War Atrocities Research Articles

THE CONCEPT OF THE EXISTENTIAL FALL IN ALBERT CAMUS’ THE FALL AND WILLIAM GOLDING’S FREE FALL

The atrocities of World War II and the following grim period of recovery in Europe resulted in the fact that human innocence was wiped away and replaced by the state of never-ending guilt for crimes committed in the pre- and post-WWII period. The overwhelming majority of people realized that their lives were wrought by the previously dormant qualities of selfishness and hypocrisy leading them to experience their “fall”, standing for the loss of innocence and disappearing trust in the meaning of rationalised existence, from then on was undermined by the absurdity of everyday life. The concept of the existentialist fall is a recurrent theme both in Albert Camus’ The Fall and William Golding’s Free Fall. While The Fall is the forefather of many existentialist novels of the second part of the twentieth century, portraying man strangled in a hopeless and nihilist struggle taking place in the new historical environment, Free Fall, in its turn, written three years later, managed to become one of the best specimens of fiction dealing with the concepts of human sin, free will, guilt, alienation and loss of freedom. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyse and compare Camus’ The Fall with Golding’s Free Fall in terms of their treatment of the concept of the existentialist fall.

A New Institution for Serbian Memory

Abstract The destruction of the joint Yugoslav state was accompanied by a sharp alteration of the country’s narrative about the country’s experience of the Second World War, which shifted from a focus on the Yugoslav partisans to ethnically-classified civilian victims of war. In 1992, the Republic of Serbia founded the Genocide Victims’ Museum, which was responsible for the preservation of the memory of the victims of the genocide of Serbs, Jews, and Roma; the collection of information on war atrocities; and was also intended to fulfill the country’s obligations under the International Convention on Genocide Prevention and Punishment. This article explores the Genocide Victims’ Museum’s memory strategy in the context of contemporary Serbian history. It also analyzes the transformation of the narrative of victimhood formulated or supported by a state-sponsored institution, interpreting it as exemplary of the “shift from heroization to victimization” in the politics of memory within the European context.

Immigrant Ghosts and Haunted Heritages in Rani Manicka’s The Rice Mother

ABSTRACT In Malaysia, even the ghosts are transnational. Rani Manicka’s 2002 debut novel The Rice Mother follows the intergenerational narratives of a diasporic Ceylonese family in Malaysia. As they reflect on the atrocities of the Second World War and Japanese Occupation – notably the abduction and presumed murder of the eldest daughter, Mohini, by Japanese soldiers – each family member shares their haunted relationship with Mohini’s ghost. While Avery Gordon and Kathleen Brogan have examined how hauntings can characterize social or ethnic loss, Mohini’s hauntings are unique to the Ceylonese diaspora in Malaysia. In addition to the family members encountering her ghost through dreams – significant connections to the spiritual world in Hindu mythology – Mohini’s character is inspired by the mohini pey, a legendary ghost from Southern India and Sri Lanka. However, the discrepancy between mohini the ghost and Mohini the character interrogates the malleability of memory across generations. How might hauntings – manifestations of the traumatic past – change as generations evolve and reaffiliate cultural memory over time? Drawing on Marianne Hirsch’s concept of postmemory, this paper examines the family’s evolving relationship with Mohini’s ghost and argues that the residual power of diasporic heritage inherited through storytelling provides a path for generational healing in a new homeland.

Unearthing the shadows of history: Chemical traces of Second World War atrocities in the Szpęgawski Forest and Death Valley, Poland

Unearthing the shadows of history: Chemical traces of Second World War atrocities in the Szpęgawski Forest and Death Valley, Poland

Atrocities of Wars and their Invisible Wounds

Only when you experience the atrocities of war, you will know the real meaning of peace and cordially appreciate it and do your best to prevent wars or at least put them to an end.

Traversing Boundaries: An Analysis of the Unremitting Psychic Unity in The Waste Land

Known as ‘Pope of Russel Square’ in the history of English literature from the 20th century, T. S. Eliot’s, literary ingenuity augmented the modernist writings. ‘The Waste Land’ is one such eventuality that, retrospectively from the publication, permuted worldwide, giving boundless definitions and ceaseless critical appraisals. Contriving the idiom of modern poetry, his career as a part never went over the hill since it was chiselled out of the emotional and intellectual retaliation to a gest which was his life itself. The close-grained, fragmented study of his works, has seemingly been immense and comprehensive. Being portrayed as the literary arbiter, his personal life was lucid and full of drama. The oeuvre hence hollers the zeitgeist of his era. As a philosopher, his happy hunting ground was both religion and the emphasis on conforming to the basic moral values of life. His ethical involvement with life emanates from the underlying desolation and devastation regarding his personal life. When he assiduously carried his position in poetry, politics, and literature, he was tagged as heedless in his personal life. The childhood limitations sprouted out from the complications of inguinal hernia, later when he was at Harvard while studying Sanskrit and Indian philosophy, the commencement of WWI and the escape from Oxford after witnessing a society which was wartorn, a love affair with Emily Hale which closed out in two shakes of a lamb’s tail and the hasty entry into wedlock with Vivienne Haigh-Wood whose alleged adultery with Bertrand Russel and her ailment that followed took a toll on his burgeoning literary career. The shuffling was wilfully implemented, as alluded to by many critics. But for a feeler who, exasperated by the atrocities of war, could not necessarily keep the word restrained to the end and the overscrupulous side of Eliot could not have missed the slightest of the change either.

Adel verpflichtet? Verantwortlichkeit für Kriegsgräuel in der historischen Dietrichepik am Beispiel des Todes der Etzelsöhne in der Rabenschlacht

ZusammenfassungWenn Leid geschieht, beginnt reflexartig die Suche nach einem Verantwortlichen, dem die Verantwortung für dieses Leid übertragen werden kann, was das Leid aus der Kontingenz heraus in fassbare und handhabbare Kausalität überführt. Spannend wird die Frage nach der Verantwortlichkeit für Leid besonders dann, wenn sich verschiedene Beurteilungsinstanzen nicht einig sind, wem die Verantwortung zuzuschreiben ist, wie beim Tod der Etzelsöhne in der Rabenschlacht.Obwohl die Verantwortlichkeit für dieses zentrale, ausführlich beklagte Kriegsgeschehen auf den ersten Blick leicht zu klären ist – verantwortlich ist derjenige, der das Schwert schwingt, hier also Witege –, entwerfen die Schuldeingeständnisse und Verantwortungszuschreibungen der Figuren und des Erzählers in der Rabenschlacht ein komplexes Netz aus Responsibilisierungsnarrativen, welche die interferierenden und konkurrierenden Verantwortlichkeiten verschieden akzentuieren. Jeder hat Verantwortung, jedem wird Verantwortung zugeschrieben und jeder scheint aus dieser Verantwortung auch entlassen werden zu können, sodass die kausalitätsstiftende Verantwortungsübernahme letztlich nicht zu einer befriedigenden Handhabbarkeit des Kriegsleides führt. Doch kann ein einzelner Krieger überhaupt für den Tod seiner Gegner verantwortlich gemacht werden, wenn das freiwillige und freudige ›Aufs-Spiel-Setzen‹ des eigenen Lebens zum Kriegerethos gehört? Ist der Getötete also selbst verantwortlich? Und kann die Verantwortung überhaupt erlassen werden, wenn die Verantwortungsübernahme und -zuschreibung in der Funktion des Heerführers und nicht in der aktiven Beteiligung am Tötungsgeschehen begründet liegt?Der Beitrag möchte versuchen, dieses Netz an Verantwortlichkeiten zu entwirren und dabei auch aufzeigen, wie die Rabenschlacht zeitgenössische Vorstellungen von der Verantwortung für Kriegsleid im Allgemeinen und der Verantwortlichkeit des Herrschers und Heerführers im Besonderen verhandelt.

WAR AND WOMEN: AN ANALYSIS OF T D RAMAKRISHNAN’S SUGANDI ALIAS ANDAL DEVANAYAKI

War has so far been an institution led by men. Women are not usually assigned the identity of a warrior in the times of war, even though they make significant contributions. They are viewed as powerless when it comes to their roles during wartime. Their participation in the war is never appreciated and is ignored by comparing their service with those of men. Their ability to fight for their nation, to be part of an organization and to be in a political sphere are largely restricted by the patriarchal society. The traditional role of women in war is as a victim. Sexual assaults have become a war tactic and the victim’s often face stigmatisation and exclusion. The Sri Lankan Civil War between the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and the Sri Lankan state in 1983 brought women to the warfront. The dissertation titled War and Women: Analysing T D Ramakrishnan’s Sugandhi Alias Andal Devanayaki focuses on deconstructing the notion of women as a submissive victim of war to that of a strong warrior using T D Ramakrishnan’s political novel Sugandhi Alias Andal Devanayaki. The article gives the historical background of the novel and examines the involvement of women in the LTTE organization. It also points out how rape and suicide bombing was widely employed by men in power to subside women in the society. The resistivity shown by the women towards the atrocities of war gives a conclusion to the whole argument.

Superheroes and Nazis: Re-examining the legacy of the Second World War in Eric Kripke’s The Boys

The television adaptation of The Boys, originally a comic book series written by Garth Ennis, has garnered attention for its graphic violence and satirical treatment of the superhero genre. The Boys engages with a number of critiques of the superhero genre and its tropes, one of which is the recurring presence of a Nazi supervillain. This article links The Boys to previous examples of comic books and screen adaptations which feature Nazis or similar fascist organizations, such as Captain America, Superman and X-Men. In particular, it argues that The Boys’s status as a subversive superhero narrative impacts the portrayal of Nazism in new ways, further troubling the distinction between superhero and supervillain and providing insight into contemporary cultural concerns. Through its representation of the superhero origin story and the Nazi character Stormfront, The Boys draws upon the memories of the Second World War in order to condemn the rise of fascism in the twenty-first century. Despite this ostensibly worthy goal, it is also important to consider criticisms of this type of representation of the historically specific atrocities of the Second World War, the role of exploitation and its resulting reception by viewers.

“Don’t Mess with Ukrainian Farmers”: An examination of Ukraine and Kyiv’s official Twitter accounts as crisis communication, public diplomacy, and nation building during Russian invasion

The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 resulted in an armed conflict that led to the death of thousands of soldiers and innocent civilians. While the countries waged war on the ground in places like Kyiv, Kharkiv, and Mariupol, another battle took shape in the Twittersphere. Ukraine and Kyiv’s official Twitter accounts leveraged their online platforms to win the war of public opinion by broadcasting the atrocities of war in real time, engaging with other countries as a form of digital public diplomacy, and rallying internal publics through nation building message strategies. The current study explores the use of government social media accounts during a unique period of armed conflict to identify various messaging strategies utilized to (1) communicate during a crisis event, (2) project itself favorably among an international audience, and (3) build a sense of national identity and unity among its citizenry. Results from this study suggest that public relations scholars should consider further analyzing the ways in which social media, nation building, and public diplomacy intersect during crisis events. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Wiriyamu and the Colonial Archive: Reading It Against the Grain? Along the Grain? Read It at All!

Abstract“The archives are silent.” The starting point of this article is the alleged non-existence of archival sources on the Portuguese massacre of Wiriyamu (1972). The article proves this claim to be false and shows how the available sources can be used to improve our knowledge of the massacre. The article suggests that scholars’ ignorance of these sources is connected to general misconceptions about colonial archives and their alleged silence on wartime atrocities, which are based on the belief that such atrocities do only appear in the sources, if they are read against the grain. Revealing the explicit presence of war atrocities in the sources, the article argues that the legitimate concern about reading such sources against the grain should not prevent us from reading them at all.

Rachel Auerbach's Literary Ghetto Journal

Abstract This article examines Rachel Auerbach's journal which was commissioned by Emanuel Ringelblum as part of his project to document the daily life of the Jewish people in the Warsaw Ghetto. Auerbach, who ran a communal soup kitchen in the ghetto, was one of few survivors of the Oyneg Shabes group. After World War II, she was committed to unearth the Ringelblum archive and continued his mission of bearing witness to the Shoah by publishing her memoirs and working for Yad Vashem. Because her work is relatively little known in the United States, this paper first presents the author, her literary career, and her journal. Next, it situates the journal within the broader context of existing research on Holocaust diaries. The final section focuses on the textual aspects of the journal in order to demonstrate that the way Auerbach constructs her narrative—by means of literary devices, intertextual references, intimate details from her private life, and incisiveness of both her style and observation—contributes to an extremely powerful portrait of the atrocities of World War II, in all their horror. I argue not only that her journal should be available in English, but also that it deserves a place in the “canon” of classic diaries from the Warsaw Ghetto, such as Chaim A. Kaplan's or Abraham Lewin's.

Identifying potentially morally injurious events from the Veteran perspective: A qualitative descriptive study

LAY SUMMARY Current conceptualizations of potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) emphasize war atrocities (e.g., killing of children or civilians, witnessing abuse of prisoners of war). Additional research on PMIEs could inform provision of patient-centred care in pursuit of healing for those experiencing moral injury. The field would benefit from an operationalization of PMIEs that is not only grounded in empirical data and meaningful to clinicians but also accounts for the perspectives of the Veterans who experienced PMIEs. This study sought to gain a more in-depth understanding of and explore Veterans’ experiences surrounding PMIEs.

Ludobójstwo, zbrodnia, pogrom, rzeź, masakra, makabra... Obrazy kognitywne zakodowane w semantycznej strukturze synonimów określających okrucieństwa wobec grup etnicznych

This article aims to show the cognitive images encoded in the semantic structure of the lexemes: war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide, slaughter, pogrom, massacre, and macabre, used to describe atrocities against ethnic groups. The analysiswas based on the example of the material related to the Ukrainian citizens during the war, which has been ongoing since 24 February 2022. The analysis is rooted in the theoretical framework of cognitive ethnolinguistics, including the profiling method, which is quite innovative in linguistics. The article proves that the lexemes under consideration, although of similar cognitive value, differ in terms of the ordering of the components of meaning, which makes them evoke a different image in thereader of the texts. Five different perspectives of the perception of war atrocities encoded in the words are distinguished, i.e., (1) the moral and penal aspect; (2) the collective subject of the actions and the minority nature of the victims; (3) the modus operandi of the perpetrator; (4) the totality of the destruction evident to the observer; and (5) the emotions that the effect of the perpetrator’s actions evokes in the witness, i.e., horror and disgust.

Introduction to Call for Papers on Ethics of War

Introduction to Call for Papers on Ethics of War

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among University Students of Mosul, Iraq: An After Effect of War Atrocities

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among University Students of Mosul, Iraq: An After Effect of War Atrocities

VII Congress of the WFOT

Dear friends,
 I wholeheartedly welcome you all to the 7th WORLD OZONE THERAPY FEDERATION CONGRESS, hosted between 5th – 7th of May in Bucharest, Romania.
 We are pleased to welcome a large number of participants from 25 countries despite the global challenges that are we all faced with (the on-going Covid pandemic and war in Ukraine). On this occasion, I wish to send our thoughts of support and compassion to our colleagues in Ukraine, who are currently facing the atrocities of war and humanitarian crisis.
 The conditions for practicing ozone therapy are still quite difficult due to the opposition of medical officials from various countries. Thus, it is essential that we continue our efforts to develop scientific papers that support the benefits of the ozone therapy. I am sure that through our common efforts we are one step closer to scientific acknowledgment and acceptance.

LESLIE MARMON SILKO’S CEREMONY

Leslie Marmon Silko is one of the most prodigious Native American writers of the 1970s. She is distinguished for her engagement with folklore traditions, religious inspirations, and quest narratives. In her novel, Ceremony (1977), Silko introduces a man on a journey that is full of hardships and frustrations. Accordingly, the present paper explores Tayo’s journey through which he quests for healing his psychological distress and physical illness caused by the atrocities of World War II. The paper also investigates different kinds of journeys the protagonist, as a war veteran, takes up and the various motives behind them. Finally, the paper tries to answer questions such as “What is the significance of the people the protagonist meets during his healing quest? Is he healed physically and psychologically at the end of the novel? How? Why? How do all the processes of healing contribute to affirming his identity and restoring his humanity?”

Vulnerable Lives and Culpability in American War Narrative: A Comparative Approach

This paper analyses Kevin Powers’ The Yellow Birds (2012), Phil Klay’s Redeployment (2015), and Roy Scranton’s War Porn (2016) in terms of vulnerability of Iraqis’ lives in the context of the 2003 War on Iraq. It aims at uncovering the differential methods implemented by Americans to approach the lives of locals in Iraq and culpability for war atrocities. It draws on Judith Butler’s contention that Western societies address the lives/deaths of non-Western people in a differential method; the lives of Western people are prioritized at the expense of the safety and wellness of non-Western peoples. The argument is made through comparative analysis of selected works in two constructs: ‘vulnerable lives,’ and ‘accountability and culpability in war’. This paper argues that Powers and Klay’s works are more centred on soldiers’ victimized status, whilst Scranton’s is keen on showcasing Iraqis’ vulnerable position and soldiers’ accountability for their anguishes. Keywords: Iraq War; Roy Scranton; Kevin Powers; Phil Klay; Ungrievable; War Novel.

Flat Places: Lincolnshire and science

Flat Places: <sup /> Lincolnshire and science