Atomic Energy For Peaceful Purposes Research Articles

THE URAL PART OF THE BIOGRAPHY OF IGOR VASILYEVICH KURCHATOV, AN OUTSTANDING NUCLEAR SCIENTIST

The name of the outstanding Soviet physicist, Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov, is known not only in Russia, but also far beyond its borders. Knowledge about him is mainly related to his scientific leadership of the domestic nuclear project. He is one of the nine thrice Heroes of Socialist Labor of the Soviet Union. However, few people know that his main practical results of scientific developments were translated into real industrial production on the Ural land. In addition, his childhood years are connected with the Southern Urals, as well as the years of scientific leadership of the firstborn of the nuclear industry in the Urals - plant No. 817, now the Mayak Production Association. The presented scientific article is prepared for the 120th anniversary of the birth of an outstanding Soviet nuclear scientist, who was the head of the implementation of the uranium problem in the Soviet Union. He was one of the first in the world to identify the possibility of releasing energy of colossal power as a result of fission of the atomic nucleus and implemented them in the creation of the first domestic nuclear weapons, and then participated in the development of technologies for the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes. I.V.Kurchatov scientific work in the Urals is reflected fragmentally in the published literature. This statement requires more detailed research, systematization and coverage in a scientific publication.

МЕЖДУНАРОДНО-ПРАВОВОЕ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА РОССИИ И ИНДИИ В ОБЛАСТИ МИРНОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ АТОМНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ

This article explores a framework for cooperation between Russia and India in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy with a view to providing a comprehensive analysis of the international legal acts in this field. The scientific novelty of the research is a reflection of the fact that it is the study in which international legal framework concerning cooperation between Russia and India in the field of nuclear energy are summarized, systematized and analyzed. It is mentioned that the Moscow-New Delhi relationship is based upon mutual needs: Indian energy needs and Russian strategic economic needs. The main agreements for cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of nuclear energy are the Kudankulam nuclear agreement (1988) and the intergovernmental agreement on cooperation in the uses of atomic energy for peaceful purposes (2010). The legal acts on cooperation in the construction of additional nuclear power plant units at Kudankulam site are of special importance. The article finds, moreover, that the increasing of the number of reactors in the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant has been expanding the India-Russian long-term partnership. India continues to view the expansion of its civilian nuclear sector as a critical element in the field of industry and decarbonization. In this regard, developing alternate nuclear fuel resources and civil nuclear cooperation agreements between Russia and India should be concluded.

Evaluating the effectiveness of security systems regime of a hypothetical radiological facility using a risk calculation

This paper presents how security effectiveness can be measured by considering the cost involved in providing security for a radiological center and measures to improve security through risk analysis. The expansion of nuclear technologies and the possible use of nuclear and radioactive materials continues to grow. This increase comes with potential risk of radioactive materials being used for the wrong reasons; thus it is important to provide physical protection of nuclear related facilities to counter these threats and use atomic energy for peaceful purposes. The effectiveness of the security systems put in place at the facility can be assessed by making analysis of the risks associated to the facility.

Argentina and Brazil: from Military Nuclear Programs to National Atomic Energy

Argentina and Brazil were among the first developing countries that have undertaken the development of nuclear energy. In these largest South American States, the interest in atom was born in the depths of the military establishment and was spurred by the Argentine-Brazilian rivalry for leadership in the Latin American region, especially during dictatorial regimes. In those years, in both countries there were plans to develop its own nuclear weapons, determining their negative attitude to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and to the plans of making Latin America a nuclear-weapons-free zone. With the return to the democratic forms of government the projects to create their own nuclear weapons were withdrawn from the agenda, and the relations between Buenos Aires and Brasilia transformed into strategic cooperation, and engulfed the sphere of peaceful atom. In the international arena, the two countries came to oppose weapons of mass destruction and to support nuclear disarmament. It may be noted that, having passed a long way of mastering the power of the atom, Argentina and Brazil have found their own place in the global nuclear industry. Both countries have built research reactors and nuclear power plants, established enterprises of nuclear fuel cycle, conducted fundamental and applied research in the nuclear field. Argentina has exported nuclear technology and equipment, including modern low-power reactors, Brazil became the world’s only non-nuclear country building a nuclear submarine. To date, nuclear generation occupies but a modest place in the energy balance of these South American countries which, among other things, is due to other rich sources of energy in their possession. But the very logic of scientific and technological development pushes Argentina and Brazil to broader and more diversified use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, encourages to increase their efforts in this regard, deploy national programs and expand the range of international interaction.

The American Chemical Society's Summer Schools in Nuclear and Radiochemistry

Uses of radioisotopes and radiation in medicine, industry, agriculture are amongst the most beneficial applications of atomic energy for peaceful purposes. The International Atomic Energy Agency aims - in accordance with its statute - to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world. The various Technical Divisions of the Agency carry out this mandate and enhance, particularly through 'manpower development activities' the nuclear applications of radiation and isotopes. Staff members of the 'Industrial Applications and Chemistry Section' in the Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications of the IAEA have supported more than 600 trainees per year for education in nuclear and radiochemistry through fellowships, training courses and workshops. Provision of printed material in various disciplines is supporting our educational efforts.

Introduction

Abstract During the period under discussion, public education and pedagogical science in the USSR developed in close conjunction with the accomplishment of the socioeconomic and ideological-political tasks of the Soviet state. Major progress was made in the 1960s in the development of industry, agriculture, and culture. The use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, the launching of earth satellites, and Soviet people's flights into space—the first in the history of mankind—testified to the outstanding accomplishments of Soviet science and technology.

Atomic energy for peaceful purposes in the Warsaw pact countries

MUCH has been said in the West about Soviet nuclear developments in the military sphere and the nuclear arsenal at the disposal of the Warsaw Pact countries, but less attention has been given to the peaceful applications of atomic energy in these countries.1 Although up to the mid-195os the Soviet nuclear programme was overwhelmingly dominated by military considerations, since that time atomic energy has been increasingly harnessed to economic uses, and the USSR has also decided to pass on some of this technology to other Warsaw Pact countries for peaceful applications. It is not generally realized that several nonmilitary uses of atomic energy were pioneered in these countries and that in some fields they are ahead of the most advanced capitalist nations. In this article we shall examine the considerations which have prompted the Warsaw Pact countries to turn to atomic energy for peaceful purposes, the cost of nuclear power, the extent of nuclear power developments, nuclear power reactors and equipment, other peaceful uses of atomic energy, Soviet nuclear aid and diplomacy and the implications for the capitalist world. Special attention is given to comparisons with Western countries and to the latest and prospective developments.

Soviet Atomic Energy Agreements

The first indications of Moscow's willingness to share its technological know how in nuclear science with other countries appeared on January 18, 1955. On that date, the Council of Ministers of the USSR published a declaration to the effect that, “attributing great importance to the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, the Soviet government has decided to render scientific, technical and production aid to other states in setting up experimental bases for developing research in nuclear physics and in utilizing atomic energy for peaceful purposes.”

SCIENTIFIC SESSION ON LABOR PROTECTION IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. TOM 41, NO. 1 (1960)

The session was convened by the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, M3 of the RSFSR and the All-Russian Hygienic Society and was held on 14-18 / IX-59 in the city of Gorky. 17 reports were heard and discussed at plenary sessions and 62 at sectional sessions. Full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, prof. A. A. Letavet made a report The tasks of occupational health in the light of the decisions of the XXI Congress of the CPSU. The extensive development of mechanization and automation of production processes, the introduction of new advanced technology create favorable conditions for the further improvement of working conditions. The main sections of scientific research in the field of occupational health and occupational diseases in 1959-65. there should be: 1) occupational health in the chemical industry, industrial toxicology, occupational diseases in the chemical industry; 2) physical factors of the working environment, their effect on the body, prevention (the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, high and ultrahigh frequencies, ultrasound, the introduction of vibration and many other physical processes make it especially relevant to study the biological action of physical factors and the development of preventive measures).

Use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes

Use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes

Atomic Energy for Peaceful Purposes: Liaison between London, Paris and New York

Atomic Energy for Peaceful Purposes: Liaison between London, Paris and New York

An exhibition on the uses of atomic energy for peaceful purposes

An exhibition on the uses of atomic energy for peaceful purposes

Atomic Energy for Peaceful Purposes

Atomic Energy for Peaceful Purposes

Atomic Energy for Peaceful Purposes

Atomic Energy for Peaceful Purposes

Atomic Energy and World Government

First Interim Report of the Atomic Energy Commission was presented to the Security Council under date of December 31, 1946. This significant document represents the result of deliberations from June 14 to December 31. Following prolonged consideration in the Council, during which the representative for the U.S.S.R., Andrei A. Gromyko, raised the major issues upon which agreement could not be reached and submitted twelve amendments thereon, the Council on March 10 referred the Report, together with its record of consideration, back to the Commission with direction to submit a Second Report before the next meeting of the General Assembly. Findings on the scientific and technical aspects included safeguards to ensure the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, among which was the important conclusion that an international control agency must be responsible for the system of safeguards and control. Comprehensive safeguards are listed against diversion of uranium and thorium from declared mines, mills, refineries, chemical and metallurgical plants; of uranium from isotope separation plants; and of uranium, thorium, and plutonium from declared nuclear reactors and chemical extraction plants. These safeguards should be administered through a system of licensing, inspection supervision, and internal managerial operating controls established by and responsible to an international control agency. This agency would be given broad privileges of movement and inspection to ensure detection of clandestine activities. In addition the agency would exercise detailed accounting, and control storage and shipment. Among the general findings it was revealed that effective control of atomic energy depends upon effective control of the production and use of uranium, thorium, and their fissionable derivatives; that whether the ultimate nuclear fuel be destined for peaceful or destructive uses, the productive processes are

Development of Atomic Energy in Great Britain

SPEAKING in the House of Commons on March 28 on the motion for the adjournment, Mr. John Wilmot, Minister of Supply and Aircraft Production, emphasized a point which has repeatedly been made by scientific men, namely, that there is no justification for the suggestion that the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes will provide a quick solution of industrial problems. The most probable use will be for the production · of electrical power by big units employing steam or gas turbines. The possibilities of development, however, are immense, and Mr. Wilmot considers that the prospects for Great Britain in this connexion are bright. He admitted that the United States has valuable technical experience of which Britain is not fully informed ; but experience is being gained through development work now proceeding and mainly financed by the Canadian Government. So far as Great Britain is concerned, he said that the Government is determined to push on with research and development with the utmost vigour ; the central planning is in the hands of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, advised by the committee under the chairmanship of Sir John Anderson on atomic energy.