Ability Of Atmosphere Research Articles

A Game Analysis on International Emissions Trading under Climate Change

Carbon emissions and climate are intricately related. People's activities are growing as a result of advances in science and technology, which raises carbon dioxide emissions. As a result of these greenhouse gases, the atmosphere's ability to dissipate heat will decline, raising global temperatures and making climate change a more serious issue. To achieve sustainable development, people must begin to pay attention to these challenges and strike a balance between the environment and economic progress. This paper introduces the mechanism of emissions trading and the benefits of its operation. In order to discuss the possibility of enabling countries to use emissions trading, this paper uses a non-cooperative game theory model to analyze the choices made by developing and developed countries under the background of the Kyoto Protocol. Combined with the equilibrium obtained by the hypothesized model, some methods and reasons for improving the results are proposed. This paper concludes that both developed and developing countries are more inclined to use emissions trading to achieve emission reduction targets or obtain certain benefits.

Contributions of primary emissions and secondary formation to nitrated aromatic compounds in themountain background region of Southeast China

Abstract. As a major component of brown carbon (BrC), nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) have a significant role in the atmosphere's ability to absorb light. However, the sources and major influencing factors of NACs in the mountain background atmosphere are mostly lacking. Based on a thorough field investigation of NACs from fine particle samples taken in 2014 and 2015 at the peak of Mt. Wuyi (1139 m.a.s.l.), the current work discussed the seasonal fluctuations in their composition, their sources, and the important influencing factors. The total abundance of nine quantifiable NACs increased significantly in the winter (3.9 ± 1.5 ng m−3) and autumn (2.1 ± 0.94 ng m−3), whereas it decreased in the spring (1.3 ± 0.75 ng m−3) and summer (0.97 ± 0.36 ng m−3). According to the results of structural equation modeling, the majority of NACs (93 %) were influenced by biomass, coal, and petroleum combustion over the entire year. This work identified the origins of NACs with applying the positive matrix factorization receptor model. The five major source factors were biomass burning, coal combustion, secondary formation by nitration reaction, secondary formation by photochemical reaction, and other sources. Among them, biomass burning and coal combustion played an important role, especially in the wintertime, with a contribution of more than 50 %. Meanwhile, contributions from secondary formation were significant in these remote areas, which were mainly by photochemical reaction in the summertime and nitration reaction in the wintertime. Further analysis indicated that the formation of NACs was comparatively sensitive to NO2 under low-NOx conditions, suggesting that NACs would become significant in the aerosol characteristics when nitrate concentrations decreased as a result of emission reduction measures.

A Global Quantification of the Physical Processes Leading to Near‐Surface Cold Extremes

AbstractKinematic backward trajectories are used to globally quantify the contributions of temperature advection, adiabatic compression and diabatic processes to near‐surface temperature anomalies (hereafter ) during the coldest day of each year (TN1day events) based on ERA5. Diabatic cooling dominates TN1day anomalies in the climatologically coldest regions, while advection forms TN1day anomalies over most ocean regions. Over most extratropical land masses, TN1day anomalies arise from a combination of both processes. The mean age and formation distance of TN1day anomalies vary strongly in space, from one to 8 days, and 500–5,500 km, respectively. Five distinct types of TN1day events are identified from these physical and spatio‐temporal characteristics, and their geographical occurrence is investigated. Furthermore, advective, adiabatic and diabatic contributions typically cancel each other partially, but less so for the most intense TN1day events, which occur when the atmosphere's ability to dampen near‐surface temperature anomalies is limited.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RAINFALL AND PRECIPITABLE WATER IN THE ANNUAL AND SEMIANNUAL RAINFALL IN THE AREA WITH VARIOUS INTENSITY OF EL NINO (SUMATERA CASE STUDY)

Indonesia has a range of islands in the maritime continent which surrounded by oceans with strong cloud convection. El Nino events at weak, medium, or strong intensity can cause different effects of convection. Based on these conditions, it is necessary to analyze the characteristics of rainfall when El Nino occurred in Sumatra. The analysis was carried out by looking at the percentage of dominant frequency events of Normal (N), Normal (N), and Above Normal (AN) rainfall in El Nino years. The analysis was also carried for the relationship between the content of precipitable water and sea surface temperatures in the Central Pacific (Nino of 3.4 indexes). The results of the analysis show that the effect of El Nino (in the annual rain cycle) is stronger than the region with the semi-annual rain cycle. The annual rain cycle area in the El Nino intensity category is weak, medium, strong (predominantly BN-N rain characteristics). In the semi-annual rainfall cycle (rainfall between N-AN) it is medium (BN-AN), and strong (N-BN). The average composite percentage in the years of EL Nino shows a weak intensity with the average of rain BN between 37-50%, medium (42-53), and strong (42-48%). Whereas in the annual cycle region, the average rainfall characteristics of the BN category are weak (50-58%), moderate (36-56%), and strong (32-60%). Characteristics of different rain characteristics are due to differences in the atmospheric ability to capture moisture. Correlation in the region with the annual rain cycle (June-July-August) between the Nino 3.4 Index and the precipitable water content shows a strong (r) correlation (-0.4 to -0.6). This is in contrast with the region semi-annual rain cycle which shows a weaker correlation (0.2 to 0.3).

Climatological study of the Boundary-layer air Stagnation Index for China and its relationship with air pollution

Abstract. The Air Stagnation Index (ASI) is a vital meteorological measure of the atmosphere's ability to dilute air pollutants. The original metric adopted by the US National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) is found to be not very suitable for China, because the decoupling between the upper and lower atmospheric layers results in a weak link between the near-surface air pollution and upper-air wind speed. Therefore, a new threshold for the ASI–Boundary-layer air Stagnation Index (BSI) is proposed, consisting of daily maximal ventilation in the atmospheric boundary layer, precipitation, and real latent instability. In the present study, the climatological features of the BSI are investigated. It shows that the spatial distribution of the BSI is similar to the ASI; that is, annual mean stagnations occur most often in the northwestern and southwestern basins, i.e., the Xinjiang and Sichuan basins (more than 180 days), and least over plateaus, i.e., the Qinghai–Tibet and Yunnan plateaus (less than 40 days). However, the seasonal cycle of the BSI is changed. Stagnation days under the new metric are observed to be maximal in winter and minimal in summer, which is positively correlated with the air pollution index (API) during 2000–2012. The correlations between the BSI and the concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during January 2013 and November to December in 2015–2017 of Beijing are also investigated. It shows that the BSI matches the day-by-day variation of PM2.5 concentration very well and is able to catch the haze episodes.

Atmospheric self-cleaning coefficients as indicators of the atmospheric ability to dissipate pollutants in Ukraine

Atmospheric self-cleaning coefficients as indicators of the atmospheric ability to dissipate pollutants in Ukraine

Differences of near-ground atmospheric Rn-222 concentration between urban and rural area with reference to microclimate diversity

Abstract A unique 4-year dataset of hourly near-surface meteorological and atmospheric Radon-222 measurements made simultaneously at adjacent rural and urban sites in central Poland are presented and discussed. The annual, seasonal and diurnal variations of Rn-222 concentration were analysed. The magnitude of the urban heat island effect (UHI: difference in 2 m air temperature between the urban and rural regions) was found to be reasonably well correlated with traditional atmospheric stability indicators (i.e. wind speed and near-surface temperature gradient). To better quantify the influence of the UHI on the strength/depth of nocturnal mixing, the rural radon observations were used to classify the nocturnal mixing state regionally on a nightly basis, enabling a comparison between the rural and urban observations over four stability categories ranging from near-neutral to stable. Averaged over the entire dataset, near-neutral nocturnal conditions were characterised by 2 m wind speeds, U 2m , of ∼1.3 m s −1 and 2–0.2 m temperature gradients, ΔT, of ∼0.5 °C in the rural region, compared to U 2m = 1.15 m s −1 and ΔT = −0.24 °C in the urban region. By comparison, under regionally stable conditions U 2m = 0.6 m s −1 and ΔT = 1.5–2.0 °C in the rural region and U 2m = 0.8 m s −1 and ΔT = −0.25 °C in the urban region. Between near-neutral to stable conditions, the nocturnal UHI varied from ∼0.8 to 2.4 °C. The higher wind speeds under regionally stable conditions in the urban centre compared to the rural region (25 km distant) indicate that the slightly unstable conditions and UHI = 2.4 °C are sufficient to sustain a meso-scale circulation cell. The effect that the nocturnal urban heating has locally on the atmosphere's ability to dilute primary pollutants at night is indicated by the contrasting diurnal amplitude of radon concentration at each site under regionally stable conditions: ∼9 Bq m −3 in the rural region and ∼2 Bq m −3 in the urban region.

Assessing circumbinary habitable zones using latitudinal energy balance modelling

Previous attempts to describe circumbinary habitable zones have been concerned with the spatial extent of the zone, calculated analytically according to the combined radiation field of both stars. By contrast to these "spatial HZs", we present a numerical analysis of the "orbital HZ", a habitable zone defined as a function of planet orbital elements. This orbital HZ is better equipped to handle (for example) eccentric planet orbits, and is more directly connected to the data returned by exoplanet observations. Producing an orbital HZ requires a large number of climate simulations to be run to investigate the parameter space - we achieve this using Latitudinal Energy Balance Models (LEBMs), which handle the insolation of the planet by both stars (including mutual eclipses), as well as the planetary atmosphere's ability to absorb, transfer and lose heat. We present orbital HZs for several known circumbinary planetary systems: Kepler-16, Kepler-34, Kepler-35, Kepler-47 and PH-1. Generally, the orbital HZs at zero eccentricity are consistent with spatial HZs derived by other authors, although we detect some signatures of variability that coincide with resonances between the binary and planet orbital periods. We confirm that Earthlike planets around Kepler-47 with Kepler-47c's orbital parameters could possess liquid water, despite current uncertainties regarding its eccentricity. Kepler-16b is found to be outside the habitable zone, as well as the other circumbinary planets investigated.

Planning for Economic Growth with Reduced CO2 Emissions in Provincial China: The Case of Jiangxi

ABSTRACT Since the Industrial Revolution, the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG), primarily carbon dioxide (CO2), has put increasing pressure on the atmosphere's ability to absorb them. China is the fastest growing major economy in the world, and is following a process of rapid industrialization. This process, however, contributes dramatically to global warming through major CO2 emissions. The widespread provision of electricity through coal-fired power plants is just one contributor, but industrial structures, transportation systems, and the construction of large superblock residential towers also play major roles. The large cities and industrialized provinces of China emit the most CO2, a fact that requires serious attention. However, stemming this trend elsewhere in China would provide a greater opportunity for success in reducing overall CO2 emissions in the country. Consequently, the question this paper addresses is what policies can be adopted to reduce CO2 emissions in provinces in China where development is still in its early stages, while maintaining economic growth. Jiangxi is a province that has historically been a major agricultural area. In recent years, however, because of the economic development policies of the Chinese central government, the province's rich mineral deposits, favorable location, and convenient transportation system are attracting more investments and projects for development (Statistical Bureau of Jiangxi, 2010). Jiangxi, then, provides an excellent case study because the province, although developing quickly, might still produce less CO2 if proper growth policies and actions are implemented. According to the results of this research, CO2 emissions would indeed decline in Jiangxi if the province would adopt new technology for electricity generation and increase the GDP role of the service sector.

A Case Study on Environmental, Economy and Health Benefits of a Fule Switching Project in a Chinese City

As one of the top five most seriously polluted cities by acid rain in the southwest of China, Nanchong was selected as one of 18 pilot cities of China for Clear Energy Action (CEA) by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and China National Science and Technology Ministry (NSTM) from 2001-2005. We analyze and discuss the economic, social, and environmental significance and impacts of the substitution of coal with natural gas in Nanchong. Nanchong city is one of eighteen cities that have been selected by the Department of Science and Technology and UNDP cooperative project for “applying technology of sanitary energy sources, decreasing ability of atmosphere polluted of city.” The amount of polluting substances in Nanchong’s atmosphere has been reduced significantly as a result of the project that replaced coal with gas, carried out from 2000 to 2010.

Changing polar environments: Interdisciplinary challenges

In the past few decades, there has been enormous growth in scientific studies of physical, chemical, and biological interactions among reservoirs in polar regions. This has come, in part, as a result of a few significant discoveries: There is dramatic halogen chemistry that occurs on and above the sea ice in the springtime that destroys lower tropospheric ozone and mercury [Simpson et al., 2007; Steffen et al., 2008], the sunlit snowpack is very photochemically active [Grannas et al., 2007], biology as a source of organic compounds plays a pivotal role in these processes, and these processes are occurring in the context of rapidly changing polar regions under climate feedbacks that are as of yet not fully understood [Serreze and Barry, 2011]. Stimulated by the opportunities of the International Polar Year (IPY, 2007–2009), a number of large‐scale field studies in both polar environments have been undertaken, aimed at the study of the complex biotic and abiotic processes occurring in all phases (see Figure 1). Sea ice plays a critical role in polar environments: It is a highly reflective surface that interacts with radiation; it provides a habitat for mammals and micro‐organisms alike, thus playing a key role in polar trophic processes and elemental cycles; and it creates a saline environment for chemical processes that facilitate release of halogenated gases that contribute to the atmosphere's ability to photochemically cleanse itself in an otherwise low‐radiation environment. Ocean‐air and sea ice–air interfaces also produce aerosol particles that provide cloud condensation nuclei.

A Study of Various Nitrogen‐based Furnace Atmospheres and Their Effects on Copper Thick‐film Conductors and Dielectrics

Manufacturers of multilayer copper thick‐film circuitry face the challenge of firing parts in an inert nitrogen atmosphere to prevent the copper from oxidising. Nitrogen, while protecting the copper from oxidation, offers no efficient mechanism for removing the carbon‐based vehicles used in the copper thick‐film paste. Because of this, carbon residues or soot often deposit on the parts during the firing process. In an attempt to improve the nitrogen furnace atmosphere's ability to remove the vehicles, several gases or gas blends were added to a nitrogen‐based furnace atmosphere. Thick‐film copper conductors and dielectric test pieces were then processed using the various gas blends. The physical properties of adhesion, aged adhesion, solderability, and conductivity of the copper conductor test pieces were studied along with the dielectric properties of dissipation factor, insulation resistance, and dielectric constant. Some of the gases tested included H2, H2O, CO, CO2, and a variety of other gas combinations. Test results demonstrated the atmosphere's ability to effect changes in the physical properties of the parts being processed. A proprietary gas blend was developed which proved effective in removing carbon residues while maintaining the desirable physical properties of the thick films. This work demonstrates the ability of certain gas additives to improve the performance of conventional nitrogen atmospheres when firing copper thick‐film circuitry. With the proper selection of the gas additive, atmosphere flows can be reduced, carbon residues eliminated, and the physical properties of the copper conductors and dielectrics maintained or improved.