Perceptions Of Athletes Research Articles

Audience perceptions of athletes’ brand self-presentation on social media

ABSTRACT Research Question: Current literature on athlete branding on social media is divided into two streams: one explores athletes’ self-presentation strategies and the other investigates how external audiences perceive these brands. However, existing studies lack investigations that simultaneously examine athletes’ content strategies with audiences’ perceptions. Thus, this study aims to answer the following research question: How are female athlete brands’ self-presentation strategies perceived by their online audiences? Research Methods: We collected 1,903 posts from female athletes playing in the Italian women’s first football division (Serie A), employing the Model of Athlete Branding via Social Media (MABSM) to categorize their self-presentation strategies. Additionally, we quantified volume-based metrics of consumer engagement on social media (CESM) and analyzed the content of 44,190 comments through top-down and bottom-up automated textual analysis techniques. Results and Findings Female athletes are perceived as competing athletes when sharing posts about their sport or personal lives and as social media models when emphasizing their attractive appearance. Notably, some followers tend to perceive athletes in a sexually abusive manner, irrespective of the self-presentation strategy employed. In contrast to male athletes, content focusing on athletic performance generates a lower volume-based CESM in the female context. Implications: This research contributes valuable theoretical, methodological, and practical implications to the growing body of literature on athlete branding on social media. Specifically, our study highlights the importance of understanding the nuanced relationship between the types of content shared online by athlete brands and the resulting audience engagement, both in terms of volume and content.

NCAA DI Athletic Trainers� Perception and Use of Psychological Techniques During Sport Injury Rehabilitation

NCAA DI Athletic Trainers� Perception and Use of Psychological Techniques During Sport Injury Rehabilitation

Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Implementing Psychological Strategies for Patient Management: A Systematic Review.

To synthesize the best available evidence regarding the perceptions and current clinical practices of athletic trainers (ATs) in integrating psychological skills into patient management. PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL; via EBSCOhost), PsycInfo (via EBSCOhost), SPORTDiscus (via EBSCOhost), and Scopus (via Elsevier). Studies had to investigate the current clinical practices and perceptions of certified ATs in integrating psychologically informed practice for patient management. Studies that had level 4 evidence or higher were included. Studies were excluded if they were published before 1999, the primary language was not English, they involved athletic training students or other rehabilitation specialists, or they explored the athlete's and/or patient's perception of psychosocial techniques or strategies. This systematic review is reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 Statement in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sport Medicine and Sports Science guidance. A total of 1857 articles were reviewed, and 8 met inclusion criteria. Two studies had level 2a evidence, 4 studies had level 4a evidence, and 2 studies had level 4b evidence. Six studies were rated as good quality, and 2 studies were rated as lesser quality. The included studies demonstrated a high-quality body of evidence with consistent results, which strengthens the review findings. Athletic trainers have the knowledge to identify when athletes are psychologically affected by injury and can identify common psychological responses. Although ATs acknowledge the value of implementing psychosocial strategies, a lack of confidence in implementing basic or advanced techniques, feeling underprepared by their educational program, and a lack of clinical training appear to affect the use of psychosocial techniques in clinical practice and the rate of mental health recognition and referral among ATs.

"You're made to feel like you're the crazy one": an interpretive description of former college student-athletes' views of emotional abuse.

Many normalized coaching behaviors are often abusive yet are seen by coaches and athletes as instrumental in achievement and competition. The current study was designed to extend past research and theory by subjectively exploring how and why former intercollegiate athletes identified their head coach as emotionally abusive. Twenty former intercollegiate student-athletes (M age = 26.0 years) from nine sports participated in semi-structured interviews ranging from 65 to 189 min (M = 105.8, SD = 58). Interpretive description methodology was used with reflexive thematic analysis to generate a coherent conceptual description of the themes and shared experiences that characterized emotionally abusive coaching. The themes that associated with an athlete labeling a coach as emotionally abusive fall under two aspects of Stirling and Kerr's 2008 definition: non-contact coach behaviors and the resulting harmful outcomes experienced by the athletes. Non-contact behaviors were ones that diminished performance, neglected holistic development, and were inconsistent. The harmful effects were the negative emotional responses and dehumanization experienced by athletes. Finally, participants felt that a coach's desire for power and control over athletes explained the coach's behaviors generally. Based on these results, we put forth the conceptual claim that emotional abuse, and psychological violence more broadly, cannot be defined or identified based solely on the perpetrator's behaviors. The athlete's cognitions, perceptions, emotions, and behaviors are critical in determining whether emotional abuse occurred, and these interpretations are shaped by an athlete's existing relationship with the coach.

“That’s How We Do Things Here”: An Investigation into Athlete Perceptions of Coach and Peer Leadership Behaviors, and Team Culture

Team culture can be considered essential for the success of any sport team, and it is known that leaders of all kinds play a unique role in making team success a reality. Utilizing survey tools developed by industrial/organizational psychology, this study investigated how athlete perceptions of head coach and peer leadership behaviors are predictive of athlete perceptions of team culture. A sample of 155 current collegiate athletes representing 17 NCAA teams across three divisions participated in an online survey. A path model analysis found that perceptions of leadership behaviors of both head coaches and peer leaders were significantly predictive of athlete perceptions of team culture. Further, perceptions of head coach leadership behavior were predictive of perceptions of group communication, while perceptions of peer leadership were more significantly related to the social aspects of team culture. The results of this study provide insight into the unique ways in which athletes’ perception of leadership can influence team culture and can aid in the understanding of how team culture works within a sport context.

Perceptions of celebrity athletes involved in social cause endorsement.

Due to their ability to evoke unique associations in people's minds, professional athletes are considered prime ambassadors for companies, brands or organisations to add intangible values, credibility and awareness to their products or services. Based on that premise, using celebrity athletes for supporting social causes has also become a frequent practice over the past years. Empirical knowledge on how such activities are being perceived by involved athletes is scarce. Little is known about what they consider to be relevant attributes of their personal brand that make them suitable for endorsing social causes. Based on semi-structured interviews with (n = 12) current and recently retired professional athletes from four different continents, we explore the most prominent attributes of athlete brands as well as other important features in that regard. Our results indicate that, in contrast to product endorsement, on-field attributes of the athlete brand are considered more important in relation to social causes. On-field attributes, such as career achievements and the behaviour shown during competitions, are seen as the main sources of credibility. Congruence and fit between endorser profiles and cause is perceived as highly relevant for successful cause endorsement activities. Our study is useful for a variety of stakeholders, such as athletes or organisations considering getting involved in social cause endorsement.

32 A Qualitative Analysis of Elite Athletes Perceptions of Pregnancy in the United Kingdom

32 A Qualitative Analysis of Elite Athletes Perceptions of Pregnancy in the United Kingdom

Delivering project SCORE in competitive youth sport settings.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Project SCORE intervention in fostering Positive Youth Development (PYD) within competitive youth sport settings in Portugal. Project SCORE is an online PYD-focused tool developed to assist coaches in promoting the 4Cs-competence, confidence, connection, and character-within their coaching. The research involved 13 coaches and 70 youth athletes from football and rowing teams. Methodologically, this study analyzed the pre- and post- Project SCORE intervention data, assessing the perceptions of coaches and athletes towards the development of the 4Cs. Results indicated significant improvements in athletes' perceptions of 4Cs post-intervention, and among coaches' perceptions, there was a significant improvement in the practice and transfer of life skills. Particularly, coaches showed enhanced abilities in fostering life skills and facilitating the transfer of these skills to competitive environments, although some dimensions like sport climate did not sustain positive changes. The findings highlight the benefits of customized PYD-based programs in competitive youth sports and suggest the need for further research to enhance their widespread and consistent implementation.

Disagreement of Rehabilitation Adherence Perceptions Among Athletic Trainers and Injured Collegiate Athletes

Collegiate athletic trainers continue to report adherence to physical rehabilitation programs to be a problem in collegiate athletics, as rehabilitation adherence among collegiate athletes can range between 40% and 90%. Inconsistent appropriate adherence to these programs may limit patients’ ability to successfully recover from their sports injuries. This study sought to understand if differences in perception of rehabilitation adherence existed between athletic trainers and collegiate athletes. A nonsignificant fair inverse correlation was found between the athletic trainer perceptions and patient self-perceptions of rehabilitation adherence after an examination of 19 separate physical rehabilitation programs led by 5 collegiate athletic trainers (R = −.48, p = .06). Given the found practitioner–patient disconnect, collegiate athletic trainers should consider further encouraging patient involvement within their rehabilitation programs through various tactics such as the use of patient-rated outcomes or conversations that minimize patient distress.

Persepsi Atlet Tarung Derajat (Satlat Masbagek) Terhadap Pemanfaatan Sport Massage Sebelum Bertanding

There is a lack of understanding and knowledge among fighting athletes regarding the benefits of sports massage before competing. The problem in this research is the perception of masbagek satlat fighting athletes regarding the use of sports massage before competing. The aim of this research was to determine the perceptions of Masbagek combat athletes regarding the use of sports massage before competing. The population in this study were advanced fighting athletes who actively trained at the Masbagek satlat, totaling 18 athletes. Sampling used a population method consisting of 18 athletes. The survey research method uses a questionnaire, while data analysis uses a percentage descriptive statistical analysis formula. The results of this research show that 22.2% of respondents achieved the very useful criteria because respondents used sports massage by understanding the physical and psychological effects before competing so that respondents assumed that using sports massage before competing was a need that must be met. Likewise, 22.2% of respondents thought that sports massage was useful before competing, even though respondents knew of its positive physical and psychological effects. And as many as 55.5% of respondents said that sports massage was not useful because the respondents did not really know about sports massage so that sports massage was sometimes done, sometimes not, and even if it was done, it was not ordered by someone who was competent in sports massage or used traditional massage. . So, the use of sports massage before competing for high-level combat athletes is highly recommended.

Psychometric Properties of the Malay Version of the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire for Coaches and Athletes.

In the world of sports, motivation is an essential concept that can affect the sporting performance of athletes and help them accomplish their goals. The coach is regarded as an important individual with the ability to significantly influence the athlete's motivation. To assess the impact of the coach-athlete relationship on motivation, the objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Malay version of the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q) for coaches and athletes. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the coaches and athletes in Malaysia. Data were collected using a convenience sampling approach over a 6-month period. The study was carried out in two phases using two independent samples of coaches and athletes to assess the construct validity and internal consistency of the Malay version of the CART-Q. The CART-Q consisted of 11 items measuring three constructs: i) closeness (four items), ii) commitment (three items) and iii) complementarity (four items). In phase 1, the subjects consisted of 211 coaches (21 years old-65 years old) from both sexes and from individual and team sports, ranging from levels 1 to 5. In phase 2, the subjects consisted of 362 athletes (12 years old-39 years old), also from both sexes and from individual and team sports. The statistical analyses performed included confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to validate the translated version scale, composite reliability (CR), average variance extracted (AVE) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha). In phase 1, the sample of coaches, with 190 males (90.0%) and 21 females (10.0%), had a mean age of 38.6 (SD = 8.74) years old. The major sport type was archery (19.0%). The CFA revealed adequate fit indices with all 11 items retained (root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.059, comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.964, Tucker and Lewis Index [TLI] = 0.950, standardised root mean square residual [SRMR] = 0.037). The CR values were closeness = 0.874, commitment = 0.566 and complementarity = 0.757. The AVE values were closeness = 0.357, commitment = 0.194 and complementarity = 0.275. The Cronbach's alpha values were closeness = 0.867, commitment = 0.553 and complementarity = 0.794. In phase 2, the sample of athletes, with 175 males (48.1%) and 189 females (51.9%), had a mean age of 20.2 (SD = 3.35) years old. The major sport type was archery (11.5%). The CFA revealed satisfactory fit indices with all 11 items retained (RMSEA = 0.092, CFI = 0.948, TLI = 0.924, SRMR =.038). The CR values were closeness = 0.893, commitment = 0.786 and complementarity = 0.949. The AVE values were closeness = 0.401, commitment = 0.253 and complementarity = 0.418. The Cronbach's alpha values were closeness = 0.900, commitment = 0.772 and complementarity = 0.900. Overall, the study findings supported the conclusion that the Malay version of the CART-Q has adequate psychometric properties to assess the perceptions of coaches and athletes regarding their relationship.

Perceptions of athletes with mental health conditions and sponsor responses: a consumer perspective

ABSTRACT Despite the growing acknowledgement of the importance of mental health among athletes, the sport culture that downplays mental health problems has discouraged athletes from publicly disclosing their concerns. Using the Stereotype Content Model as a framework, Study 1 examined how consumers evaluate athletes’ competence and warmth when athletes share their mental health problems, and whether the effect is moderated by the athlete’s status (high vs. low). In Study 2, we examined whether a sponsor of an athlete with mental health conditions taking a supportive (vs. neutral) stance leads to enhanced brand authenticity perceptions. We also considered individuals’ mental health stigma levels as a moderator in the evaluation process. Contrary to athletes’ distress about disclosing their mental health conditions, consumers feel more warmth and show a similar level of competence evaluations toward an athlete with mental health conditions (vs. physical injury). Additionally, a sponsor taking a positive stance toward the athlete leads to greater brand authenticity, but this effect is moderated by individuals’ mental health stigma levels. These findings offer both theoretical and managerial insights into how consumers evaluate athletes and sponsors dealing with mental health issues.

An evaluation of the impact of the Irish Rugby Football Union Coach Education Framework on the coach–athlete dyad across the age and stage spectrum in rugby union

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the implementation of the novel Irish Rugby Football Union Coach Education Framework (CEF) on coach–athlete interactions and perceptions. Participants were coaches (n = 4) and athletes (n = 54) from two rugby union teams. Coaches were observed pre-intervention and post-intervention of an education workshop based on the CEF and had nine training sessions video-recorded and analysed using the Coach Analysis and Intervention System (CAIS). Their perceptions of their relationship with their athletes were measured using the Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q). Athlete perceptions of their coaches’ behaviours were measured using the Coaching Behaviour Scale for Sport (CBS-S). CAIS results revealed coaches increased the use of ‘Management’ and ‘Feedback’ behaviours ( p < 0.05) post-CEF, without altering prominent high-volume behaviours (e.g. ‘Instruction’). Coaches utilised similar time proportions for CAIS ‘Practice’, ‘Playing’ and ‘Management’ states, respectively, with no significant change post-CEF. CART-Q and CBS-S results revealed predominantly positive perceptions between coaches and athletes for both pre-CEF and post-CEF. Coach education is a non-linear learning process requiring consistent application over long periods of time, however, the alteration in coach behaviours post-CEF, coupled with the largely positive perceptions of both agents of the coach–athlete dyad, is an encouraging step forward for the further implementation of the CEF.

Quarterly fluctuations in external and internal loads among professional basketball players.

This study aims to explore the variations in external and internal loads on a quarter-by-quarter basis among professional Chinese basketball players. It emphasizes the crucial impact of these variations on optimizing athletic performance and match strategies. An observational longitudinal study design was employed, involving sixteen male players from the National Basketball League during the 2024 season in China. Data collection was facilitated through the use of Catapult S7 devices for measuring external loads and session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE) for assessing internal loads. Linear mixed-effects models were utilized for the statistical analysis to identify differences in workload intensities across game quarters based on player positions. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between external and internal load throughout the game. The analysis uncovered significant positional differences in workload intensities across game quarters. Guards were found to have a higher PlayerLoad™ (PL) per minute in the first quarter, while centers demonstrated an increase in high-intensity accelerations and jumps in the fourth quarter. Furthermore, a significant moderate correlation between sRPE and PL was observed across all game quarters, indicating a link between physical exertion and athletes' perceptions of effort. The study offers new insights into the dynamic physical demands faced by basketball players and the importance of using both objective and subjective measures for a comprehensive assessment of athlete performance and wellbeing. The findings underscore the interconnectedness of physical exertion and athlete perception, providing a foundation for future research and practical applications in the field of basketball science.

Особистість тренера у єдиноборствах: сучасний стан

Purpose: to determine the most relevant areas of research on the coach's personality based on the analysis of literary sources. Material and methods. The work used the method of analysis of scientific and methodical literature. Literature was searched using the Google Scholar search engine (scholar.google.com) in two languages: English and Ukrainian. At the first stage, all relevant works were found that satisfied the search request for words and their combinations: «coach», «martial arts». Results: in general, the analysis indicates the importance of the professional and personal qualities of the coach in the formation of effective interaction with athletes, which contributes to the development of their motivation and readiness for high achievements. The structure of the trainer's personality, which contains ideological and moral, professional and psychological substructures, determines his pedagogical orientation and effectiveness in the educational process. The role of the coach in patriotic education, especially in the context of modern socio-political realities of Ukraine, emphasizes the relevance of such an approach in sports education. These aspects support the idea of the importance of a deep understanding of various aspects of coaching and the need to integrate professional and personal qualities to achieve high results in the sports field. The analysis of foreign studies emphasizes that considerable attention is paid to personal traits of coaches, and professional qualities occupy a secondary place. The results of such studies indicate the importance of psychological confidence, leadership skills and motivational abilities of the coach, which influence the perception and self-evaluation of athletes regarding coaching behavior. It was found that the effectiveness of the training process and the self-efficacy of the athletes depend significantly on the perception of the coaching activity, where autocratic behavior can negatively affect the overall effectiveness. These studies indicate the need for a deeper understanding of the relationships between the personal qualities of the coach and their influence on the effectiveness of training and the motivation of athletes, emphasizing the importance of psychological support and pedagogical competence in sports practice. Conclusions. In general, the analysis of modern research points to various relevant topics regarding the role of the coach in martial arts.

Opposites attract? Mixed-sex parents' and siblings' sport participation differentiates youth athletes' perceived parenting climates.

Guided by family systems and achievement goal theories, this study examined how the sex of athletes and their main sport parents, as well as sport participation patterns (same sport, different sports, and no sports) of parent-athlete and sibling sex compositions (same-sex and mixed-sex), differentiated athlete perceptions of parenting climates-task-involving (emphasizing individual improvements, effort, and mastery) and ego-involving (emphasizing winning and performance comparison). Participants were 353 U.S. high school athletes (Mage=15.52 and SD=1.18; 55% male) who completed a survey on perceived parenting climates, family compositions, and sport backgrounds of their parents and siblings. We conducted six moderated regression analyses, two of which used (1) athlete sex and main sport parents' sex, (2) sport participation patterns of parent-athlete sex compositions, or (3) sport participation patterns of sibling sex compositions as independent variables. Four of the analyses were statistically significant with small effect sizes, showing that (1) boys perceived greater ego-involving climates than girls; (2) athletes whose same-sex parents played sports (same or different sports) compared to no sports-perceived greater task-involving climates: (3) athletes whose mixed-sex parents played (same or different sports) compared to no sports-perceived greater task-involving climates and less ego-involving climates; and (4) athletes whose mixed-sex siblings played different sports than they did, compared no sports, and perceived greater task-involving climates. None of the interactions were significant. Findings provide theoretical and practical implications by incorporating motivational climates, addressing the potential relationships of parents' and mixed-sex siblings' sport participation to adaptive parenting climates.

Adolescent Athletes with Stronger Athletic Identity Perceptions Have Weaker Fear Avoidance Perceptions During Musculoskeletal Injury Rehabilitation Return to Sports Preparation.

Adolescent athletes who sustain a musculoskeletal sports injury are at high re-injury risk. This prospective study evaluated athletic identity perception and fear avoidance perception relationships during the return to sport preparation phase of musculoskeletal injury rehabilitation. From 140 consecutive physical therapy outpatients, 50 (26 females, 24 males) adolescent athletes (mean age 16.8, range 14 to 22 y) completed the 7-item Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS), the 10-item Athletic Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ), and the AFAQ with 2 additional movement-related fear and pain questions (AFAQ+). Correlational analysis was performed of overall AIMS and AIMS subscale scores (social identity, exclusivity, negative affectivity), with AFAQ and AFAQ+ scores ( P ≤0.05). Adolescent athletes were receiving treatment for musculoskeletal injuries sustained during soccer (n=10), lacrosse (n=7), baseball (n=6), basketball (n=5), volleyball (n=5), track or cross country (n=4), American football (n=4), field hockey or ice hockey (n=3), softball (n=2), tennis (n=2), and gymnastics (n=2). Lower extremity conditions included anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (n=23) or other lower extremity conditions (n=17). Upper extremity conditions included shoulder dislocation or labral repair (n=6), elbow sprain or fracture (n=3), and clavicle fracture (n=1). The AIMS score displayed moderate inverse relationships with AFAQ ( r =-0.40, P =0.008) and AFAQ+ ( r =-0.41, P <0.004) scores. The "social identity" AIMS subscale score displayed a moderate inverse relationship with AFAQ ( r =- 0.48, P <0.001) and AFAQ+ ( r =-0.46, P =0.001) scores. The "exclusivity" AIMS subscale score displayed moderate inverse relationships with AFAQ ( r =-0.40, P =0.005) and AFAQ+ ( r =-0.46, P =0.001) scores. The "negative affectivity" subscale did not display significant relationships with AFAQ or AFAQ+ scores. Subject age displayed moderate inverse relationships with the AIMS "social identity" ( r =-0.56, P <0.001) and "exclusivity" ( r =-0.42, P =0.004) subscale scores and weak direct relationships with AFAQ (r=0.30, P =0.04) and AFAQ+ (r=0.32, P =0.02) scores. Adolescent athletes with stronger athletic identity perceptions during the return to the sports preparation phase of musculoskeletal injury rehabilitation had weaker fear avoidance perceptions. As age increased from early to late adolescence, athletic identity perceptions became weaker, and fear avoidance perceptions became stronger. To decrease re-injury rates, early identification and surveillance of injured adolescent athletes with stronger, more exclusive athletic identity perceptions and weaker fear avoidance perceptions may influence rehabilitation progression and return to play decisions. Level-II, prospective cohort, correlational study.

Para sport and anti-doping: a study of Swedish Para athletes' experiences and perceptions.

A well-functioning anti-doping system relies on being perceived by athletes as effective, fair, and practically feasible to implement. While research has highlighted the views of Olympic athletes on anti-doping over the past decade, the experiences and perceptions of Para athletes have not been extensively explored. The purpose of this study was to examine Swedish elite Para athletes' experiences and perceptions of the policy and practice of the anti-doping system. A quantitative cross-sectional approach was used, with a web survey elaborated from a survey with Olympic athletes adjusted for Para athletes with physical, visual, and intellectual impairments. The sample consisted of 66 active Para athletes competing at national or international level (response rate 71%). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and differences between subgroups were examined Fisher's exact test. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze open-ended questions. Most of the respondents expressed a positive outlook on the anti-doping system, advocating for comprehensive efforts. A significant portion (35%) had not received anti-doping education, with those who did reporting increased confidence in avoiding unintentional doping. Despite their elite status, half of the respondents had not undergone doping control. Mistrust regarding the system's effectiveness and fairness was identified, with over half of the participants emphasizing the need for new technical solutions to enhance procedures specifically tailored for Para athletes. The athletes in this study advocate for a Para sports-focused approach in the anti-doping system, emphasizing equal testing opportunities, procedural adjustments for independence and privacy, and increased access to education. The findings illuminate the unique conditions faced by athletes with impairments within the anti-doping system, offering valuable insights for policymaking in the development of anti-doping strategies tailored to Para athletes and their various impairments.

Coaching dynamics in elite volleyball: The role of a need-supportive and need-thwarting coaching style during competitive games

Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, this game-to-game study among Flemish volleyball coaches and athletes had two primary objectives. First, we examined how variations in need-supportive and need-thwarting coaching styles related to variations in athletes’ basic psychological needs, motivation, and coach-rated performance. Second, we examined whether athletes who perceived their coach as need-thwarting during a specific game would experience different outcomes based on the overall need-supportive or need-thwarting coaching style they encountered across games. Linear mixed modeling on data from 190 elite volleyball athletes (Mage = 23.95, 32.6 % male) and their 26 coaches (Mage = 48.12, 95.7 % male) indicated positive associations between game-specific need-supportive coaching and athletes’ reports of game-specific basic psychological need experiences and motivation, as well as coach-rated performance, whereas game-specific need-thwarting coaching showed opposite trends. Athlete perceptions of a coaching style were more predictive of the outcomes than coach perceptions. Second, the lack of systematic cross-level interactions between game-specific coaching and team-level coaching indicated that the observed correlates of game-specific need-thwarting and need-supportive coaching hold regardless of the perceived overall need-thwarting or need-supportive style of the coach across games.

Perception Of Chess Athletes Towards The National Sports Grand Design

Athletes are the main actors in a sports competency. In connection with sports, in 2021 President of the Republic of Indonesia Joko Widodo has signed Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia (Perpres) Number 86 of 2021 concerning the Grand Design of National Sports or DBON which has the aim of increasing sports culture in society; increasing the capacity, synergy and productivity of national achievement sports; and advancing the sports-based national economy. The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of chess athletes towards DBON. The method used is a description method with a qualitative approach. The data collection techniques used are interviews and literature studies. The data analysis carried out is by triangulation analysis. The results showed that chess athletes' perceptions of DBON varied. However, the majority of athletes are of the view that the birth of Presidential Regulation Number 86 of 2021 concerning the Grand Design of National Sports provides maximum opportunities and opportunities for athletes to get better support and facilities, including training, equipment, and opportunities to participate in various higher competencies.