Sarda Sarda Research Articles

Simulation and Validation of a Novel Colorimetric Three‐Layer Intelligent Indicators With Different Binders to Monitor Freshness of Atlantic Bonito (Sarda sarda) Under Two Different Atmospheres

ABSTRACTReal‐time monitoring of spoilage/freshness of perishable food products using intelligent indicators under commercial packaging conditions is of interest. Thus, this study is aimed at fabricating intelligent indicators to determine the possibility of using developed indicators to monitor fish freshness packaged under real packaging conditions. Bromothymol blue (BTB) dye and two different binders (methyl cellulose [MC] and cellulose acetate [CA]) were used to fabricate four different indicators, with the addition of NaOH for carbon dioxide (CO2) or HCl for total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N) sensitive indicators. The colour of produced indicators was observed during 10‐day simulations using CO2 and trimethyl amine (TMA) at different concentrations (0%–30% for both) at 4°C. BTB‐MC‐NaOH changed from blue to green at 15% CO2, while BTB‐CA‐NaOH changed from green to yellow at 25% CO2. Both BTB‐MC‐HCl and BTB‐CA‐HCl indicators changed colour completely at 15% TMA (BTB‐MC‐HCl from yellow to navy and BTB‐CA‐HCl from yellow to green). Indicators were used to monitor the spoilage of Atlantic bonito for 10 days at 4°C under two different modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) conditions (30% CO2, 70% nitrogen (N2) and 100% N2). Headspace gas analysis, pH, TVB‐N, TMA, microbiology, sensory and colour analyses were conducted. For 30% CO2 70% N2, CO2‐sensitive indicators showed a colour change responding to CO2 used, while TVB‐N sensitive indicators showed no visible colour change since the TMA level in packages did not reach the spoilage threshold. Colour transition was also not clear in any of indicators under 100% N2‐packaging, since neither colour‐changing range of CO2 or TMA was reached.

The gills and skin microbiota of five pelagic fish species from the Atlantic Ocean.

The gills and skin microbiota and microbiome of wild fish remain far more under-investigated compared to that of farmed fish species, despite that these animal-microbe interactions hold the same ecophysiological roles in both cases. In this study, the gills and skin bacterial microbiota profiles and their presumptive bacterial metabolisms were investigated in five open-sea fishes: bullet tuna (Auxis sp.), common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus), Atlantic little tunny (Euthynnus alletteratus), Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) and Atlantic white marlin (Kajikia albida). Gills and skin tissues were collected from two to three individuals per species, from specimens caught by recreational trolling during summer of 2019, and their bacterial 16S rRNA gene diversity was analysed by high-throughput sequencing. The gills bacterial communities among the five species were clearly different but not the skin bacterial microbiota. The dominant operational taxonomic units belonged to the Moraxellaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, Staphylococcaceae and Vibrionaceae families. Despite the differences in taxonomic composition, the presumptive bacterialmetabolisms between the gills and skin of the five fishes investigated here were ≥ 94% similarand were dominated by basic metabolism, most likely reflecting the continuous exposure of these tissues in the surrounding seawater.

Structure/function relationship of Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda Bloch) myoglobin and comparison with Atlantic and Tinker mackerel myoglobins

Atlantic bonito meat has economic potential as an alternative to mackerel consumption. Thus, considering the presence of myoglobin (Mb) in red fish muscles, we report the characterisation of Atlantic bonito Mb compared to Atlantic and Tinker mackerel Mbs since this haemoprotein is implicated in lipid oxidation and fish meat preservation. A plethora of biochemical approaches were employed to purified Mb from Atlantic bonito and determine the autoxidation rate constant (0.189 ± 0.009 h−1), melting temperature (Tm = 72.84 ± 1.02 °C) and pseudoperoxidase activity in different conditions (pH and several cations). Atlantic and Tinker mackerel Mbs showed a lower Tm (∼66.85 °C), while oxyMb autoxidation rate constant was higher for Atlantic mackerel (∼1.08-fold) and lower for Tinker mackerel (∼1.35-fold) compared to Atlantic bonito. This Mb had a Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of 38.63 ± 1.89 μM, ∼2.49-fold and 2.27-fold lower than Atlantic and Tinker mackerel Mbs, respectively. Atlantic bonito Mb primary structure has 146 amino acid residues with the N-terminal acetylated and 25 amino acid substitutions with respect to Atlantic and Tinker mackerel Mbs. In silico analysis revealed that 7 out of 25 substitutions are close to the haem-pocket, while 18 out of 25 are far from this region. All substitutions, except H20, L70 and L81 are exposed on the protein globular surface. Overall, the results of this research provide new information for future studies that will be useful to the fish industry for preservation of frozen or canned Atlantic bonito meat considering the presence of Mb as a reactive haemoprotein.

Metal Content, Fatty Acid and Vitamins in Commercially Available Canned Fish on the Bulgarian Market: Benefit-Risk Ratio Intake.

Today, the distribution and consumption of canned products have become widespread due to the convenience of using processed fish products. This study aims to evaluate elements of toxicological concern and essential elements (Cd, Al, Cu, Cr, Mn, Fe, Pb, Ni, and Zn), the fatty acid composition, and the fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant pigment contents of various canned fish products purchased on the Bulgarian market. The estimated weekly intake and human health benefit-risk ratio based on metal elements and n-3 LC-PUFA contents in canned fish products were assessed. The contents of the analyzed elements in the canned samples were found to be below the limits set by various health organizations. Al was detected in only one sample. The profile of fatty acids showed that the canned fish had high PUFA/SFA ratios, EPA + DHA contents and low SFA, AI and TI values. The analyzed canned fish contained significant contents of fat-soluble vitamins. The Atlantic bonito in a jar sample was characterized by a high percentage of vitamin A (26.7% RDI) and vitamin D3 (142% RDI) per 100 g portion. The calculated EWI value shows that the consumption of canned fish products did not present any risk. The benefit-risk ratio indicates that the canned fish species are safe for human consumption, except for one sample regarding Cr.

Assessment of metal and organic pollutants in combination with stable isotope analysis in tunas from the Gulf of Cadiz (east Atlantic)

Bioaccumulation patterns of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe and Cu) and organic (priority and emerging) pollutants, in combination with stable isotope analysis (SIA), were assessed in muscle and liver of three tuna species from the Gulf of Cadiz (Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus; Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda, and skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis). SIA and contaminant (heavy metal and organic) profiles separately discriminated between species. There was no significant overlap between the trophic niches estimated from isotopic data, suggesting that there are diet differences which may determine differential bioaccumulation patterns. The levels of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants in muscle of all the individuals analyzed were below the allowable limits established by the current legislation. Concentrations of most contaminants were higher in liver than in muscle, underlining the powerful detoxifying capacity of the liver in tunas. In addition to diet, other factors such as size and age (exposure time to environmental chemicals) explain differences in pollutant accumulation patterns in tissues between species, each with varying degrees of involvement depending on the pollutant class. Our results show that combining contaminant profile data with trophic features based on SIA may help understand pollutant bioaccumulation patterns in upper levels of marine food webs.

Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) genomic analysis reveals population differentiation across Northeast Atlantic and mediterranean locations: Implications for fishery management

The Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda, family Scombridae) is a pelagic species and one of the most exploited small tuna species. Despite its economic importance, biological information is scarce with no associated management directives. In this study, using a population genomic approach resulted in a lack of panmixia of two genetic pools with different effective population sizes (east central-tropical Atlantic and northeast Atlantic-Mediterranean) and an intermixing zone in Atlantic Morocco. The absence of genetic heterogeneity between the locations in Atlantic - Mediterranean transitional zone adds new evidence that challenges the Strait of Gibraltar as a phylogeographic barrier for marine pelagic species. These results are proposed to the ICCAT Commission to establish management areas for this species, although they are not consistent with the recently adopted pelagic ecoregions. Finally, a panel of highly informative SNPs was developed for efficient and low-cost population assignment and the analysis of unresolved population structures.

Predator Effect of Atlantic Bonito on the Black Sea Anchovy and Their Sustainable and Optimal Fishery

The Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) and Black Sea anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) fisheries in the southern part of the Black Sea currently lack a consistent harvesting strategy. To address this issue, a fishery model has been developed to optimize and stabilize the predator-prey relationship between these two species. This study offers an optimal and stable predator-prey relationship, resulting in higher landings and profits for the commercial fishery compared to the current harvesting strategy outlined in the study. The findings of this research can be utilized to determine sustainable yields and fishing quotas for these fisheries. Additionally, the examination of the predator-prey relationship between these species has revealed that, on an annual average, 93,259 tonnes of anchovy are consumed by the Atlantic bonito, which corresponds to approximately 46% of the estimated average anchovy landing. Furthermore, it has been observed that a 10% increase or decrease in the Atlantic bonito's feeding habits on the anchovy population leads to fluctuations in anchovy landings of up to 13% and anchovy profits of up to 40%.

Estimation of Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) stock status in the Senegalese Exclusive Economic Zone (SEEZ) from the catch-based model (CMSY) and length-based bayesian estimation (LBB) method

Among the seven major small tuna species defined in the ICCAT priority list for future studies, Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) is the most heavily targeted by artisanal and industrial fisheries in many coastal areas. Considering this high pressure and the limits of previous studies on its status in some areas of the Atlantic Ocean, this study focused on assessing the Atlantic bonito stock mainly harvested by the artisanal fisheries in the Senegalese Exclusive Economic Zone (SEEZ) using two data-limited approaches (LBB and CMSY). These models used the recorded length composition, catch, and CPUE data for Atlantic bonito caught by various fishing gears to provide significant fisheries reference points to evaluate the stock status of this species. The LBB model indicated an Atlantic bonito healthy stock status with B/BMSY values ranging from 1.3 to 1.6 and B/B0 values varying from 0.47 to 0.61 of the main scenarios performed (BON_AFG_CL, BON_GN_Length, and BON_PS_Length). The results estimated by LBB are consistent with those obtained by CMSY. The CMSY model results demonstrate that the SEEZ Atlantic bonito stock is in a sound condition in the final year of the main scenarios analyzed (BON, BON-bt, BON-GN-bt, and BON-PS-bt) with sustainable relative stock biomass (B2018/BMSY= 1.13 to 1.3) and fishing pressure levels (F2018/FMSY= 0.52 to 1.43). However, the results of the two models show that longlines and sleeping nets negatively affect this species’ stock in this area, showing a slightly overfished and overfished stock status, respectively. The results of the scenarios formulated by these two fishing gears (BON_LL_Length, BON_SN_Length for LBB and BON-LL-bt, BON-SN-bt for CMSY) are below the reference values. LBB shows Lc/Lc_opt values ranging from 0.61 to 1, B/BMSY from 0.49 to 1, and B/B0 from 0.18 to 0.39. For CMSY, these two scenarios show a B/BMSY varying between 0.33 and 0.8.

Standardized catch per unit effort and size compositions of Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793), harvested by artisanal fisheries in the Senegalese Exclusive Economic Zone (SEEZ)

Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793), is a valuable small tuna species to coastal countries and local communities. This species is heavily exploited by artisanal fisheries in the Senegalese Exclusive Economic Zone (SEEZ). The common gears used in artisanal fisheries for catching Atlantic bonito are gillnets, purse seines, longlines, and sleeping nets. Although catches of this species have increased in recent years, little is known about the Atlantic bonito catch per unit effort (CPUE) and size selectivity in theregion. As this information is relevant for many stock assessments, available catch, effort and size data from Atlantic bonito harvested over 15 years (2004–2018) with different gears were used in the present study to calculate the nominal and standardized CPUE, size-frequency distribution and length at retentions (50 % and 95 % selectivity) of the species. To eliminate the effects of temporal, spatial, and environmental factors, the Atlantic bonito CPUE was standardized using generalized linear and additive models. The retention length at 50 % and 95 % for each year and gear was calculated from the cumulative length frequency distribution as a proxy for selectivity. Optimal model standardization CPUE results showed a significant trend for gillnets, ranging from 4.6 kg/trip in 2005–92.65 kg/trip in 2018, while sleeping nets showed lower CPUE values, ranging from 2.12 kg/trip in 2004 up to 0.83 kg/trip in 2018. This study showed that the year, month, and fishing Area variables were the main factors affecting the nominal CPUE for all scenarios evaluated in this study. Catch data, CPUE and selectivity results have shown that gillnets are the most selective and efficient among the four main gears used to catch Atlantic bonito in the SEEZ.

ОЦЕНКА СОСТОЯНИЯ ЗАПАСОВ МОРСКИХ ВИДОВ РЫБ ЧЕРНОГО МОРЯ (ВОДЫ РОССИИ) В 2021 Г

Based on the available biological and fisheries data, stock status review for 18 units of the fish species inhabiting the Black Sea and the both Azov and Black Seas is presented. A modified version of the traditional approach to the harvest control rules for the aquatic bioresources of the Azov and Black Sea Fishery Basin is described for the case when they are assessed by the mathematical methods to estimate the current stock biomass and fishing mortality. For 11 stock units, analytical modeling including cohort, production and trend models has been applied. Based on the estimates of biomass and fishing mortality concerning biological reference points, in 2021, the status of six stock units of the marine fish species inhabiting the basin and exploited by the Russian fisheries was identified as increasing or stable (“Black Sea” stock units of the European sprat and European anchovy, “Crimean” stock unit of turbot, “Crimean and Caucasian” stock unit of red mullet, and “Black and Azov Seas” stock units of garfish and rays). Five fishery stock units (“Crimean and Caucasian” of mullets, picarel and Mediterranean horse mackerel, “Black and Azov Seas” of sand smelts, and “Caucasian” of turbot) have shown a decreasing trend in terms of abundance, and for the rest of the investigated fish stock units (“Mediterranean migrant” bluefish, Atlantic bonito and Atlantic mackerel, “Black Sea” whiting, so-iuy mullet and the other marine fish species, “Black and Azov Seas” spiny dogfish), the status has not been determined due to the absence of systematic biological and fishery data.

Gelibolu Yarımadası’ndan (Kuzey Ege Denizi, Türkiye) Avlanan Palamut (Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793), Uskumru (Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758) ve Kolyoz (Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789) Balıklarının Toplam Boy, Toplam Ağırlık, Maksimum Vücut Çevresi ve Operkulum Çevresi Arasındaki İlişkiler

Bu çalışma Gelibolu Yarımadası açıklarında (Kuzey Ege Denizi, Türkiye) Ocak 2017-Aralık 2017 tarihleri arasında palamut (Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793), uskumru (Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758) ve kolyoz (Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789) türlerinin boy-ağırlık ve boy-çevre ilişkilerini ortaya çıkarmak için ticari balıkçılar tarafından avlanan öü balıkları kullanmak suretiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Boy-ağırlık ilişkisi palamut, uskumru ve kolyoz balıkları için, sırasıyla, W=0.0143TL2.84 (R2=0.89), W=0.0059TL3.11 (R2=0.92) ve W=0.0059TL3.11 (R2=0.92) olarak tahmin edildi. Yine sırasıyla bu türlerin boy-operkulum çevre ilişkileri Gope=0.3988TL+0.2512 (R2=0.78), Gope=0.3528TL+0.8122 (R2=0.84) ve Gope=0.4295TL-0.5991 (R2=0.94) olarak hesaplanırken boy-maksimum vücut çevre ilişkileri ise Gmak=0.5993TL-4.1237 (R2=0.79), Gmak=0.4206TL+0.2732 (R2=0.83) ve Gmak=0.4676TL-0.168 olarak saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma Karadeniz’i de kapsayacak şekilde tüm Akdeniz Havzası için bu türlerin boy-operkulum ve boy-maksimum vücut çevresi ile ilgili ilk bilgileri içermektedir.

Toxicological health risk analysis of hazardous trace elements accumulation in the edible fish species of the Black Sea in Türkiye using multivariate statistical and spatial assessment

In the current study, the levels of eleven hazardous trace elements (HTEs) were measured in five different fish species frequently consumed in eleven cities along the Black Sea coast of Türkiye. And also the maximum permissible limits (MPLs) specified by international standards are compared to 11 HTEs levels. In addition, human health risk levels from fish consumption were assessed using multiple approaches. The highest metal concentrations of Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, Ni, Cd and Hg were detected in the fish sampled from Samsun city. It was determined that Cu, Zn, Pb and As metal concentrations were the highest in fish sampled from Düzce city. In the demersal Mullus barbatus (MB), the highest quantities of As, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Hg, and Pb were discovered. The highest concentrations of Zn and Cd were found in Engraulis encrasicolus (EE), which is a topminnow fish. The highest concentrations of Cu were found in Sarda sarda (SS), which is a topminnow fish. For all HTEs, the metal hazard index (MPI) and target hazard quotients (THQ) from metal intake by ingesting fish species were less than 1, indicating no risk from consumption. All investigated fish species were acceptable (10-4 to 10-6) in terms of carcinogenic risks (CR) from exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs). Additionally, because the hazard index (HI) is less than 1, it has been determined that consuming certain fish species will not pose a risk to public health. The predicted daily intakes of HTEs in each fish species were far lower than their corresponding acceptable daily intakes, indicating that consuming fish would not put consumers at risk for health problems from daily intakes of HTEs. In addition, the multivariate statistical analysis justified that HTEs were from anthropogenic and lithogenic origin.

Investigations of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Elemental Profile of Smoked Fish.

Fish are vulnerable to environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and heavy metals. As one of the most commonly applied processing methods, the smoking of different species has been applied globally. Hence, this study aims to investigate the smoking process on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and elemental accumulation of the five different species (rainbow trout, Atlantic bonito, horse mackerel, sea bass, and Atlantic bluefin tuna) which are commonly processed and traded in the smoked fish industry. The processing yield, water holding capacity, and pH were also investigated. The results revealed that the proximal differences among fish species influence the water holding capacity, processing yield, and pH which are very important for process sustainability and the quality of the end product. The main finding was the proximal composition impact on the accumulation of both PAHs and heavy metals at different levels. While all of the tested samples were below the maximum permissible limit, some of the heavy metals, especially toxic elements, were found above the acceptable limit. Horse mackerel is determined to be the species most vulnerable to PAHs and heavy metal accumulation.

Monitoring Color and Quality Parameters of Salted and Smoke-Flavored Atlantic Bonito Cutlets

ABSTRACT This study aimed to develop a seafood product by combining the techniques of salting and smoke flavorings (SF) and monitoring their effect on color and some other quality parameters throughout storage. SF added groups at varying concentrations of 50%, 33%, and 25%, coded as SF1, SF2, and SF3, respectively. The color changes and other quality parameters were monitored during 90 days of storage. It was concluded that SF had a significant effect on the color parameters (especially b*) (p<0.05). According to the sensory analysis results, SF3 is a better candidate for further commercializing salted and SF added bonito.

Morphometric, meristic and genetic characteristics of Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) in the Black Sea

The Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) is a commercially important and popular species in the world as well as in Turkish fisheries sector. In this study, the morphologic and meristic features and genetic characteristics of Atlantic bonito in the Black Sea were examined. We found that most of the morphometric measurements in females were greater than males. Besides, 10 haplotypes were found for COI gene region, 3 haplotypes for 16s gene region and 4 haplotypes for the rhodopsin gene region. Genetic closure was determined in Tirebolu population for the first time.

Türkiye'nin Karadeniz Kıyılarında Yakalanan Sarda Sarda'da (Bloch, 1793) Ağır Metal Konsantrasyonları ve Sağlık Riski Değerlendirmesi

In this study, it was aimed to determine heavy metal levels in muscle tissues of Atlantic bonito samples caught in the Eastern Black Sea Region and to determine their potential to pose a risk to human health. The concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, and Al have been measured in the edible muscle of Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793) from the Trabzon and Rize coasts of the southern Black Sea from September 2020 to December 2020. Cd, Cr, Co, and Ni were not detected in the edible part of S. sarda in both coastal areas. These concentrations are lower than the maximum permissible values in European and Turkish regulations. The average weekly intake of heavy metals per body weight value not exceeded the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) established. Therefore, it may be concluded that these ten metals should not pose any health threat to the consumers resulting from the consumption of S. sarda.

Does adding thyme and rosemary essential oils to sunflower oil during shallow-frying increase the lipid quality of Atlantic bonito?

The impact of the addition of commercial thyme (TEO) and rosemary essential oil (REO) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, 0.01%) combined with sunflower oil on the lipid quality of Atlantic bonito was investigated during shallow frying. Atlantic bonito treated with TEO and REO had significantly lower lipid content than control and BHT-treated samples (p < 0.05). As compared to controls, the addition of both synthetic and natural antioxidants to sunflower oil resulted in a significant decrease in the peroxide values (PV), free fatty acids (FFA), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) values of samples. These decreases had a similar effect in both essential oils (EOs) groups, inversely proportional to the increased used concentration. The addition of all EOs into the sunflower oil, except for 0.9% REO group, significantly increased the amount of total saturated fatty acid (∑SFA). Although the addition of EOs at different concentrations has a significant effect on the total monounsaturated fatty acids (∑MUFA) of fried Atlantic bonito, the highest MUFAs content was observed in the 0.6% thyme EO group. Our results indicated that the use of commercial TEO and REO seems to be effective in the protection of the amount of fatty acid compositions of Atlantic bonito, especially eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA). As a result, the lipid quality of Atlantic bonito during shallow frying was improved by all EOs used for the current study.

The sensory characteristics, nutritional profile and physical changes of the Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793) gravlax: Effect of dill (Anethum graveolens) and garden cress (Lepidiumsativum)

Although Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793) has a short fishing season compared to other common commercial species, it is stand out with its favourable aspects such as nutrient-rich lipid/protein composition, high-ratio meat yield and specific taste. Bonito fish are commonly consumed fresh, but also it can be preserved with dry salting or brine methods to produce traditional salted bonito (lakerda). However, gravlax is a high-valued gastronomic product which is made from salmon with dill (Anethum graveolens) in principle, hereby gravlax curing method that can be applied to different fish species and aromatic herbs. The aim of the study was to determine the characteristics such as consumers’ taste preferences, nutritional composition, colour and texture of bonito gravlax made with dill and garden cress (Lepidium sativum).The usage of dill or garden cress did not affect the crude protein values (p > 0.05). The moisture loss of group A (with dill) was higher than group B (with garden cress) (p < 0.05). The colour results proved that using garden cress instead of dill in bonito gravlax reduces the reddishness whereas increase the yellowish colour. ΔE (total colour difference indicates) was determined that the using of garden cress was more effective on the colour change of raw fish. Also, usage of the herbs in gravlax processing were affected these parameters and it may cause to change on fish texture. According to sensory analysis made by panellists showed that the aroma and salty taste of the two groups were found to be different. On the other hand, the general acceptability results of the groups were found to be similar.

The addition of commercial sage essential oil to sunflower oil: Improving the lipid quality of fried dark muscle fish

In this study, sage essential oil (EO) was applied to sunflower oil at concentrations of 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, and 1.2% and the impact of the lipid quality of Atlantic bonito, Mediterranean horse mackerel, and anchovy was investigated during frying. As a result of the study, the addition of sage EO in frying oil significantly reduced the peroxide values and thiobarbituric acid values of all fish samples after frying as compared to the control (p < .05). The use of commercial sage EO as natural antioxidants was considered to be significant in preserving levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and causes less 18:2 ω6 in Atlantic bonito and horse mackerel, but not in anchovy. These findings offer evidence that the addition of commercial sage EO into sunflower oil tends to be more effective in preventing lipid oxidation and maintaining EPA and DHA content in Atlantic bonito and horse mackerel during frying. Novelty impact statement Sage essential oil (EO) was able to minimize lipid oxidation in all dark muscle fish. Sage EO addition to sunflower oil influenced fatty acid compositions of dark muscle fish. Sage EO preserved C20:5 ω3 and C22:6 ω3 levels in Atlantic bonito and Mediterranean horse mackerel but not in anchovy.

Length based data-limited methods: Application on the Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793) in Morocco

Length based data-limited methods: Application on the Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793) in Morocco