Atherogenic Index Of Plasma Values Research Articles

The relationship between atherogenic index of plasma and plaque vulnerabilities: an optical coherence tomography study

Abstract Background Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) has been recommended as a marker of plasma atherogenicity. The impact of AIP on plaque characteristics is not fully understood. Purpose The study investigates the relationship between AIP and coronary plaque features in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods From January 2015 to June 2017 pre-intervention optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed in 522 ACS patients. AIP was defined as the base 10 logarithm of the ratio of the concentrations of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Patients were divided into four groups according to AIP quartiles. Results A total of 332 patients were included for the analysis. The incidence of thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) (group I [lowest] 9.09% vs group II 16.5% vs group III 44.7% vs group IV [highest] 52.9%), macrophage accumulation (group I 18.2% vs group II 22.4% vs group III 31.8% vs group IV 47.1%), plaque rupture (group I 10.4% vs group II 14.1% vs group III 17.6% vs group IV 34.1%) and plaque erosion (group I 2.6% vs group II 2.4% vs group III 14.1% vs group IV 12.9%) were significantly different among AIP quartiles. Multivariate logistic regression revealed the risk of TCFA (odds ratio 11.938, 95% confidence interval 4.723-30.174, p<0.001) and plaque rupture (OR 4.976, 95% CI 1.993-12.424, p<0.001) increased in group IV compared to group I. Receiver operating characteristics curve showed the predictive value of AIP for TCFA and plaque rupture were 0.720 and 0.669 respectively. Conclusions AIP is an independent predictor for vulnerable plaques beyond traditional factors. It can be integrated in clinical practice for risk stratification of ACS patients.Multivariate logistic analysisROC curves

Multiple triglyceride-derived metabolic indices and incident cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease

BackgroundTriglyceride (TG) and its related metabolic indices are recognized as important biomarker gauging cardiovascular diseases. This study aimed to explore the association between multiple TG-derived metabolic indices including the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, triglyceride glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI) and cardiovascular outcomes to identify valuable predictors for cardiovascular prognosis in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and coronary heart disease (CHD).MethodsData of 1034 patients with T2DM and CHD from China-Japan Friendship Hospital between January 2019 and March 2022 were collected and analyzed. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis were conducted to examine the associations between AIP, TyG index, TyG-BMI and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was used to screen the most valuable predictor. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis was employed to examine the relationship between the predictor and prognosis. The goodness-of-fit of models was evaluated using the calibration curve and χ2 likelihood ratio test. Subgroup analysis and interaction test were performed to control for confounding factors.ResultsThe overall incidence of MACCEs was 31.04% during a median of 13.3 months of follow-up. The results showed that AIP, TyG index and TyG-BMI were all positively correlated with the risk of MACCEs in patients with T2DM and CHD (P < 0.05). Furthermore, ROC (AUC = 0.899) suggested that AIP had the strongest ability to predict the risk of MACCEs, and the highest AIP values enhanced the risk by 83.5% in the population. RCS model demonstrated that AIP was nonlinearly associated with the incident cardiovascular outcomes (P for nonlinear = 0.0118). The Kaplan-Meier analysis for MACCEs grouped by the AIP tertiles indicated that the probability of cumulative incidences of MACCEs was significantly higher in patients with a higher AIP (all Log rank P < 0.001). Meanwhile, the calibration curve demonstrated an excellent goodness-of-fit of the multivariate model (χ2 = 13.210, P = 0.105). Subgroup analysis revealed that the trend of positive association of AIP with cardiovascular risk was similar across subgroups except in non-hypertensive individuals.ConclusionOur study, for the first time, may provide valuable information that multiple TG-derived metabolic indices play a crucial role in the risk of MACCEs and it is recommended to monitor the AIP for lipid management in patients with established T2DM and CHD.

7093 Atherogenic Index of Plasma Is Strongly Correlated With Cardiovascular Disease Independent of LDL level in the US Population

Abstract Disclosure: H. Ayesh: None. K.D. Niswender: None. B.G. Carranza Leon: None. Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) poses a global health challenge, prompting exploration of risk factors. The Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), calculated as the readily available TG/HDL-C ratio, stands out as a promising avenue for investigation. Previous studies have reported an independent association between AIP and cardiovascular disease across diverse populations. Despite this recognized significance, there exists a gap in understanding its relevance in the US. This research aims to bridge this gap by examining the AIP-CVD relationship within the US population, utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods: The study included 4,784 NHANES subjects, with AIP values calculated using the established formula. The outcome was assessed using a combined variable (stroke, myocardial infarction, and CAD). Statistical analysis employed logistic regression to evaluate the AIP-CVD relationship, controlling for age, BMI, hemoglobin A1c, blood pressure, smoking, and LDL levels. Results/Discussion: We observed a significant correlation between AIP and CVD (odds ratio: 1.77, P = 0.026, 95% CI: 1.07-2.94), which persisted after controlling for common risk factors, including HbA1c, BMI, blood pressure, smoking, and LDL levels. Importantly, our findings highlighted the independence of this association from LDL levels—a pivotal observation with implications for healthcare strategies. Our study suggests that even with optimized LDL levels, AIP maintains an independent association with CVD. Existing literature supports the notion that AIP levels are strongly correlated with small dense LDL and remnant cholesterol levels. The pragmatic utility of AIP as a cardiovascular risk marker is evident due to the impracticality and costliness of testing for small dense LDL and remnant cholesterol. Given AIP is based on routine lipid profiles, our data underscores the potential integration of AIP into clinical practice, streamlining risk assessment. As we delve into our findings, the optimization of cardiovascular risk beyond LDL levels emerges as a tangible goal, with AIP emerging as a valuable tool. Larger studies are needed to validate and generalize these findings in the US population. Presentation: 6/2/2024

Physical activity modifies the association between atherogenic index of plasma and prediabetes and diabetes: A cross-sectional analysis.

Although research has explored the association between atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and prediabetes and diabetes, there is still not sufficient available evidence the role of physical activity (PA) in this relationship. Our purpose is to examine the complex connections between AIP, PA, and prediabetes and diabetes in a young and middle-aged population. This study included 2220 individuals from the general population, aged 20-60 years. AIP was calculated from the logarithm of the triglyceride (TG) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio. PA was assessed depending to the American Heart Association (AHA) criteria and categorized into medium-high and low PA levels. We used binary logistic regression to explore associations and subsequently performed sensitivity and subgroup analyses. The 2220 participants had a mean age of 38 years, with a mean AIP of -0.1185, and a prediabetes and diabetes prevalence of 7.2%. After adjusting for auxiliary variables, AIP was positively correlated with prediabetes and diabetes (odds ratio [OR]: 3.447, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.829-6.497). In the low PA population, the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes raised significantly with higher AIP (OR: 3.678, 95% CI: 1.819-7.434). This association was not meaningful in the medium to high PA population (OR: 1.925, 95% CI: 0.411-9.007). Joint and sensitivity analyze results also showed agreement. Restricted cubic spline identified a linear relationship between AIP and the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes. Notably, the prevalence significantly increases when AIP values exceed -0.16 (p for linearity <0.05). The findings revealed heterogeneity across subgroups stratified by sex and age. PA may modify the link as regards AIP with prediabetes and diabetes in young and middle-aged populations. Adherence to PA prevents the adverse effects of abnormal glucose metabolism caused by dyslipidemia, particularly in women.

Relationship between Vitamin D Insufficiency, Lipid Profile and Atherogenic Indices in Healthy Women Aged 18-50 Years.

Although vitamin D insufficiency has been correlated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), there are few data on the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and atherogenic indices predictive of CVD. This study investigated the relationship of vitamin D status with lipid profile and atherogenic indices in adult women in Morocco. Three hundred women aged 18 to 50 years from Meknes were included. Fasting 25(OH)D and lipid concentrations were assayed by a one-step electrochemiluminescence-based immunoassay and an enzymatic method, respectively. Atherogenic indices (atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), atherogenic coefficient (AC), non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C), Castelli risk indices I and II (CRI-I and II), and CHOLIndex (CI)) were calculated using conventional lipid parameters. Logistic regression models and operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis were used to assess the relationship of the variables and estimate the threshold of 25(OH)D levels associated with high atherogenic indices. 25(OH) D below 20 ng/mL was significantly associated with an enhanced risk of hypertriglyceridemia and elevated values of AIP, AC, non-HDL-C, and CRI-I with an OR (95% CI) of 4.904 (1.856-12.959), 3.637 (2.149-6.158), 3.589 (1.673-7.700), 2.074 (1.215-3.540), and 2.481 (1.481-4.123), respectively. According to the ROC analysis, the likelihood of hypertriglyceridemia and high values of AIP, AC, non-HDL-C, and CRI-I were associated with 25(OH)D thresholds ≤15.15 ng/mL, ≤17.5 ng/mL, ≤19.8 ng/mL, ≤20.1 ng/mL, and ≤19.5 ng/mL, respectively, all p < 0.01. Based on the atherogenic indices, this study indicates that vitamin D below 20 ng/mL may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in adult women. Additional health measures are essential to raise awareness among women and health professionals of preventing and controlling cardiovascular risk factors, particularly among young individuals.

The synergistic effect of the atherogenic index of plasma and hyperuricemia on the prediction of coronary chronic total occlusion lesion: an observational cross-sectional study.

The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and hyperuricemia (HUA) have been shown to be closely associated with morbidity and mortality of coronary artery disease. However, studies targeting predictive value of AIP and HUA for chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions are still lacking. In total, 5,238 patients meeting the eligibility criteria were recruited in this analysis. CTO was defined as the condition of lesions without forward blood flow and with over three months of occlusion time. AIP was calculated as log10 [triglycerides (mmol/L)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L)]. HUA was defined based on sex-specific criteria: serum uric acid 420 and 360 μmol/L for males and females, respectively. CTO lesions were presented in 907 (17.3%) patients. Compared with patients showing lower AIP levels and non-HUA, the CTO lesion risks increased by 5.225 and 2.765 times in patients with higher AIP levels and HUA. Patients with AIP >0.15 and HUA exhibited the greatest CTO incidence (odds ratio 11.491; 95% confidence interval 9.019-14.641, P < 0.001). In addition, AIP combined with HUA had significantly increased effects (a 38.5% increase in CTO risk) relative to the sum of respective effects. Patients having higher AIP levels and HUA exhibited the highest CTO incidence, in comparison with patients who have the increased single index. AIP combined with HUA displayed significant synergistic effect on the prediction of CTO lesion.

The predictive value of cumulative atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) for cardiovascular outcomes: a prospective community-based cohort study

BackgroundAtherogenic index of plasma (AIP) has been reported as a critical predictor on the risks and clinical outcomes of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and we aimed to explore the potential predictive value of cumulative AIP on major adverse cardiac events (MACE), stroke, myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiovascular mortality.MethodsA large-scale community-based prospective cohort was established from December 2011 to April 2012 and followed up in May to July 2014. The endpoint outcomes were obtained before December 31, 2021. AIP was calculated as the logarithmically transformed ratio of triglyceride (TG) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and cumulative AIP was the average value of AIP in 2012 and 2014.ResultsAn overall of 3820 participants (36.1% male) with mean (SD) age of 59.1 (8.7) years, were enrolled. Within a median follow-up of 7.5 years, a total of 371 (9.7%) participants were documented with MACE, 293 (7.7%) participants developed stroke, 68 (1.8%) suffered from MI and 65 (1.7%) experienced cardiovascular mortality. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed significant associations between cumulative AIP and the risk of MACE, stroke and MI. Regarding MACE, individuals with one higher unit of cumulative AIP were associated with 75% increment on the incidence of going through MACE in fully adjusted model, while categorizing participants into four groups, individuals in the highest cumulative AIP quartile were significantly associated with increased incidence of MACE (HR = 1.76, 95%CI: 1.27–2.44, p < 0.001 in fully adjusted model), stroke (HR = 1.69, 95%CI: 1.17–2.45, p = 0.005) and MI (HR = 2.82, 95%CI: 1.18–6.72, p = 0.019). But not a significant association was observed between cumulative AIP and cardiovascular mortality. In subgroup analysis, the association of cumulative AIP and the incidence of stroke was more pronounced in the elderly (HR: 0.89 vs. 2.41 for the age groups < 65 years and ≥ 65 years, p for interaction = 0.018).ConclusionsA higher cumulative AIP was significantly associated with an increased risk of MACE, stroke and MI independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors in a community-based population, and the association of cumulative AIP and stroke was particularly pronounced in the elderly population.

Exploring the L-shaped relationship between Atherogenic Index of Plasma and depression: Results from NHANES 2005–2018

BackgroundThe Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) is a novel metric linked to several diseases. However, there is inadequate evidence to investigate the relationship between AIP and depression. Therefore, we aim to elucidate the non-linear association between AIP and depression. Methods12,453 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2018 were included. The AIP was calculated as log10 (triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to identify depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10). Weighted multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS) models, subgroup analysis, and interaction tests were employed to reveal the relationship between AIP and depression. ResultsAIP was found to be significantly correlated with depression. In the fully adjusted model, elevated AIP levels were associated with higher odds of depression (odds ratio [OR] = 1.50; 95 % CI: 1.06–2.12). The RCS analysis indicated an L-shaped pattern in the relationship between depression and AIP, with inflection points at −0.289. Beyond this inflection point, individuals with elevated AIP levels were associated with higher odds of depression (OR = 2.25; 95 % CI: 1.49–3.39). Notably, the association was particularly pronounced among individuals with diabetes. LimitationThis cross-sectional study is unable to establish causal relationships. ConclusionThere was an L-shaped association between AIP and depression among US adults. AIP has the potential value as a biological marker for depression, and maintaining AIP values below a certain threshold may help in managing depression.

Association between the atherogenic index of plasma and hearing loss based on a nationwide cross-sectional study

BackgroundHearing loss (HL) is a worldwide public health issue for which the role of dyslipidemia has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to use the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), a well-established serum lipid marker, to investigate the association of dyslipidemia with HL among the general population.MethodsParticipants (n = 3267) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database (2005–2012, 2015–2018) were included in the present study. The AIP was calculated based on the following formula: log10 (triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). HL was defined as a pure-tone average of at least 20 dBHL in the better ear. Weighted multivariable logistic regression, subgroup analysis, generalized additive model, and threshold analysis were adopted to reveal the association between the AIP and HL.ResultsIn this study of US adults, a positive association was found between the AIP and high-frequency HL. However, the association between the AIP and low-frequency HL was not as strong. In addition, a reverse L-shaped curve with an inflection point located at -0.27 was detected between the AIP and high-frequency HL, followed by a significant positive association after the inflection point.ConclusionsThe potential of the AIP as a bioindicator for high-frequency HL is noteworthy, and maintaining an AIP value below a certain threshold might provide beneficial outcomes in the management of high-frequency HL.

Cardiovascular risk assessment of newborns in Nigeria using the atherogenic index of plasma and its associations with gestational age and birth weight: a cross-sectional hospital-based study

Background: The prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is rising, and its onset from childhood is widely studied. Prematurity and low birth weight were associated with higher atherogenic risk when assessed using some lipid ratios. However, the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), a sensitive marker for atherosclerosis is understudied in newborns. Utilizing AIP, this study aimed to determine atherogenic risk prevalence among newborns and its association with gestational age and birth weight. Methods: Newborns were consecutively recruited, and their lipid profiles were determined. The AIP was calculated as the logarithm to base 10 (log10) of the ratio of molar concentrations of triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The atherogenic risk was operationalized using AIP: high, &gt;0.24; medium, 0.1–0.24; and low/no risk, &lt;0.1. The relationship between AIP values, gestational age, and birth weight was analyzed using Pearson correlation. Results: The mean AIP of the 167 newborns studied was –0.35±0.34, which is within the global reference range. Three (1.8%), 10 (6.0%), and 154 (92.2%) newborns were in the high, medium, and low/no atherogenic risk categories, respectively. Hence, 13 newborns (7.8%) had medium to high atherogenic risk. AIP had a moderate significantly positive relationship only with gestational age (r=0.35, P&lt;0.001). Conclusions: The study found an atherogenic risk prevalence of 7.8% using AIP in newborns which, contrary to previous studies that used other ratios, has no significant association with birth weight, correlating positively with gestational age, though is lowest in late preterms. Follow-up studies will elucidate these findings.

Impact of baseline and trajectory of the atherogenic index of plasma on incident diabetic kidney disease and retinopathy in participants with type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal cohort study

BackgroundSome studies have assessed the predictive role of the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) for macrovascular diseases. This prospective investigation aimed to elucidate whether AIP is associated with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) incidence.MethodsThe data were extracted from 4831 participants, of whom 2943 and 3360 participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D) were included in the DKD and DR follow-up analyses, respectively. Cox regression models were performed to test the relationships of AIP value at baseline with the risk of incident DKD and DR. Group-based trajectory modelling was utilized to discern AIP trajectories during the follow-up period. Subsequently, logistic regressions were applied to ascertain the influence of AIP trajectories on the incidence of DKD and DR.ResultsDuring the follow-up period, 709 (24.1%) and 193 (5.7%) participants developed DKD and DR, respectively. The median (interquartile range) follow-up time was 24.2 (26.3) months for DKD and 25.7 (27.0) months for DR. According to the multivariate Cox regression models, baseline AIP was positively and linearly related to the occurrence of DKD, with a hazard ratio of 1.75 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36–2.26). Three distinct trajectories of AIP were identified throughout the follow-up time: Low (31.4%), Median (50.2%), and High (18.3%). Compared to participants with the Low AIP trajectory, those with High and Median AIP trajectories presented 117% (95% CI: 1.62–2.91) and 84% (95% CI 1.46–2.32) greater odds of developing DKD, respectively. However, neither baseline levels nor trajectories of AIP were shown to be related to DR after adjusting for confounding factors.ConclusionsBaseline levels and trajectories of AIP were independently related to elevated DKD risk, indicating that AIP could be used as a predictor for identifying T2D participants at higher risk of DKD. No association between AIP and DR was detected.

The Predictive Value of Atherogenic Index of Plasma, Non- High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (Non-HDL-C), Non-HDL-C/HDL-C, and Lipoprotein Combine Index for Stroke Incidence and Prognosis in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients.

The serum lipid level is strongly associated with atherosclerosis. However, research on the relationship between lipid-derived indices and acute ischemic stroke (AIS) occurrence in hemodialysis populations is limited. This study aimed to explore the predictive value of lipid-derived indices, including atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Non- high density lipoprotein cholesterol (Non-HDL-C), Non-HDL-C/HDL-C, and lipoprotein combine index (LCI) in clinical practice for the occurrence and prognosis of AIS in hemodialysis patients. A total of 451 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis were screened and 350 were enrolled in this study. The lipid parameters exhibit a progressive increase across the tertiles, with values rising from Q1 through Q3. Enrolled patients were divided into three groups (Q1, Q2, and Q3) based on tertiles of AIP, Non-HDL-C, Non-HDL-C/HDL-C, and LCI values. Kaplan-Meier curves were performed to investigate the association between the AIP, Non-HDL-C, Non-HDL-C/HDL-C, LCI and AIS-free survival in hemodialysis patients. Chi-square analysis was used to explore the association between the AIP, Non-HDL-C, Non-HDL-C/HDL-C, LCI and AIS outcomes in hemodialysis patients. AIS outcomes were assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the AIS-free survival rates were significantly higher in the Q1 group compared to Q2 and Q3 groups for AIP, Non-HDL-C, Non-HDL-C/HDL-C, and LCI. Log rank tests showed statistically significant differences between the Q1 group and the Q2 and Q3 groups (p < 0.05 for all). The proportion of patients with a good outcome mRS was higher in the Q1 group compared to the Q2-Q3 groups (AIP: 0.818 vs 0.792; Non- HDL-C: 0.866 vs 0.767; Non- HDL-C/HDL-C: 0.867 vs 0.767; LCI: 0.938 vs 0.750). The four lipid-derived parameters are effective predictors of AIS in patients undergoing hemodialysis, and AIP has a strongest correlation with the risk of AIS. Hemodialysis patients with elevated levels of the four lipid-derived indices had a higher incidence of AIS and poorer functional outcomes compared to those with lower levels. Our conclusions may require confirmation by further research in the future.

A Study Assessing the Correlation of Atherogenic Index of Plasma with Severity of Coronary Artery Disease by Modified Gensini Score in Postmenopausal Women

ABSTRACT Introduction: The latest area of interest in lipids is small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C). They are highly atherogenic. There is no effective way of estimating them convetionally. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) reflects the level of sdLDL-C. The postmenopausal women have increased likelihood for coronary artery disease (CAD). In this study, the correlation between AIP and severity of CAD in postmenopausal women was assessed. Materials and Methods: A total of 448 postmenopausal women with chest pain were screened, of which 252 had a provisional diagnosis of CAD. Of them, 148 patients satisfying inclusion criteria were enrolled. Routine investigations, electrocardiogram, echocardiography, and coronary angiogram (CAG) were performed. Modified Gensini score (mGS) was used for severity of CAD. Chi-square test and Spearman correlation were used to analyze the correlation. Results: The mean age was 57 ± 8.3 years. The most common presentation was STEMI (32.4%), followed by unstable angina (28.4%). Patients already on statin therapy were 26.4%. Hypertension (HTN) was the most common risk factor (38.5%), followed by diabetes with HTN (23%). The mean AIP and mGS score were 0.23 ± 0.16 and 99.66 ± 65.61, respectively. Higher AIP values were seen in patients with higher mGS. Patients on statins and with normal lipid parameters showed higher mGS and AIP. There was a positive correlation of AIP with diabetes, HTN, Vitamin-D deficiency, C-reactive protein, body mass index, waist-circumference, waist-hip ratio, and waist-height ratio. Conclusion: AIP is a novel indicator and a strong marker for predicting the severity of CAD in postmenopausal women. In postmenopausal women with recurrent CAD and on statin therapy previously, AIP levels were high, implying that they need further management.

Atherogenic Index of Plasma as an Early Marker of Chronic Kidney Disease and Liver Injury in Type 2 Diabetes.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the main cause of end-stage renal disease and has a high mortality rate. Currently, no effective treatments are available to reduce the progression of kidney damage associated with diabetes. To explore the influence and predictive value of the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) on early chronic kidney disease and liver injury in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Medical records of 1057 hospitalized adult patients with T2DM between January 2021 and December 2022 were collected. The predictive value of AIP, renal function, and liver injury in patients with T2DM were analyzed using Pearson's correlation, multiple logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. AIP was a sensitive indicator of early liver and kidney injury in patients with T2DM. Patients in the DKD group showed increased AIP that positively correlated with serum creatinine, uric acid, and β2-microglobulin levels. Increased AIP negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). AIP significantly correlated with alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels and glutamyl transpeptidase-to-platelet ratio (GPR). An eGFR of 60-100 mL/min/1.73 m2 significantly increased the risk of DKD as the AIP increased. At lower GPR levels, the risk of DKD significantly increased with increasing AIP. However, no significant difference was found between the 2 groups when the GPR was >0.1407. The ROC curve analysis showed that AIP could predict early liver injury. AIP is directly involved in early liver and kidney injury in T2DM and may be a sensitive indicator for early detection.

Association of atherogenic index of plasma and triglyceride glucose-body mass index and sarcopenia in adults from 20 to 59: a cross-sectional study.

The relationship between atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and triglyceride glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI) and sarcopenia has not been studied in the United States (US) population. This research included 4,835 people from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2011 and 2018. The relationship between sarcopenia and TyG-BMI, as well as the AIP index, was examined through the utilization of restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis, subgroup analysis, and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Diagnostic value of AIP and TyG-BMI for sarcopenia was compared by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. In this research, 428 people with sarcopenia were identified among the 4,835 subjects that were included in the experiment. AIP and sarcopenia were positively associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.58 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of (1.07, 2.34) on fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression analysis. Similarly, TyG-BMI and sarcopenia were positively associated with an OR of 8.83 and a 95% CI of (5.46, 14.26). AIP and sarcopenia had a non-linear positive connection (P-value<0.001, P-Nonlinear=0.010), while TyG-BMI and sarcopenia had a linear positive correlation (P-value<0.001, P-Nonlinear=0.064), according to RCS analysis. Subgroup analyses showed a significant interaction between TyG-BMI and sarcopenia due to gender (P = 0.023). ROC curves showed that TyG-BMI (AUC:0.738, 95% CI: 0.714 - 0.761) was more useful than AIP (AUC:0.648, 95% CI: 0.622 - 0.673) in diagnosing sarcopenia. In US adults aged 20-59 years, our study revealed a correlation between elevated AIP and TyG-BMI levels and heightened sarcopenia risk. Moreover, TyG-BMI has better diagnostic validity than AIP.

Anthropometrics and Plasma Atherogenic Index in Saudi Women Madinah KSA.

to determine the lipid profile levels and association with anthropometric measurements and atherogenic index of plasma values in females from Taibah University. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2019 to January 2020 at the female section of Taibah University, located in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. The study sample consisted of 240 females ranging from 19 to 50 years. Measurements related to anthropometry such as height, weight, waist, and hip circumference, were calculated. Body Mass Index, Lipid profiles, and Atherogenic Index of Plasma were also measured. Almost 73.4% of the participants were obese and overweight, with a mean BMI of 28.79±5.7 kg/m2. Overweight and obese women were observed to have high total cholesterol and triglyceride levels (P≤0.05). Out of 244 participants, 120 (49.2%) and 44 (18%) were at intermediate and high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), respectively, as determined by the atherogenic index of plasma AIP. Intermediate and high-risk CVD groups had higher lipid profile levels and high waist-to-hip ratio compared to those in females at low risk (P≤0.05). AIP was positively and significantly associated with total cholesterol and triglyceride but negatively correlated with HDL concentration. Furthermore, the BMI had significantly positive correlation with triglyceride and waist to hip ratio (P≤0.05). The majority of the participants were overweight and obese, with high levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol and high waist to hip ratio, placing them at intermediate or high risk of CVD based on AIP values. Additional CVD risk screenings, targeted specifically at overweight and obese women, are needed.

The association between atherogenic index of plasma and stroke in Chinese middle-aged and elderly population: a national cross-sectional study

Objective: To investigate the association between atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and stroke. Methods: The 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) survey was used in this study. Logistic regression was adopted to examine the relationship between AIP, calculated as log (TG/HDL), and stroke. Subgroup analysis was used to further explore the associated factors. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression was adopted to estimate the non-linear association. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis was utilized to calculate the cutoff value of AIP. Results: In this study, 13,027 participants aged 45 years above were enrolled. The odds ratios in the fully adjusted logistic model across the quartiles of AIP were 1.00 (reference), 1.09 (95% CI 0.69–1.72), 1.62 (95% CI 1.06–2.49), 1.07 (1.08–2.58), respectively. Non-linear association between AIP and stroke was not found using RCS regression (p for non-linearity &gt; 0.05). The subgroup analyses showed that the association between AIP and stroke varied in different gender, alcohol and cigarette consumption, but the interaction effects were insignificant (all p &gt; 0.05). The cutoff value of AIP was 0.82, and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.57. Conclusion: Elevated AIP is significantly associated with the increased risk of stroke in the middle- aged and elderly Chinese, indicating that AIP may be a predictive factor for stroke among the Chinese middle-aged and elderly.

Impact of 24-week dapagliflozin treatment on body weight, body composition, and cardiac risk indicators of patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus.

To reveal the impacts of dapagliflozin, a sodium glucose transporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT-2i), on body weight and body composition, cardiovascular risk indices, and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). The data of patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who applied to Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders between September 2019 and 2020, and had started dapagliflozin treatment along with their current medications were recorded retrospectively. Body weights, body compositions measured through bioelectrical impedance, and CIMT with T2DM receiving SGLT-2i treatment and medication were measured at weeks 1, 12, and 24 of 42. The visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were used to determine the lipid measurements and anthropometric values. The mean change in the total body weight and total fat mass was -2.96 and -1.97 kg, respectively (p < 0.001). There was a reduction in total fat mass of 1.23 kg (from 31.4 to 29.3 kg, p < 0.001) and in body fat percentage of 2.5% (from 35.8% to 34.4%, p < 0.001) in the first 12 weeks. A mild increase was observed in both the total fat mass and body fat percentage between weeks 12 and 24, which was not statistically significant (p = 0.783 and p = 0.925, respectively), whereas there was a statistically significant reduction in high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), AIP, and CIMT values (p = 0.006, p = 0.035, and p = 0.007, respectively). No changes were observed in the VAI and LAP values (p = 0.985 and p = 0.636, respectively). It was observed that dapagliflozin not only contributes to weight and fat loss but also has positive impacts on cardiovascular and atherosclerotic indicators.

Atherogenic Index of Plasma Predicts Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Stable Angina Pectoris.

Chronic coronary syndrome is associated with several risk factors, such as dyslipidemia and hypertension. The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) has been demonstrated to be a biochemical risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). This study aimed to determine whether the AIP is an effective parameter for estimating obstructive CAD. A total of 345 patients (with a mean age of 62.2 ± 10.3; 63% male) who underwent coronary angiography were included in this study. Obstructive CAD is defined as having one or more vessels with a stenosis level of ≥50%. Depending on the presence of obstructive CAD, all patients were divided into two groups. The mean AIP value was found to be 0.538 ± 0.26 in the study group. The AIP values were significantly higher in the obstructive coronary artery group (AIP; 0.49 ± 0.26 vs. 0.58 ± 0.27, p = 0.002). According to a univariable analysis, AIP values were significantly associated with obstructive coronary artery disease [OR: 3.74 (CI 95% 1.62-8.64), p = 0.020]. The AIP was further adjusted for confounding risk factors in three multivariable analysis models and, all three models showed a significant association. According to an ROC analysis, 0.49 is the cut-off value for AIP, and a value above 0.49 indicates 50% coronary artpery stenosis. The AIP may be used in the assessment of cardiovascular risk for patients with stable angina pectoris, and it may also be used to estimate obstructive CAD.

Association of atherogenic index of plasma with early neurological deterioration in patients with acute ischemic stroke

PurposeTo explore the correlation between Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) and early neurological deterioration (END) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). MethodsA retrospective analysis of 334 patients diagnosed with AIS between January 2021 and May 2023 at the Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University. Patients were divided into END and non-END groups based on changes in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores (NIHSS) within 7 days of admission, and the differences in the indicators between the two groups were examined using univariate analysis. The patients were then divided into three groups based on the tertile of the AIP (T1: AIP≤ −0.01; T2: 0 ≤AIP≤0.16; AIP≥0.17), and logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between the AIP and END. Finally, the predictive ability of the AIP was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. ResultsA total of 334 patients were included, of which 64 (19.20%) had END. The results of the analysis showed that the AIP was significantly higher in the END group compared to the non-END group. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that higher AIP was associated with END in AIS patients (OR=3.259, 95%CI, 1.490–7.125, P = 0.003), especially in large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA) subtype (OR=4.240, 95%CI,1.30–13.87, P = 0.017). ROC analysis revealed that the best predictive cutoff value of AIP was 0.115, and the area under the ROC curves for AIP was 0.681(0.604–0.758). ConclusionOur study uncovered that higher AIP levels were associated with END development in AIS patients.