Athletics Stadium Research Articles

Olympic Games and expectations: The factor analysis model about Olympic Urbanism and Olympic Villages

Editions of the Olympic Games have given rise to an important urban transformation that has opened a new critical perspective on the new urban dimension of the Games, especially in the construction of the three main physical elements: the athletics stadium, swimming facilities and, above all, the «Olympic Village». The study analyses the Winter and Summer Olympic Games in a general way, with particular attention to the relationship between the Olympic spatial dimension and the urban fabric. The relationship of interdependence between the city and the Olympic Games has evolved through new models of development of the Olympic event that have marked the importance of the transformation processes of the city. The lack of previous studies allows us to affirm the importance of the study for the academic debate on the future of the Olympic Village. The study used quantitative factor analysis to investigate the different variables and responses of the Olympic specialists who participated in the sample. The study will observe the perceptions and expectations of respondents through statistical analysis, considering the three elements identified: social, territory and organization.

The Olympic Village and the Olympic Urbanism: Perception and Expectations of Olympic Specialists

The editions of the Olympic Games (OG) created a major urban transformation, which allowed for a new critical perspective on the new urban dimension of the Mega-Event, especially in the construction of the three main physical elements built: the athletics stadium, the swimming pool facilities and, above all, the “Olympic Village”. The study analyses the Winter and Summer Olympic Villages (OV) in a general way with a particular focus on the relationship between the OV and the urban fabric. The interdependence between the city and the OG has evolved through new models of development of the Olympic event that has marked the importance of the OV in the processes of city transformation. The lack of previous studies allows us to affirm the importance of the study for the academic debate on the future of the OV. The study will use quantitative analysis to analyse the different variables and responses of the Olympic specialists who participated in the sample. The study will make it possible to observe the perceptions and expectations of the interviewees through statistical analysis. Moreover, considering that only one symposium was organised in the Olympic history in 1996, the following survey is a solid basis for designing future OV in the candidate cities. The organisation of a new symposium almost thirty years after the 1996 one is of fundamental importance to discuss the territorial impact, organisational models, heritage, infrastructure, participation, housing, social change and territorial transformations.

The application of the observational procedure for construction of athletic stadium in Bytów using geosynthetic reinforcement in complicated ground conditions

AbtractBytów is a city in northern Poland, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship. The characteristics of the region are peatlands with thick layer of soft peat deposites. In one of these areas an athletic stadium was designed with a static consolidation as a soil improvement method. The applied method included prefabricated vertical drains and surcharge embankment. To ensure slope stability, in base of embankment was used geosynthetic reinforcement.The selected method of soil improvement required to use of observational procedure. It was the reason for the development of the complex automatic monitoring system. Developed system was a source of valuable information for designer, cotractor and investor. Monitoring system ensured the safety at the every of construction stages and allowed to evaluate the behaviour of rainforced soil mass. This case of study discusses about practical use of monitoring system in hard ground conditions.

Italian Fascists and the Rewriting of American History

Italian Fascists and the Rewriting of American History

Development of The Shot Put Exercise Model

The purpose of this development research is to produce the latest model of shot put practice, with the result of a book product developing the latest shot put training model that can be used in shot put practice. The method used in this research is development research adopted by the ADDIE model development research design. The place where the research was carried out on the Universitas Negeri Jakarta KOP shot put athletes was 23 people at the Rawamangun Athletic Stadium, East Jakarta. Data was collected by observation, interviews and questionnaires. The stages of data collection are carried out in the early stages, which consist of five stages starting from Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluating, testing effectiveness and normality using statistical methods. The results of the study prove that from the evaluation results of athletic experts, shot putters and motion experts, it was found that overall this product met the criteria of being eligible so that it could be used in the next stage of research. The conclusion is seen and proven that the development of this shot put training model is effective in increasing the repulsion results of shot put athletes.

Testing GNSS receiver accuracy in Samsung Galaxy series mobile phones at a sports stadium

For many years, global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) have been used in professional navigation, land surveying and transport. The last decade has been a period of extending the area of their use to social applications, including those related to sports and recreation. Nowadays, both handheld recorders and mobile phones equipped with GNSS modules are widely used in fitness. Moreover, due to the popularisation of jogging, a mobile phone has become one of the essential navigational instruments which enables, inter alia, the determination of the distance covered by an amateur athlete, the duration of completing the route and the athlete’s speed. However, each of satellite-based solutions is characterised by a different positioning accuracy and positioning availability, which have a decisive influence on the reliability of the parameters being measured. The article proposes a new measure of positioning accuracy, the stadium cross track error (SXTE) with a confidence level of 95% and 68%, as a universal comparison criterion for satellite sport receivers. The application of the method is presented with the example of receivers used in nine Samsung Galaxy series mobile phones. The method uses an athletics stadium that meets the International Association of Athletics Federation’s standard for the running track length (400 m). The study demonstrated significant differences in positioning accuracies of particular GNSS receivers in Samsung Galaxy series mobile phones while allowing their accuracy to be unambiguously assessed.

Shade Effects on Overseeded Bermudagrass Athletic Fields: I. Turfgrass Coverage and Growth Rate

ABSTRACTShade from athletic stadium structures can be a significant deterrent to turfgrass performance. The objective of this study was to determine the daily light requirements of an overseeded or non‐overseeded bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) turf maintained to simulate an athletic field. An experiment was established in 2013 on a mature bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. cv. Riviera] turf that was either overseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) or non‐overseeded. Plots were re‐seeded with ryegrass each fall, but ryegrass was allowed to transition without chemical removal. Shade structures were installed to create four light level treatments including a full‐sun control (0% shade) and 30%, 60%, or 90% light‐reducing shade cloth. Quantum light sensors were mounted under each shade treatment and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was continuously measured and a daily light integral (DLI) calculated (mol PPFD m–2 d–1). The 2‐yr, average DLI values for shade treatments were 40.8 (0% shade), 26.2 (30% shade), 14.8 (60% shade) and 3.3 (90% shade) mol PPFD m–2 d–1. A range of growth and performance data were collected, including turfgrass coverage, clipping yields and leaf elongation rates. Overseeded and non‐overseeded bermudagrass failed to persist when 90% shade (DLI = 3.0 mol m–2 d–1) was imposed. Non‐overseeded bermudagrass required a higher DLI (26 mol m–2 d–1) to persist compared to overseeded bermudagrass (DLI = 21.8 mol m–2 d–1), primarily due to the enhanced shade tolerance of perennial ryegrass. However, the long‐term effects of shade began to decrease the quality of the overseeded turf by the end of the second year of the study. These data provide sports field managers with threshold light requirements for both overseeded and non‐overseeded bermudagrass turf.

Shade Effects on Overseeded Bermudagrass Athletic Fields: II. Rooting, Species Composition, and Traction

ABSTRACTShade from athletic stadium structures can be a significant detriment to turfgrass performance. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of shade on rooting and playing surface stability, measured as traction, on overseeded or non‐overseeded bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) turf. An experiment was established in 2013 on a mature bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. cv. Riviera] turf that was either overseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) or non‐overseeded. Shade structures were installed to create four light level treatments, including 0%, 30%, 60%, or 90% light‐reducing shade cloth. The light treatments resulted in average daily light integrals (DLI) of 40.8, 26.2, 14.8, and 3.3 mol m–2 d–1, respectively. Data were collected on rooting characteristics, species composition, and two forms of traction measurements. Moderate levels of shading (30%) caused a significant decline in rooting characteristics in non‐overseeded turf, while rooting of overseeded turf was not significantly affected until a 60% light reduction. Rotational resistance and peak horizontal force, measurements of athlete traction, were affected by increasing shade in both overseeded and non‐overseeded turf, but the association between traction and a minimum DLI was not conclusive. The persistence of bermudagrass in overseeded turf was significantly reduced at all shade levels studied. This study clearly demonstrates that rooting, bermudagrass persistence and traction of overseeded and non‐overseeded bermudagrass athletic fields are negatively affected by even modest levels of shade.

Lighting of the New Main Stand at <i>Todoroki Athletics Stadium</i>

Lighting of the New Main Stand at <i>Todoroki Athletics Stadium</i>

等々力陸上競技場メインスタンドの構造計画と大型サイトPCa部材の施工

等々力陸上競技場メインスタンドの構造計画と大型サイトPCa部材の施工

Non-invasive, Spatio-temporal Gait Analysis for Sprint Running Using a Single Camera

Sprint running velocity is the product of step length and step rate. A tool to measure these key metrics would aid sprint training. Athletes require fast and non-invasive analysis tools, to allow them to focus on performance. A non-invasive, single camera gait analysis system (Gait Analyser) was developed and installed at the Sheffield Hallam University City Athletics Stadium (SHUCAS). The Gait Analyser filmed athletes sprinting in lanes 1, 5 and 8 wearing different coloured shoes in varied lighting conditions (e.g. sunlight or overcast). The Gait Analyser automatically identified the position and time of athlete's foot contacts, allowing the calculation of step length, step time and step velocity. Output data were compared to corresponding, manually identified measurements. For optimised setups, 100% of foot contacts were identified. Resultant direction root-mean square error (RMSE) for foot contact position and time was 108.9mm and 0.03 s respectively. RMSE for step length, step time and step velocity was 4.9mm, 0.00 s and 0.07 m·s-1 respectively. The Gait Analyser measured spatio-temporal gait parameters of sprint running in situ without applying markers or sensors to the athlete or the running track: results were available 2-3 s after capture.

Expansion of Madrid Stadium: Foundation and Grandstands

Madrid Stadium, completed and assigned to athletics in 1992, consists of a single grandstand of large seating capacity. In 2004, the City Council of Madrid undertook the development of an expansion project for this site to convert this into a football stadium with a capacity for 70 000 spectators. The design of the stadium also took into account the possibility of transforming the structure and facilities of the building for use as an athletics stadium should the city of Madrid host Olympic Games in the future.The foundation is made up of castin-place executed piles, with up to 1500 mm diameter and 40 m length. Integrity tests were done. Micropiles were necessary to reinforce the current stadium’s foundation to bear the loads arising from the new structure.The structure of the new stadium is mainly composed of radially placed rigid frame structures that together with the existing grandstand resulted in a completely closed stadium. Precast concrete steppings are placed over these rigid frame structures. Beneath these elements there are reinforced-concrete or post-tensioned slabs that define the building’s floors. The entire structure is surrounded by perimeter walls that constitute the building enclosure.Finally, the stadium is covered with a roof structure executed with a heavy lifting system, consisting of pairs of radial pre-stressed cables connecting the outer compression ring with the inner tension ring and covering the stands with pre-stressed textile membranes.

Permanent RFID Timing System in a Track and Field Athletic Stadium for Training and Analysing Purposes

In this work an RFID timing system is presented, which is permanently installed in various track and field stadiums for stationary and continuous use. The components have to be integrated during construction time in a way that makes it possible to maintain or exchange parts of the timing system also after the completion of the construction process. The athletes wear active RFID transponders either on their shoes or on their ankles. Measurements and comparisons between conventional light barrier timing systems and the RFID timing system with ankle-worn transponders show deviations of about 25ms. This is much smaller than the timing resolution of the competition rules for hand-timed races (100ms) and can be neglected for training purposes and even for middle distance running competitions. The time stamp of each athlete is recorded, personalized and can be presented via sports web portals and social networks.

The Relationship Between Education of Emotional Intelligence Components and Positive Thinking with Mental Health and Self-efficacy in Female Running Athletes

The objective pursued to conduct the present research was study of relationship between education of emotional intelligence components and positive thinking in promotion of mental health and self-efficacy in female running athletes of Ardabil’ Takhtei athletic stadium. In order to select research sample, screening method was used in a manner that after completion of a General Health Questionnaire and General Self-Efficacy Scale by educated female running athletes Ardebil’ Takhtei athletic stadium. Statistics population evolved all female running athletes that 24 persons of them were acquired cutting number. Next, we put them randomly in two test and control groups that each group consists of 12 people. In study athletes of two groups we used from Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (28 – entry form) and General Self-Efficacy Sherer. Then test group was educated in 8 sessions for emotional intelligence and positive thinking; while, control group was not trained for these educations. Finally, after holding training sessions for test group, both groups were under pretest as posttest. The statistical methods used at the present research are descriptive and inferential. The results showed that the education of emotional intelligence and positive thinking components can increase the self-efficacy of athletes.

Lasting legacy [sustainable Olympic Games

At the cornerstone of the bid for the 2012 Olympics were the plans to make this the most sustainable Olympic Games on record and leave a lasting legacy both on east London and the shape of future Games. Plans for a new Olympic park based around the deprived area of Stratford in London's East End presented a powerful case for transforming the social and sporting landscape of the capital. Legacy was the word, and it was used often to deliver the message - give us the Games, and one of the world's great capital cities will be transformed. It was a vision that offered a new national athletics stadium, aquatic centre and velodrome. But it also fitted in with the idea of compact, non-wasteful Games, with several temporary venues to be relocated elsewhere in the UK. There would be no white elephants. Only history will record the success of the sustainability strategy but the early signs are encouraging. Their ambition is to rejuvenate neglected communities in London, promote healthier and better lifestyles across the UK and beyond, change the way people everywhere perceive disability, and inspire an entire generation to participate in sport. By building the stage and hosting the Games, the construction, catering, hospitality and events companies show the value of incorporating sustainability practices.

Walking for fitness: is it enough to maintain both heart and bone health?

Exercising at levels of whole body accelerations exceeding 3.6g has been shown to have positive effects on cardiovascular fitness, bone density and balance. This pilot research project evaluated the whole body accelerations and cardiovascular challenge provided by selected walks in the Canberra region of Australia to determine if walks could be ranked according to potential level of impact on both cardiovascular fitness and bone health. Nine participants, who described themselves as walking at least 3km, three times per week, wore a data logging device recording heart rate, acceleration and GPS position while walking three outdoor tracks: (1) the running track of an athletics stadium; (2) on a hill climb path through bushland; and (3) on a route through suburban streets. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) for heart rate, distribution of whole body accelerations and average walking speed between track 2 and tracks 1 and 3. There was a significant difference for heart rate, distribution of whole body accelerations and average walking speed between the walks. The running track and the suburban walk provide a moderate exercise challenge, with the hill climb walk providing progressively greater vertical height challenge, resulting in an increased cardiovascular exercise challenge. No participant effectively exceeded the threshold for achieving a positive impact on bone density (100 or more accelerations/day >3.6g) on track 1, and only two of the nine participants intermittently achieved this threshold on tracks 2 and 3.

Stadium Alcohol Policies: A Comparison of Policies Available on College Athletic Department Web Sites

Alcohol consumption at college football games concerns stadium and university administrators because of the risk of alcohol-related crime, injury, and other potential problems. The purpose of this study was to determine how many of the 120 NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision athletic department Web sites posted their stadium alcohol policies, what their alcohol policies contained, and how they differed. An analysis of information about the availability of alcohol, restrictions on alcohol consumption, and the enforcement of the policies on their official university-sponsored athletic department stadium Web sites was conducted. Results of the study suggested that alcohol policy information is often unavailable or difficult to locate. College athletic department Web sites are typically filled with varying information about their sport teams, but because of the layout and busy nature of such sites, it is often difficult to find certain information on them.

Retro ball parks: instant history, baseball, and the new American city

Oriole Park at Camden Yards in Baltimore opened in 1992 as an intentional antidote to the modern multiuse athletic stadium. Home to only one sport and featuring accents of classic parks of previous generations. Oriole Park attempted to reconstitute Baltimore s past while serving as a cornerstone of downtown redevelopment. Since the gates opened at Camden yards, more than a dozen other American cities have constructed new old major league parks Cleveland, Detroit, Seattle, Pittsburgh, Milwaukee, Atlanta, Denver, Phoenix, San Francisco, Cincinnati, Houston, Arlington, Texas, and San Diego. In Retro Ball Parks, Daniel Rosenweig explores the cultural and economic role of retro baseball parks and traces the cultural implications of re-creating the old in new urban spaces. According to Rosenweig, the new urban landscape around these retro stadiums often presents a more homogenous culture than the one the new park replaced. Indeed, whole sections of cities have razed in order to build stadiums that cater to clientele eager to enjoy a nostalgic urban experience. This mandate to draw suburban residents and tourists to the heart of downtown, combined with the accompanying gentrification of these newly redeveloped areas, has fundamentally altered historic urban centers.Focusing on Cleveland s Jacobs Field as a case study, Rosenweig explores the political economy surrounding the construction of downtown ball parks, which have emerged as key components of urban entertainment-based development. Blending economic and cultural analysis, he considers the intersection of race and class in these new venues. For example, he shows that African American consumers in the commercial district around Jacobs Field have largely been replaced by symbolic representations of African American culture, such as piped-in rap music and Jackie Robinson replica jerseys. He concludes that the question of authenticity, the question of what it means to simultaneously commemorate and commodify the past in retro ball parks, mirrors larger cultural issues regarding the nature and implications of urban redevelopment and gentrification. Daniel Rosensweig is a professor in the Bachelor of Interdisciplinary Studies Program at the University of Virginia

Challenges of Stadium Construction—Case Study

The distinctive design and construction requirements of an outdoor athletic stadium in Haifa, Israel, are described in this paper. This open-air stadium accommodates approximately 2,400 seats in its upper deck, while the lower part of the stadium contains offices and visitors' facilities. The stadium has a distinctive arrangement of 30 m high bowed-concrete columns from which 24 m long curved concrete beams are cantilevered. Because of restricted access to the project site, it was necessary to cast the stadium's concrete columns and beams on site and then lift these elements with large cranes.

Two Roofs Using Segmental Bridge Technology

A major sports complex in Chiang Mai, Thailand, consists of two indoor stadiums, a swimming pool stadium, three tennis courts, a velodrome, an archery range and the main athletics stadium with a seating capacity of 20 000. The VIP grandstand of the main athletics stadium is covered by a concrete cantilever roof which is 150 m long. The roof has a cantilever of 22 to 30 m and rises at its tip 28 m above the playing field.For Kuching, the capital of the Malaysian state of Sarawak, City Hall South is a distinctive landmark. It is circular in plan and its external geometry resembles the mouth of a trumpet. Its diameter in plan is 90 m and the roof beams reach to 93 m height above the first storey level. The building provides five levels of office space.