Contamination Of Atmospheric Air Research Articles

Assessment of microbial contamination of atmospheric air in a selected wastewater treatment plant

Assessment of microbial contamination of atmospheric air in a selected wastewater treatment plant

The asymmetric and long-run effect of demand-based CO2 emissions productivity on production-based CO2 emissions in the UK

Trade effects on atmospheric air contamination of countries have received increasing global policy focus over the past few decades. The United Kingdom is committed to changing the complexities in international trade, current pathways to economic output pursuit, and carbon dioxide emission toward realizing the goals of the Paris Agreement and Kyoto Protocol. This research is motivated to explore the asymmetric long-run impact of demand-based CO2 emissions productivity on production-based CO2 emissions for the UK economy. Data for this assessment was drawn from 1990 to 2019 and analyzed using Gregory-Hansen cointegration, nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL), and frequency domain causality techniques. Gregory-Hansen estimates for cointegration provide integration evidence for all variables. Estimates for NARDL long-run cointegration indicate (i) demand-based CO2 emissions productivity is a credible variable that contributes to reducing production-based CO2 emissions in the UK; (ii) both economic output and globalization contribute in rising production-based CO2 emissions in the UK; and (iii) the frequency domain causality test indicates one direction causality from demand-based CO2 emissions productivity, output, globalization, and consumption of green energy to production-based CO2 emissions in the UK.

We breathe pesticides: the presence of contaminants of the breathable and inhalable fractions of atmospheric particulate matter

Atmospheric air contamination by pesticides present in particulate matter is considered ubiquitous and can be found in different regions of the world. Atmospheric particulate matter can be collected by separating the fine from the coarse particles, simulating the action in the respiratory tract. The presence of pesticides in particulate matter fractionated by size was investigated in a peri-urban region, where agriculture is intense. Weekly samples were obtained using a cascade impactor. The gravimetric determination was obtained using an ultra-analytical balance. Identification and quantification of pesticides were obtained using UHPLC-MS/MS for 105 pesticides. The average concentration of total PM of 25.2 µg m-3 and maximum concentration of 44.2 µg m-3 were obtained. Azoxystrobin, carbendazim, chlorimuron, difenoconazole, diflubenzuron, ethephon, metolachlor, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin were determined in the inhalable fraction (2.5 to 10.0 µm). In the fine fraction (1.0 to 2.5 µm) carbendazim, ethephon, metolachlor and trifloxystrobin were determined and in the 0.5 to 1.0 µm fraction, clomazone, ethoprophos, fenpropimorph, metalaxyl, pyrimethanil and propoxur were determined. Cyproconazole and metolachlor were determined in the <0.25 µm range and acephate was found in the coarse and fine ranges. The population in the region is exposed to possible risks when breathing particulate matter containing pesticides. These studies are essential to support public policies and more sustainable agricultural practices, promoting food security and environmental protection.

Формирование загрязнения тритием атмосферного воздуха над акваториями промышленных водоемов

The article considers the possible pathways for tritium release from the water area of industrial reservoirs into the atmosphere under normal operating conditions at the facilities holding special (non-removable) radioactive waste generated due to the implementation of the state nuclear weapons program and the state defense order. The paper provides a list ranking each potential pathway of atmospheric air contamination with tritium above the water area of industrial reservoirs and evaluates the degree of its significance. The study demonstrates that it is the water evaporation from the surface of the reservoirs that most significantly contributes to the contamination (at least 99.99% of the totally released tritium), while the total contribution of water aerosol droplet entrainment and tritiumcontaining methane emission is negligible (does not exceed 0.006%).

In-situ sampling for krypton-85 groundwater dating

Krypton-85 and other radioactive noble gases are widely used for groundwater dating purposes. 85Kr analysis require large volumes of water to reach the analytical requirements. Conventionally, this water is pumped to the surface to be degassed with a gas extraction system. The large pumping rate may disturb the natural flow field and requires substantial field logistics. Hence, we propose a new in-situ degassing method, in which membrane contactors are used to degas the groundwater directly in the well and gas is collected at the surface. This way, field work is facilitated, groundwater system disturbance is minimized, and the gas sample is collected at a specific depth. We demonstrate the tightness of the system regarding atmospheric air contamination for a collection times of 24 h, which is sufficient for both low-level counting and laser-based counting methods for 85Kr. The minimal borehole diameter is 7.5 cm for the prototype presented in this research but can easily be reduced to smaller diameters. In a case study, we compare the results obtained with the new passive method with those from a conventional packer setup sampling. Additionally, 3H/3He samples were collected for both sampling regimes and the dating results were compared with those from 85Kr. A good agreement between tracer ages is demonstrated and the age stratigraphy is consistent with the expected age distribution for a porous unconfined aquifer. In addition, our study emphasizes the differences between the age information sampled with various methods. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the new in situ quasi-passive method provides a more representative age stratigraphy with depth in most cases.

Territorial Placement of Solid Municipal Waste Landfills

This paper discusses the scientific foundations of spatial planning for the disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW), which has been intensively accumulated in Russia. It is noted that the chaotic, uncontrolled disposal of waste leads to contamination of atmospheric air, soil, rocks, and groundwater, the most important life-supporting resources of the biosphere, which causes a decrease in the quality of life of people. A scientifically substantiated solution to this problem is based on geotechnical zoning of territories according to geological conditions, which allows finding “geological traps” that can guarantee isolation of waste from the environment. Taking into account the methodology of such zoning, examples of its application for disposing of waste in geological massifs of various degrees of suitability are provided.

Modeling of atmospheric transfer of radionuclides in the form of water aerosols from the surface area of water bodies using the example of Lake Karachay, Russia

Based on the analysis of multi-year monitoring data on atmospheric air contamination in thevicinity of Lake Karachay, Reservoir V-9, a model is suggested here for carry-over of radionuclides (trace elements) in the form of water aerosols from the reservoir surface area. The concept of fractionation (accumulation) coefficients is introduced for different radionuclides present in V-9 Reservoir water aerosols as compared to the reference radionuclide 137Cs. The range of possible fractionation coefficient values is estimated for 134Cs, 90Sr, 103,106Ru, 95Zr+ 95Nb, 125Sb, 144Ce and Pu radionuclides. It is shown that, for a numerical assessment of radioactive pollution of theatmosphere with water aerosols, it is convenient to express the capacity of the source of releases as aproduct of three factors: (1) the activity concentration in the reservoir water, (2) the effective rate of generation of water aerosol volume from the reservoir surface area (~ 20cm3m-2year-1 in relation to the reference radionuclide 137Cs), and (3) the fractionation coefficient of the radionuclide under consideration in water aerosols as compared to the reference nuclide. It is proposed here to model transfer and dispersion of water aerosols in the atmosphere using the standard Gaussian model, and it is shown that this allows estimation of atmospheric pollution in the vicinity of thereservoir with acceptable accuracy.

ASSESSMENT OF THE RISK FOR HEALTH DISORDERS IN CHILDREN WHO LIVE IN A TERRITORY OF THE ZONE OF EXPOSURE TO PRODUCTION OF METALLURGICAL ALUMINUM

Introduction. The atmospheric air is known to be the most contaminated on territories where industries are highly developed; non-ferrous metallurgy is one of them that make the greatest contribution into atmospheric air contamination. Data and methods. Our research objects were air samples taken on territories where there was located an enterprise producing metallurgic aluminum and our reference samples were taken on a territory where there was no such production; we also examined databases containing data on morbidity of children population, non-carcinogenic risk assessment, number of exposed population, and the results of epidemiologic examination. Results. Quality of the atmospheric air was unsatisfactory as there were concentrations of suspended substances, PM10 solid particles, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, as well as persistence occurrence of manganese, nickel, and copper compounds resulted from activities of enterprises that produced metallurgic aluminum. All the above-mentioned admixtures cause an unacceptable risk of non-carcinogenic effects emerging in the respiratory organs. A significant contribution into hazard index is made by suspended substances, PM10 and PM2.5 particles. Fine-dispersed fraction having a complicated chemical structure (ferric oxides; aluminum, silicon, nickel, chromium, titanium, and manganese oxides), can aggravate negative impacts on the respiratory organs, exerted by the identified risk factors. The prevalence of respiratory organs diseases among children population living on an exposed territory confirms environmental risks to make increased levels of the overall and primary morbidity rate. We proved a probability of respiratory organs diseases to be depended on concentrations of the examined substances in the atmosphere, including suspended substances and fine-dispersed fractions of PM10 and PM2.5, nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, compounds of nickel, manganese, and copper. Discussion. The detected cause-and-effect relations between a risk of increased morbidity with respiratory organs diseases in children and exposure to chemical risk factors, primarily suspended particles, PM10 and PM2.5, are also confirmed by results obtained in a number of research that concentrates on peculiarities of effects produced by the examined chemical factors on respiratory organs diseases in children. Conclusions. Children living on a territory exposed to the exposure exerted by an enterprise that produces metallurgic aluminum have a chronic aerogenic risk for respiratory organs diseases; this risk becomes apparent due to the elevated morbidity rate of respiratory organs diseases. This risk is proved to be related to impacts exerted by suspended substances and fine-dispersed fractions of PM10 and PM2.5, nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, manganese, nickel, and copper.

Influence of meteorological factors on the secondary contamination of atmospheric air by formaldehyde ( on the example of the city of Kyiv).

Many authors on the basis of researches give information that motor transport is the basic source of contamination of atmospheric air of cities of Ukraine. This work touches on the estimation of the level and dynamics of contamination of m. Kyiv extras from a motor transport and influence of meteorological factors of locality on the degree of atmospheric contamination (including secondary one as a result of actinic transformations). Authors set connections between the components of SO, Nox, CHOH, and ambient temperature, on the basis of the analysis of the last five years of statistical information of basic components contaminations from motor transport, which take part in the formation of actinic transformations. The authors found out close cross-correlation connection between the molecules of Nox, CHOH, and average monthly values of temperature on the basis of the analysis of these monitoring supervisions. Also, there were investigational processes of the formation of molecules of SNON depending on other climatic factors of the city of Kyiv, namely: the humidity of the air, speed of the wind, and index of acidity of the atmosphere (pH). It is well-proven that formation of formaldehyde in mid-air above motor transport ways the degree of acidification of atmospheric fallouts influences mediated. However, have a direct cross-correlation connection between the relative humidity of air and the speed of the wind. Temperature terms play a key role in forming the secondary contamination formaldehyde above motor transport overpasses and he takes into account other climatic factors of locality mediated. Speed of reaction of the transformation of hydrocarbons in formaldehyde at neutral meteorological terms is considered on the example of the motor-car upshot of the Darnicka square. The decision of equalization of the speed of transformation of extras of hydrocarbons is found in formaldehyde by the decision of equalization of Arreniusa. This method can be applied to other cities of Ukraine. The conducted researches will allow to promote ecological strength security on the urbanized territories by the improvement of questions of acceptance of administrative decisions at building and reconstruction of motor-car overpasses of the city, and also at forming of strategic plans of ecological development of city and setting of nature protection measures.

Pollution of atmospheric air above the city highways.

The study is devoted to the estimation of pollution deposit caused by vehicles into the city to-tal greenhouse gases emissions and to the forecast of the secondary air pollution with formal-dehyde. The present study contains mathematic model which allows getting the estimation of vehicles emission in the total amount of polluted atmospheric air. The model consists of two intercon-nected parts: a dynamic and a kinetic one. The first part of the model is based on the Theory of Convective Jet and Thermals in the Atmosphere and allows to get the parameters of the contaminated air which is being formed over the highway. The Dynamic part of the model allows to get the total amount of hydrocarbons emission depending on the number of vehicles which is present at the same time on the highway. We also obtain the data on concentration of pollution and temperature increasing in the narrowest section of the thermal jet. The kinetic part of the model allows to determine the concentration of the secondary atmos-pheric air contamination with formaldehyde as a result of photochemical transformation of hydrocarbons which are the part of emission of internal combustion engine. The speed of the transformation reaction was determined by the Can't Hoff-Arrhenius deferential equation. The given mathematical model was tested with the help of the system of regular observation over the polluted atmospheric air in Kyiv city. The comparison of the estimated value of for-maldehyde concentration and the observation data doesn't exceed 5 % above the maximum values. According to average monthly rates there is a false positive error (to + 20 % in the warmest months). Basing on the given model the calculator of concentration of pollution by vehicles was devel-oped. This calculator allows to obtain rapidly the values of formaldehyde concentration, de-pending on air temperature, solar radiation and number of vehicles on the highway. The amount of hydrocarbon emission from the vehicles, according the suggested model, allows to estimate the deposit of vehicles into the total amount of greenhouse gases of the city. The ob-tained results could be useful in forming of ecological policy of the cities and in managerial decision making.

ВЛИЯНИЕ КОКСОВОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ОАО «ДНЕПРОКОКС» НА СОСТОЯНИЕ ВОЗДУШНОГО БАССЕЙНА

Purpose. Estimation of influence of dust and gas emissionsof coke production of OJSC "Dneprokoks"on the level of contamination of air pool and degree of his danger. Methodology. Сalculations of pollution indices for various emission sources and individual pollutants were carried out, determined their contribution to the general air pollution by the coke shop, the inte gral pollution index was calculated and, by comparison with its maximum permissible normative value, the level and degree of air pollution hazard were estimated. Findings. The exceedance of the maximum permissible level of pollution by 5 ingredients of emissions is established, the main of them are nitrogen dioxide, benz(a)pyrene and sulfur dioxide. Among sources a most contribution to contamination of air pool is brought in by emissions from flues, from the coke extinguishing wagonsand through theleakiness of doors of coking chambers; the index of contamination exceeds a possible level also for emissions at loading of chargein the furnaceand from the pipe of setting of unloading of coke without dust. Originality. The value of integral index of contamination of air the emissions of coke production of OJSC "Dneprokoks"is got. Exceeding by this index of normative value in 13,2 time testifies to the impermissible level contamination of atmospheric air the emissions of coke workshop, which, according to hygienic requirements, should be considered as very dangerous to health. Practical value. The set quantitative descriptions of contamination of air pool for different components and sources ofemissions allow reasonably to choose priority objects for development and realization of events on the increase of technosphericsafety of coke workshop.

The Impact of Dust Particles on Cultural Heritage Objects in the Field of Environmental Mechanics

Nowadays due to the active step of urbanisation and rapid development of industry, the contamination of atmospheric air is one of the key aspects of environmental mechanics. Polluted air deteriorates the appearance of historical buildings and architectural monuments. With the help of modern methods, aimed at preservation of cultural heritage objects, it is possible to evaluate the impact of dusty air on the appearance of historical buildings in order to save them, because it is a demonstration of architectural and design features of various temporary periods.

Eutrophication of an Urban Forest Ecosystem: Causes and Effects

The combined use of methods of passive dosimetry of the status of atmospheric air, phytoindication, and cartographic visualization of data made it possible to elaborate and substantiate approaches to evaluation of the effect of atmospheric air contamination on the eutrophication of forest ecosystems under urban conditions.

Lidar system for monitoring radioactive contamination of atmospheric air

The potential of a lidar system for monitoring the contamination of atmospheric air with radionuclides of cesium, strontium, xenon, and krypton was evaluated on the basis of differential absorption (DA) and resonance fluorescence to determine the minimum possible concentrations. The obtained results for the solution of the lidar equation show that the lidar system of DA and scattering can be used to determine the concentration of the investigated radionuclides in the atmosphere in the range of 108–1015 cm−3 on a path up to 10 km long at selected wavelengths of laser radiation, which agrees well with previous results for isotopes of iodine. Lidar fluorescent probing of the investigated radionuclides in the atmosphere at selected wavelengths of laser radiation is possible at distances up to 400 m.

Contamination of atmospheric air of cities of coastal zone cities North Western Black Sea region by specific contaminаnts

The areas of the Northwest Black Sea region are an area of unique recreational resources and tourism, sanatorium treatment and recreation, maritime transport and shipbuilding, grain and grape cultivation. This territory includes Odessa, Mykolaiv and Kherson regions. The area is the largest in Ukraine. It occupies the southern seaside (Black Sea and Azov) territory of the country. His industrial production is concentrated mainly in port cities. Purpose.. Analysis of the level of pollution of the airspace of the cities of the coastal zone of the Northwest Black Sea coast by specific specific impurities. Methods. Statistical and comparative analysis. Results. The level of atmospheric air pollution in the cities of the coastal zone of the North-Western Black Sea region: dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, phenol and hydrogen fluoride have been analyzed. Assessment of the level of pollution on the basis of the calculation of the air pollution index and the indicator of the maximum permissible pollution. A correlation analysis was used to assess the effect of carbon monoxide on formaldehyde content. In most cases, the relationship between the content of carbon monoxide and formaldehyde in the atmospheric air of Odessa is characterized as "average" (rxy = 0.4 - 0.6 - medium average , rxy = 0.6 - 0.8 - the connection is tight and high). It should also be noted that there are negative rxy values indicating the feedback and, consequently, the presence of additional sources of formaldehyde. Conclusions. The highest level of atmospheric air pollution is observed in all cities by the content of formaldehyde, the highest level of pollution for all impurities is observed in Odessa.

Atmospheric occurrence, homologue patterns and source apportionment of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in Shanghai, China: Biomonitoring with Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) needles

A comprehensive survey was conducted to Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) needles widely distributed in Shanghai in order to investigate the levels and homologue group patterns of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs), to identify and quantitatively assess source contributions to the total CPs in pine needle samples. The concentration ranged from not detected (ND) to 13,600ngg−1 with a geometric mean (GM) value of 63.7ngg−1 for ΣSCCPs, from 12.4 to 33,500ngg−1 with a GM value of 677ngg−1 for ΣMCCPs, and from 14.0 to 45,700ngg−1 with a GM value of 768ngg−1 for total CPs. For different sampling units, the pollution levels both for SCCPs and MCCPs in pine needles were in the same orders: Pudong>suburbs>Puxi>Chongming. These significant differences in SCCPs and MCCPs among four sampling units could be associated with difference in industrial activities and to some extent also in population density. All pine needle samples (n=131) were divided into 2 groups by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) for SCCPs and MCCPs, the most abundant homologue groups in the bulk of pine needle samples were C11Cl5−7 and C13Cl5−7 for SCCPs, and C14Cl7−8 and C15Cl7−8 for MCCPs. Correlation analysis suggested that SCCPs and MCCPs in pine needles in the studied area may be derived from different sources. Four sources for pine needles were identified by the FA-MLR model; their relative contributions to the total CP burden in pine needles were 18.0% for F1 (attributed to commercial SCCP mixture), 42.2% for F2 (attributed to commercial MCCP mixture), 29.3% for F3 (attributed to LRAT), and 10.5% for F4 (unknown source). CP contamination of atmospheric air by point sources and long-range atmospheric transport in Shanghai should receive more attention by local government.

Influence of Meteorological Terms on Contamination Level Atmosphere of Landscapes Volyn Region

Purpose. Analysis of meteorological terms for the estimation of meteorological potential and his intercommunication with the levels of contamination of atmospheric air in the Volyn region by the state on 2015. Methods. Comparatively geographical, analytical, generalization, systematizations, and also cartographic with the use of the computer programs of Mapinfo Professional 8,0. Results. On the basis of analysis of meteorological quantities in 2015 the indexes of meteorological potential of atmosphere are expected for every month on six weather-stations of the Volyn region. Determined, that quantities of meteorological potential of atmosphere were favorable to the processes of dispersion of contaminents in January, April, May, July, on all weather-stations of region, and the processes of accumulation, which are predefined a presence mostly days with fogs and, prevailed in February, August, October and December the processes of accumulation, which are predefined a presence mostly days with fogs and winds with speed of 0-1 m/s in an autumn-winter period, prevailed. Most evenly on the weather-stations of region there were processes of both dispersion and accumulation of contaminents, midair in March, June, September and November. More active were the processes of dispersion of contaminents observed on weather-stations Lutsk, Lyubeshiv, Manevichi and Kovel, and processes of accumulation on weather-stations Svityaz' and Volodymyr-Volynsky is in August and February. Conclusions. The analysis of meteorological terms of the Volyn region confirms, that in central and Sonth districts, the processes of dispersion of contaminents prevail midair during a year, which allowed to place industrial objects. At Volodymyr-Volynsky and adjoining to him districts it is not recommended to build new enterprises in connection with predominance of processes of accumulation. In northlands an area favourable natural and meteorological terms were formed for recreation, self-wiping of atmosphere.

Complete biochemical rehabilitation of contaminated soils

Currently considerable attention is being devoted to protection and restoration of the environment. Here problems connected with contamination of atmospheric air, underground, and surface water come to the forefront, in following which a no less significant question is treatment of soil. Today there is an ever increasing level of contamination of town soils by inorganic (mainly heavy metals) and organic (mainly oil product hydrocarbons), ecotoxicants, a high degree of soil compaction, inadequate maintenance, including loosening, flooding, introduction of fertilizers, which in combination leads to degradation of the landscape. Exclusion of contaminating substances of anthropogenic origin from entering the landscape is impossible. Therefore by soil purification we should understand exclusion of contaminating substances from biological circulation. Solution of this problem currently involves either collection and disposal of contaminated soils followed by a covering of imported, ecologically clean, soil, or comprehensive technological measures for cleaning contaminated earth (physical/mechanical, chemical/reagent and biological, i.e., biomediation/phytomediation, methods). However, use of existing biological preparations only makes it possible to purify soils effectively from oil products. A consequence of this is the proposed use and further study of new biological rehabilitation technology for contaminated soils, based on use of a combined preparation, i.e., a mixture of humic-mineral concentrate and biological preparation Oleovorin. On introducing this preparation there is conversion of oil products within soils into carbon dioxide gas and soil organic matter (up to a relatively safe concentration of 1 g/kg) and bonded mobile forms of heavy metals (HM), which prevents their migration into ground water and entry into vegetation. A series of laboratory and field tests was set up with the aim of determining the main parameters of the production regime for purifying contaminated soil of town areas and revealing the dependence of the degree of contaminated soil detoxification on different conditions. The HM concentration in soil was determined by atomic-absorption analysis using a KVANT-2A spectrometer, and the concentration of oil products was determined by a fluorimetric method using a FLYuORAT 02-3M type instrument. In the course of a laboratory experiment soil naturally contaminated from grassy areas adjacent to a large main road of Moscow was studied. Data are presented in Fig. 1 for the reduction in the concentration of mobile forms of HM in the course of a laboratory experiment. The greatest degree of oil product biodegradation was obtained with introduction of the optimum concentration of preparation components with temperature increased to t ≈ 30°C and it was 60.8% of the initial concentration Coilprod = 3.25 g/kg (Fig. 2). Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Vol. 46, Nos. 11–12, March, 2011 (Russian Original Nos. 11–12, Nov.–Dec., 2010)

Application of analytical methods for estimating contamination of atmospheric air during launch of carrier rockets of different classes from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome

The influence of the launch of carrier rockets of different classes on chemical composition of the air in the working zone of the Plesetsk Cosmodrome is studied by ion chromatography, spectrophotometry, and gas analysis. On the basis of analysis of data obtained, the efficiency of methods used and the locality and short-term duration of atmospheric pollution by toxic components of rocket propellants in the region of the launch complex at the cosmodrome are deduced.

Application of Two Sampling Methods to Assessment of Bacteriological Contamination of Atmospheric Air in Olsztyn

Application of Two Sampling Methods to Assessment of Bacteriological Contamination of Atmospheric Air in Olsztyn