strategy of attackers and the evacuation mechanism of pedestrians, the complex system is modeled from a microscopic perspective. Finally, the effects of critical factors on the pedestrian evacuation process, such as panic coefficient, crowd structure, group ratio, attack distance and intensity, attacker location and number, and counterattack probability, are discussed through simulation. The results show that the tension caused by moderate panic is beneficial, but excessive panic will lead to increased evacuation time and fatalities. Meanwhile, the group behavior among pedestrians causes them to move relatively lagging, and the evacuation efficiency decreases as the group scale increases. Additionally, increases in attack intensity, attack distance, and attacker number all result in more casualties, and the consequences are most severe when multiple attackers operate separately, but counterattacks by pedestrians can significantly improve the overall safety of evacuation. Our study can provide some reference and basis for emergency management under violent attacks.

Corrosion attack in existing reinforced concrete structures: in-field investigation and analysis of naturally corroded bars

Corrosion of steel bars is a major issue for the management of existing reinforced concrete structures, since affecting many ageing structures and infrastructures and introducing risk for safety and reliability, as well as high maintenance costs. Intervention strategies should be planned and carried out according to the effective state of deterioration and to the expected evolution of performances over time. The critical parameters needed to evaluate these performances are the intensity and pattern of the corrosion attack, referring to both extension and depth of the attack. However, this information is rarely available and hard to predict when dealing with real structures. This paper presents a field investigation on existing corroded structures characterized by different environmental conditions. Corroded bars were removed from structural elements, the corrosion patterns were studied, and then the bars were tested to determine their mechanical properties. The objective of this study is to increase the knowledge of the effects of corrosion in natural environments and to propose a method to relate easy-measurable environmental conditions with the characteristics of the expected corrosion attack, which need to be further validated.

Officers’ Perceptions on Inf luence of Selected Factors on General Service Unit’s Capacity to Contain Terrorism in Kenya

Terrorist attacks have lately been on the increase with security officers being the main target. Despite the preparations that the GSU are undergoing, the intensity of terrorist attacks has continued pointing to the need to investigate the perceptions of officers regarding the various factors that influence their capacity to combat terrorism in Kenya, amid ongoing threats from groups such as Al Shabab. This study was carried out at G.S.U Training School Embakasi, Nairobi, Kenya. Utilizing theory of contingencies, despite various governmental initiatives, Kenya has faced persistent terrorist attacks, prompting a need to explore underlying issues that hinder effective counterterrorism efforts. The study specifically aimed to examine how intra and inter-institutional coordination and intelligence sharing affect the GSU’s operational readiness and response to terrorism. Employing a descriptive research design, data was gathered through questionnaires distributed to a stratified random sample of 120 GSU officers at the GSU Training School in Embakasi, Nairobi, supplemented by secondary sources. The analysis utilized both qualitative and quantitative methods, employing descriptive statistics and thematic narratives to present findings. Results revealed significant lapses in coordination and cooperation in information sharing among national security agencies, which impede the GSU’s effectiveness against terrorist threats. The study underscores the necessity for enhanced strategic intelligence and collaborative frameworks to improve counterterrorism operations in Kenya. Recommendations for developing a more robust counterterrorism strategy for the GSU are provided based on the findings.

QuEst: Adversarial Attack Intensity Estimation via Query Response Analysis

Deep learning has dramatically advanced computer vision tasks, including person re-identification (re-ID), substantially improving matching individuals across diverse camera views. However, person re-ID systems remain vulnerable to adversarial attacks that introduce imperceptible perturbations, leading to misidentification and undermining system reliability. This paper addresses the challenge of robust person re-ID in the presence of adversarial examples by estimating attack intensity to enable effective detection and adaptive purification. The proposed approach leverages the observation that adversarial examples in retrieval tasks disrupt the relevance and internal consistency of retrieval results, degrading re-ID accuracy. This approach estimates the attack intensity and dynamically adjusts the purification strength by analyzing the query response data, addressing the limitations of fixed purification methods. This approach also preserves the performance of the model on clean data by avoiding unnecessary manipulation while improving the robustness of the system and its reliability in the presence of adversarial examples. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively detects adversarial examples and estimates the attack intensity through query response analysis. This approach enhances purification performance when integrated with adversarial purification techniques in person re-ID systems.

TRATAMENTO FARMACOLÓGICO COMO PROFILAXIA DA CEFALEIA PRIMÁRIA DO TIPO MIGRÂNEA: UMA ANÁLISE DA EFICÁCIA DOS MEDICAMENTOS

INTRODUCTION: Migraine headache is a neurological problem, varying in form and intensity, being a disruptive factor in the lives of those affected. OBJECTIVE: To present the main prophylactic pharmacological treatments for migraine, evaluating their effects and safety in comparison to other treatments. METHODS: The search was carried out through the VHL in the MEDLINE and LILACS databases, using studies from the last 5 years and with full text available in English and Portuguese. Of the 200 articles initially evaluated, 61 were selected to compose the final corpus of the study. RESULTS: 32 treatments were found available for migraine prophylaxis, with emphasis on monoclonal antibodies to the peptide related to the calcitonin gene, which reduce the frequency, duration and intensity of migraine attacks, providing a comparative improvement in relation to conventional therapies. Medications such as beta-blockers, angiotensin II antagonists, antiepileptics and onabotulinumtoxinA have also demonstrated efficacy in obtaining positive responses to migraine treatment. CONCLUSION: Evidence suggests that, due to the multiple therapeutic approaches to migraine, personalized treatment is necessary, considering the individual response to the intervention and the risk of damage in the care plan.

Relationship between the Farmers' Level of Compliance in Using Pesticides and Pests, Diseases, Natural Enemies and Product Safety of Rice

The use of pesticides is one of the control alternatives that is widely used by farmers. However, continuous and inappropriate use of pesticides can have negative impacts on humans and the environment. This research aims to determine the relationship between the level of farmer compliance in using pesticides and pest attacks, disease, natural enemy populations and product safety. The research was conducted in two areas, namely Tanjung Lago and Pemulutan by interviewing farmers and direct observation of rice fields. The variables observed were the percentage and intensity of pest attacks, plant disease. and natural enemy populations. The level of farmer compliance is connected to field data and the correlation efficiency is calculated. The relationship between farmer compliance in the use of pesticides against pests and disease is negatively correlated, and positively correlated with the population of natural enemies. Using herbal pesticides according to the dosage can reduce the negative impact of pesticides on the environment.

Anthracnose Disease Attack on Chili Plants in West Sumatra

This study aims to determine Colletotrichum spp's attack level. causing anthracnose disease in chili in West Sumatra. The location of plant samples is determined based on the chili plant production centers in the high and lowlands. Sampling is done by randomized multi-stage sampling. The first stage determines two districts in the highlands, namely Tanah Flat and Agam, and two districts in the lowlands, namely Padang Pariaman and Padang City. The second stage determines two sub-districts in each district, namely X koto and Batipuh districts (Tanah Datar regency), Ampek Angkek and Sungai Pua districts (Agam regency), 2 x 11 Enam Lingkung and Patamuan districts (Padang Pariaman regency) and Pauh and Kuranji districts (Padang city). The third stage determines the Nagari, and each Nagari selects two chili planting fields with the criteria of having a land area of ± 400 m2; on that land, the chili plants have borne fruit. In each field, 40 sample plants were taken systematically randomly. The parameters observed included the infested plants, the infested fruit, and the intensity of the attack. The results showed that the attack of Colletotrichum spp. causing anthracnose disease on chili plants in West Sumatra was relatively high, with the infested plants ranging from 36.32% to 62.85% (average 45.13%), the number of infested fruits 23.50%-48.00% (average 36.39%) and the intensity of attack 37.8%-73.33% (average 52.85%). There was no visible difference in attack between highlands and lowlands.

Effectiveness Test of Aromatic and Flowering Plants in Controlling Thrips sp. Pest Attack on Red Chili (Capsicum annum L)

Cosmos sulphureus and Tagetes erecta are habitats for insects because they are able to provide the food needed by insects in the form of nectar, while the aromatic plants Apium graveolens and Ocimum bassilicum contain essential oils which act as pest repellents. Therefore, these plants can be used as a method of pest control by intercropping with the main crop. This study aims to determine the extent to which the influence of aromatic and flowering plants in controlling Thrips sp. on red chilies. The research was carried out using a randomized block design (RBD) method with one factor studied, namely the effect of aromatic and flowering plants on Thrips sp. pest control on red chili plants and the treatment combination consisted of, P0 = control (Capsicum annum L. without treatment), P1 = (Capsicum annum L. + Apium graveolens), P2 = (Capsicum annum L. + Ocimum bassilicum), P3 = (Capsicum annum L. + Cosmos sulphureus), P4 = (Capsicum annum L. + Tagetes erecta). Analysis of the research data used variance (ANOVA) and if there was a significant difference it was further tested using the LSD (Lessest Significant Difference) level of 5%. The results of this study indicate that the treatment of aromatic Apium graveolens, Ocimum bassilicum, Cosmos sulphurous and Tagetes erecta flowering plants is quite effective in controlling population numbers of Thrips sp. and intensity of attack by Thrips sp. on red chili plants.

The Effect of Barrier Use on Population Development and Attacks of B.tabaci Genn. on Soybean Plantations

Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill) is one of the food crop commodities in Indonesia. Soybean crop productivity decreased due to one of them being attack of B. tabaci Genn. One of the ways for controlling B. tabaci Genn. pests in soybean cultivation is by using a barrier. Barrier is an integrated pest management (IPM) which is based on ecological balance in nature. Pests are prevented from coming and attacking crops by using various forms of barriers that can slow down the movement of pests. The use of barriers can be a useful tool to reduce the development of B. tabaci Genn. on planting. This study was conducted to determine the effect of using a barrier on the population and attack of B. tabaci Genn. The barriers used in this study are plastic barriers, organdy barriers, sunflower barriers, and corn plant barriers. The study used a randomized block design with 5 treatments, namely P1 = control, P2 = organdy barrier, P3 = sunflower barrier, P4 = corn plant barrier and P5 = plastic barrier. The data obtained were then analyzed using ANOVA variance and further tested using the DMRT test at 5% level. The observed variables were population and attack intensity on B. tabaci Genn. in soybean planting areas, visits by other pests and soybean yields.

State-sponsored cyber attacks and co-movements in stock market returns: evidence from US cybersecurity defense contractors

Abstract State-sponsored cyber attacks are increasingly attracting attention in the literature, with many analysts interested in the firm-level economic implications of these attacks. Nevertheless, the bulk of these studies focus on firms directly targeted in the attacks. In this paper, I examine the broader, often overlooked ripple effects of these attacks on third-party entities like cybersecurity service providers who are frequently at the frontlines of dealing with these attacks. Leveraging data on cyber attacks and stock market returns for a sample of U.S. based cybersecurity defense contractors from 2000 to 2020, I empirically demonstrate that an escalation in the intensity of state-sponsored cyber attacks prompts a behavioral shift among investors and regulators, leading to increased co-movement in firms’ stock returns. This paper thus adds a novel dimension to our understanding of the complex interplay between state-sponsored cyber attacks and the market dynamics of cybersecurity defense contractors, with important implications for national cybersecurity.

Analysis of migraine characteristics in postmenopausal women

Objective: to identify characteristics of migraine in women in postmenopause (PM) by analyzing the frequency, duration and intensity of migraine attacks, assessment of quality of life, anxiety, depression and sleep disturbances in patients in the reproductive phase (RP) and in the PM.Material and methods. The study comprised 60 migraine patients (30 patients in the RP, 30 patients in the PM). During the personal interview, age, migraine type, frequency and duration of attacks and headache (HA) intensity on the visual analogue scale (VAS) were recorded. The patients then completed the questionnaires: HIT-6, MIBS-4, HURT, Migraine- ACT, MIDAS, SF-36, HADS, ISQ. The statistical analysis was performed in Microsoft Office Excel 2021.Results. The risk of high intensity HA (≥8 points on the VAS) was significantly higher in patients in the PM than in patients in the RP [p<0.05; relative risk (RR) 1.77]. The risk of necessity of a revision of therapy of attacks was higher in the PM than in the RP (p=0.004; RR=2.2). The risk of insomnia was higher in the PM than in the RP (p=0.004; RR=4.67). The risk of severe headache impact (HIT-6) and high migraine burden (MIBS-4) was higher in patients in the PM than in the RP (ORHIT6=1.7; ORMIBS4=1.78). All indicators of SF-36 quality of life questionnaire were significantly lower in patients in the PM group than in the RP group (p<0.05). The risk of subclinical and clinical anxiety (p<0.05; RR=4.33) and depression (p<0.05; RR=2.75) was significantly higher in the PM than in the RP.Conclusion. Migraine attacks in women in the PM are more intense than in women in the RP, quality of life is lower, and revision of therapy for attacks is required more frequently. Patients with migraine in the PM are more likely to suffer from anxiety, depression and insomnia. Further research is needed to determine the causes of the observed phenomena and to develop migraine therapy in patients in the PM.

The National Counterterrorism Agency's Efforts to Improve Intelligence Institution Collaboration in Countering Terrorism in Indonesia

Lack of intelligence collaboration is considered to be one of the fundamental problems in tackling terrorism in Indonesia. However, amidst the negative attention, there are efforts by BNPT (National Counterterrorism Agency) to improve collaboration between intelligence agencies. By using Weiss's theory to analyze various statements from public officials and state institutions regarding the issue of intelligence agency cooperation in Indonesia, this paper finds two important conclusions. First, efforts to encourage the formation of intelligence collaboration have actually been carried out by BNPT by equalizing perceptions among various intelligence agencies in viewing the problems and issues of terrorism. This is evidenced by a series of training conducted by BNPT in the period 2020-2023 which aims to encourage synergy between intelligence agencies related to terrorism issues. Second, still in line with what Weiss revealed, BNPT's steps with this series of training are inseparable from the external pressure sourced from public opinion in encouraging the formation of cooperation. In this case, the strong public demand for the importance of intelligence collaboration in dealing with the problem of terrorism is inseparable from the intensity of terrorism attacks that occurred from 2016 to 2021. The bomb attacks that occurred during this period led to polemics over the function of intelligence, which in turn shows the importance of intelligence collaboration as an important component of counterterrorism.

Seabird attacks contribute to calf mortality in a whale population

Reports of seabirds attacking marine mammals have become frequent in the 2000s. Southern right whales Eubalaena australis off Península Valdés (PV), Argentina, have suffered the effects of micropredation by kelp gulls Larus dominicanus since at least the 1970s. During 2003-2013, this population experienced 9 yr of unprecedented high calf mortality. Using a 25 yr dataset (1995-2019) of focal follows of gull-whale interactions, we studied long-term changes in gull attack intensity (attacks h-1) and frequency, and explored whether they influenced calf mortality. We also asked whether calf mortality was affected by prey density at maternal feeding grounds during gestation. Applying Bayesian models, we found that the intensity and frequency of attacks increased significantly from 1995 to the 2000s, and that in 2004-2019, calves received 2.85 times as many attacks as did mothers. Moreover, attacks significantly contributed to increase the probability of calves dying, such that a year with average overall harassment had 2.26 times the mortality of a hypothetical year with no attacks. In years of high intensity and frequency of attacks, many older calves died near the end of the season, probably reflecting the cumulative effect of gull harassment on calf health. However, calf mortality was not affected by prey density, and extremely high mortality was not related to extremely high frequency or intensity of attacks, indicating that deaths are also influenced by other unidentified factors. These findings imply that chronic micropredation contributed to the unprecedented high calf mortality observed in PV and that other marine mammal populations experiencing seabird attacks could be threatened.

A case of alternating hemiplegia in 2-month-old children with nystagmus as the first symptom: A case report.

This case report delves into the rare neurological condition known as alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC), focusing on its clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options. AHC typically presents in infants under the age of 18 months with intermittent episodes of hemiplegia, often triggered by stressors such as environmental changes, bathing, or emotional stress. Recognizing the clinical features of AHC is crucial for early identification and intervention. The paper presents a case of a 2-month-old child with nystagmus as the initial symptom, followed by limb movement disorder in the left upper limb and weakness in the right limbs. The child's condition did not improve with treatment at an external hospital, highlighting the complexity of the disease and the need for specialized care. After a comprehensive review of the patient's medical history, physical examination, and imaging studies, the child was diagnosed with AHC. The diagnosis was confirmed through video electroencephalogram and whole-exome gene detection, which revealed a de novo mutation in the ATP1A3 gene, identified as pathogenic according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. The child was admitted to Peking University First Hospital and treated with levetiracetam and flunarizine oral administration. These medications were chosen for their efficacy in managing the symptoms of AHC, particularly the hemiplegic episodes. Post-treatment, the child experienced a reduction in the frequency and intensity of hemiplegic attacks compared to the initial stage. However, the child still exhibited paroxysmal symptoms and abnormal eye movements, and developmental milestones were delayed, indicating the need for ongoing care and monitoring. This case underscores the importance of early recognition and prompt intervention in managing children with AHC. The varied clinical presentations of AHC necessitate vigilance for early differential diagnosis. Although AHC is currently incurable, appropriate treatment can mitigate the impact of complications and improve the long-term quality of life for affected children, facilitating better societal integration.

Secure impulsive tracking of multi-agent systems with directed hypergraph topologies against hybrid deception attacks

This research delves into the challenges of achieving secure consensus tracking within multi-agent systems characterized by directed hypergraph topologies, in the face of hybrid deception attacks. The hybrid discrete and continuous deception attacks are targeted at the controller communication channels and the hyperedges, respectively. To overcome these threats, an impulsive control mechanism based on hypergraph theory are introduced, and sufficient conditions are established, under which consensus can be maintained in a mean-square bounded sense, supported by rigorous mathematical proofs. Furthermore, the investigation quantifies the relationship between the mean-square bounded consensus of the multi-agent system and the intensity of the deception attacks, delineating a specific range for this error metric. The robustness and effectiveness of the proposed control method are verified through comprehensive simulation experiments, demonstrating its applicability in varied scenarios influenced by these sophisticated attacks. This study underscores the potential of hypergraph-based strategies in enhancing system resilience against complex hybrid attacks.

Penerapan prosedur operasional standar budi daya tanaman jeruk ramah lingkungan untuk menekan infestasi kutu perisai merah Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Jeruk merupakan tanaman hortikultura yang sudah dikembangkan diberbagai daerah di Indonesia. Setiap tahun permintaan buah jeruk selalu meningkat, namun tidak terpenuhi karena produksi rendah. Permasalahan ini disebabkan oleh adanya serangan organisme penggangu tanaman, yaitu hama kutu perisai merah Aonidiella aurantii (Maskel). Upaya yang dilakukan untuk menekan infestasi A. aurantii, yaitu dengan penerapan prosedur operasional standar (SOP) pada budi daya tanaman jeruk ramah lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektifitas penerapan SOP dalam menekan populasi dan intensitas serangan hama kutu perisai merah A. aurantii pada tanaman jeruk. Penelitian dilaksanakan bulan Januari sampai Agutus 2020 di kebun jeruk milik petani di Kota Batu. Penelitian eksperimen ini menggunakan metode teori research design. Perlakuan terdiri atas petak penerapan SOP berupa pemangkasan pemeliharaan, sanitasi kebun, dan aplikasi pupuk organik; dan petak konvensional kebiasaan petani yang tidak melakukan pemangkasan, membersihkan gulma di seluruh kebun, penggunaan pupuk anorganik NKP Mutiara 16-16-16. Luas setiap petak perlakuan adalah 1.500 m2. Pada setiap pelakuan diambil 10 tanaman sampel secara sistematik. Pengamatan setaiap tanaman dilakukan pada ranting atau cabang yang tersebar pada 4 arah mata angin. Pengamatan meliputi jumlah buah terserang, kelimpahan musuh alami, populasi, dan intensitas serangan A. aurantii. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan penerapan SOP budi daya jeruk mampu menurunkan kepadatan populasi dan intensitas serangan hama A. aurantii secara nyata serta mampu meningkatkan kelimpahan musuh alami dan kualitas buah jeruk apabila dibandingkan dengan cara budi daya jeruk pada perlakuan konvensional.

Abundance, Attack Intensity, and Distribution of Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta

Spodoptera frugiperda is an invasive corn pest from America and has entered Indonesia, including Kulon Progo. However, the abundance, attack intensity, and distribution of S. frugiperda have never been reported from Kulon Progo. This study aimed to analyze the abundance, attack intensity, and distribution of S. frugiperda larvae in Kulon Progo. This research was conducted from January to March 2023. Sampling locations were determined using the purposive sampling method. The egg packages and larvae of S. frugiperda found were counted to determine the abundance of S. frugiperda. The intensity of S. frugiperda infestation was calculated using the letter W scouting method. The results showed that 24 S. frugiperda egg packages were obtained in Kulon Progo, and the abundance of S. frugiperda was 0.01 individuals per plant. The attack intensity of S. frugiperda in Kulon Progo reached 4.97%, with the highest attack intensity in Nanggulan (8%) and the lowest in Wates (1.5%). The larvae of S. frugiperda are distributed in four sub-districts in Kulon Progo. This study concluded that the attack intensity of S. frugiperda in Kulon Progo was included in the mild category.

FDIA localization and classification detection in smart grids using multi-modal data and deep learning technique

False data injection attacks (FDIA) exploit the vulnerabilities of bad data detection in energy management systems to maliciously tamper with state estimation results, seriously jeopardizing the safe and reliable operation of power systems. In order to promptly detect FDIA, recent studies have used machine learning techniques to extract attack characteristics and detect FDIA based on changes in these characteristics. Current research predominantly focuses on detecting a single type of FDIA attack model and topology. However, the increasing diversification of FDIA construction methods and the variability of topological structures in power systems can reduce or even invalidate detection effectiveness. To cope with the abovementioned difficulties, this study introduces a multimodal deep learning detection model based on variational graph auto-encoders (VGAE), temporal convolutional networks (TCN), and gated recurrent units (GRU). The topological features of power systems are obtained through VGAE to adapt to the detection needs of various topological structures and performance enhancement. These features are then integrated with preprocessed measurement data via BDD to form multimodal data. Furthermore, this multimodal data is used to locate and classify FDIA with complete information, FDIA with incomplete information, and topology attack after applying a multi-label classification algorithm based on TCN-GRU for temporal feature extraction. Experiments carried out on the IEEE 14 and IEEE 118 bus systems show that the proposed method is robust and has high detection performance. The results indicate that the proposed detection method achieves AUC values that are, on average, 0.085, 0.145, and 0.04 higher than those of CNN, LSTM, and CNN-LSTM, respectively. Moreover, under various noise and attack intensities, recall, precision, F1 score, and RACC remain above 0.859, 0.877, 0.867, and 0.818, respectively, with a classification accuracy greater than 0.912. This study provides a unique perspective on detecting FDIA across various attack models and power system topologies.

Occipital nerve stimulation for cluster headache: lessons to learn from the ‘voltage tuners’

BackgroundCluster headache (CH) is a significant health concern due to its major socioeconomic consequences and most patients being refractory to conventional strategies. For treatment resistant CH, occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) is considered an effective treatment option. Whereas most patients do not adjust the amplitude of the ONS system, a subset changes the amplitude on a regular basis using their remote control, and are therefore referred to as ‘voltage tuners’. Anxiety and self-control are thought to be central themes to this behavior. Research on this voltage tuning behavior could provide new insights in the use of ONS as acute attack treatment. To date, voltage tuning has not been assessed for CH. Hence this is a unique study aiming to investigate the occurrence and efficacy of voltage tuning in patients with CH and ONS.MethodsFor this analysis, patients with CH who received ONS from 2020–2024, at our university medical center, were included. All patients underwent bilateral ONS implantation. Data on attack frequency, intensity and duration were collected retrospectively. Outcomes on the response, frequency, moment during the day, duration, rationale, sensation, average increase in amplitude, and efficacy of voltage tuning were collected with prospective interviews.ResultsThirty-three patients (M = 20) (42 ± 12.7 years) were included in the current analysis. At 1y follow-up, an overall response rate of 70% (23/33) was found for ONS. In total, 48% (18/33) of patients were defined as voltage tuners. Voltage tuning was performed with an average increase in amplitude of 92 (20–360)%, a frequency of 1–20 times/month and duration of 20 minutes-48 hours. Sensations of voltage tuning were described as “tingling” and/or “pinching”. The rationale for voltage tuning in patients varied from prevention and ceasing to lowering the intensity and enhance control of CH attack.ConclusionsOutcomes show that voltage tuning may cease and/or terminate CH attacks and therefore raise interests in the use of ONS as acute attack treatment for patients with resistant CH treated with ONS. Future research on the occurrence and potential of voltage tuning will provide valuable insights for achieving optimal efficacy of ONS and quality of life in patients with CH.