Asynchronous Media Research Articles

Channel utilization of media access control protocols for underwater acoustic networks with propagation delay and mobilitya).

This paper investigates the impact of mobility on underwater acoustic communication networks in which the propagation delay is comparable to or larger than the packet duration. An underwater acoustic wireless network, consisting of static and mobile nodes, is studied for its link-layer channel utilization. Synchronous and asynchronous media access control (MAC) protocols are employed with ALOHA, TDMA (time-division multiple access), and artificial intelligence (AI) agent nodes. The simulation results of a multi-node network show that the asynchronous MAC protocols achieve up to 6.66× higher channel utilization than synchronous protocols by allowing time slots to be shorter than the maximum propagation delay among nodes and permitting asynchronous transmission time. The high mobility of a few mobile nodes also favors asynchronous protocols and increases the overall channel utilization. However, node mobility causes more difficulties for the AI node to learn the environment, which may be ineffective to achieve higher gains in channel utilization.

Learning Media for Islamic Religious Education during a Pandemic: Systematic Literature Review Analysis

This study intends to analyze the learning media utilized for Islamic religious education in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study is a systematic literature review utilizing the Prisma methodology. Mendeley and Garuda article databases with limited articles published from 2020 to 2023 are utilized. Using the search terms "Islamic religious education, learning media, covid, pandemic", 53 articles were located. Utilizing field research and accepting only journal articles made it possible to include data. Consequently, only twenty articles were examined. The Phillips Marrying content analysis technique was used for data analysis. Coding data with the Atlas.ti application. The results of the study indicate that the types of learning media utilized during the pandemic are synchronous and asynchronous. Jitsi Meet, Google Meet, Zoom, and Microsoft Teams are examples of synchronous learning media. The asynchronous media utilized are learning management systems such as e-learning in educational institutions, Google Classroom, and Edmodo, as well as other supporting media such as Google Forms, Kahoot, Quizziz, Microsoft PowerPoint, YouTube, and videos. During a pandemic, there were several issues with the use of internet-based learning media, including inadequate devices, poor internet infrastructure, and the inability of students' parents to pay. The use of learning media for distance education must take several factors into account for learning to proceed smoothly.

Ultraviolet random access collaborative networking protocol based on time division multiple access

The ultraviolet network, with its advantages of high security, non-line-of-sight communication, and all-weather operation, has broad military application potential. This study proposes an ultraviolet random access collaborative networking protocol based on time division multiple access that combines the benefits of synchronous and asynchronous media access control protocols. Considering the physical layer characteristics, the frame structure of the protocol is constructed based on a cross-layer design. Compared with the time division multiple access protocol, the proposed protocol can achieve higher throughput with a lower delay and packet loss rate by the dynamic timeslot allocation mechanism. Then, the effects of maximum cache capacity and burst traffic on network performance are investigated. Finally, the conducted network experiments prove the cooperative forwarding and random access capabilities of the ultraviolet random access collaborative networking protocol. The proposed protocol provides a reliable and effective method for independent and flexible ultraviolet networks.

Conveying Message Distortion: A Synchronous and Asynchronous Approach to Effective Aviation Communication Services

The study focuses on message distortion in aviation communication services, seen from the problem of using the media both synchronously and asynchronously. In doing so, 65 articles from reputable international journals, international journals, and accredited national journals were analyzed. The constructivism paradigm involves multidisciplinary information systems, communications, and media services. Excellent service in aviation is hampered by message distortion from customer service and customers exchanging information because communication media is dominated by asynchronous communication. The combination of approaches using synchronous and asynchronous media bridges the problem of message distortion in aviation communication services. Message distortions include physical disturbances, semantic disturbances, cultural and language differences, no feedback, status or position level differences, and information overload between communicators and communicants.

Исследование влияния синхронной и асинхронной компьютерной обратной связи от одногруппников на развитие письменной речи кандидатов IELTS

The present study investigated the effect of synchronous and asynchronous computer-mediated peer feedback on IELTS candidates’ writing improvement and interactions. In so doing, 132 IELTS candidates from an English language center in six writing classes were chosen based on the convenience sampling procedure. They were split into three equal groups: two experimental groups that were instructed through synchronous peer feedback and asynchronous computer-mediated feedback and one control group. The data were collected using a sample English language proficiency test and synchronous and asynchronous media writing scoring rubric. One-way ANOVA and Chi-square test were applied for the statistical analysis of the data. It was revealed that L2 learners benefited more from the computer-mediated peer feedback than conventional paper and pencil peer feedback. Further, the participants in the asynchronous group noticeably exceeded the IELTS candidates in the synchronous group. The results also showed that the most frequent feedback in both experimental groups was directive feedback. However, there were some discrepancies in the frequency of various directive subcategories. Suggestion was the most frequent directive subcategory reported by the synchronous group and instruction feedback was the most repeated one in the asynchronous group. On the basis of the findings of the study, instructors were advised to employ asynchronous feedback whenever possible to maximize their learners’ writing accuracy.

Communication Strategies in Synchronous and Asynchronous Media

This study compares the communication strategies employed in synchronous and asynchronous media during the learning of English. E-learning has been employed more frequently. This condition enables English subjects to be taught and learned in a setting without face-to-face interaction. E-learning is available in both synchronous and asynchronous modes. Based on the communication methods that arose in both modes, this study was done to present the emergence of communication strategies in both media. The present study involved 36 university students who were enrolled in a teaching methodology course and one lecturer. Specifically, the data were gathered through WhatsApp Group observation and Zoom interviews. The discussion of the study was presented using an explanatory format because it was a qualitative study. From the study, there were 3 types of communication strategies found in synchronous (Zoom), namely codeswitching (87%), time-gaining (13%), and foreignizing (0,3%). While in asynchronous mode using WhatsApp Group, codeswitching (12,5%) and literal translation (87,5%) were found. and synchronous media (Zoom). It was found that the students’ engagement in the WhatsApp group was higher (82%) than was found in Zoom (18%). However, the attitude and awareness of the students also played a significant role in the development of the communication strategies. This study contributes to the research on communication strategies found not only in oral form but also in written form and can be a consideration to promote the teaching of communication strategies.

Switch-Beam Antenna Techniques for Bridge Structural Health Monitoring With GaAs-Based Solar Energy Harvesting

<bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">The structural health monitoring (SHM) of bridges with wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is addressed by leveraging two distinct but interrelated aspects: GaAs-based solar energy harvesting and switched-beam antenna strategies in combination with asynchronous media access control (MAC) protocols. The joint optimization of solar energy harvesting and switched-beam directional antennas at the nodes is considered and compared with an equivalent omnidirectional antenna network. To address the limited energy budget in battery-based sensor nodes which is a serious limitation in long-lived applications such as bridge SHM, an efficient solar harvesting solution is put forth based on the good performance of GaAs cells even under low-light conditions. Given the current state of the art in GaAs cells, single-junction cells were selected due to the cost of double-or triple-junction versions. The simulation model includes the residual energy capacity with GaAs-based solar energy harvesting of actual selected components (microcontroller, radio interface chip). The model was implemented on top of the Omnet<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$++$</tex-math> </inline-formula> and Silvaco Atlas simulator. The comparative study in this article provides insights into realistic bridge SHM sensor networks, leveraging solar energy harvesting and switched-beam antennas.</b>

Blended Media Sinkronus dan Asinkronus untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa di Sekolah Dasar

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on all sectors, one of which is the education sector, namely elementary schools. The impact of the pandemic has made student learning outcomes decline because many teachers only use WhatsApp as a online learning medium. For this reason, there must be different learning innovations during the pandemic to be able to improve student learning outcomes. This innovation can be in the form of using synchronous Blended Media and Asynchronous Media on the theme of the area where I live in class IV Mojoroto 4, Kediri City. This research is a classroom action research with 4 stages starting from planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting. This research instrument uses a test sheet given to students. The results in this study there was a significant increase in student learning outcomes in cycle 3, marked by 86% of students scoring above the KKM and 14% below the KKM. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is an increase in student learning outcomes towards the use of synchronous and asynchronous blended media.A bstra c t a d ala hr i n g ka sa n i si a rt i kel ya ngm e m u a t poi n -poi n p e n ti n g s e ti a pk o m po nen a rt i ke l .

ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION INSTRUCTION USING ASYNCHRONOUS METHOD ON A DISTANCE LEARNING SYSTEM

This study aims to find out how the level of learning activity using the method asynchronous in distance learning. The research method uses descriptive analysis method. The research population was students of SMAN 1 Cisarua in the 2020/2021 academic year with a total sample of 90 people, while the instrument used in this study was a learning activity questionnaire. The data analysis technique used relative frequency distribution and trend test. The results showed that the "Very Good" category obtained a percentage of 8%, in the "Good" category a percentage of 22% was obtained, in the "Enough" category a percentage was obtained 41%, in the "Less" category the percentage was 23%, while in the "Very Poor" category, a percentage of 6% is obtained. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the level of physical education learning activities through the use of asynchronous media is in the sufficient category, although in terms of implementation it is still not optimal and there are several shortcomings, but the most important thing is that learning activities must continue to be carried out even in limited conditions

Method or Media: 10 Do’s and Some Don’ts for Using Media in Online Post-Secondary Education

For effective online teaching and learning there is no short-cut for good instructional design, as well as following well-established pedagogical practices. For universities in the post-pandemic era, the main challenges for delivering quality online programs are, first, to provide good access through high quality digital infrastructure, and, secondly, to assure that all lecturers are trained in modern pedagogical approaches, basic instructional design principles for online teaching, and media usage. In my own experience, following the eight QM “Quality Matters” standards, will go a long way in improving online instruction and student engagement. These standards provide a simple, proven and robust framework, even for the inexperienced to design and deliver an effective and engaging course. Universities that have consistently applied QM standards, for example, dominate the rankings for best online programs in the USA (QM 2020). Uniquely, QM offers a low-cost training program on online teaching that can be rolled out at scale for lecturers at member universities and schools, that includes all elements for developing and delivering effective online courses, including the use of media.The use of media in any course is always optional. Recent research, however, shows that the use of media, in particular asynchronous video in combination with other learning materials, can lead to substantial improvements in learning. This research found that the combination of solid instructional design and the appropriate use of asynchronous media in online or hybrid courses can be more effective than traditional face-to-face teaching, due to more focused content, and students being able to rewind thus avoiding feeling overwhelmed (Noetel et al., 2021). Finally, I offer 10 helpful pointers for developing and delivering online courses using media, for those of us who are not experienced online instructors, or instructional designers.

The Effectiveness of Google Classroom as Asynchronous Learning Media in Civics Learning

Learning through asynchronous google classroom media is considered a learning solution during a pandemic. Unlike learning through synchronous media, the limitations of accessing technological devices such as laptops and smartphones can be overcome in asynchronous learning in google classroom. The purpose of this study is to see the effectiveness of google classroom as an asynchronous medium that is still used by teachers in Civics learning.This study uses a quantitative approach.Descriptive statistics are used to measure the distribution of respondents' responses to the research questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed within a span of 7 days via google form and 30 teachers were selected as respondents in this study. The results of this study indicate that google classroom as an asynchronous media tends to be used by teachers and is considered effective in learning Citizenship Education (Civics). This research has implications as a scientific reference so as to encourage the extensification of e-learning learning theory, and can be used as material for evaluation and formulation of policies in the scope of learning.

The Use of Communication Strategies in Mobile Asynchronous Chat

The 21st century education is to provide students with digital learning experiences alongside creating a path to independent and collaborative learning. In this regard, computer-mediated communication (CMC) is receiving great attention in the field of education. Using a case study mixed methods approach, this paper examines the communication strategies used by postgraduate students, who are also in-service teachers, using the asynchronous WeChat mobile app for academic problem-solving purposes. It also explores their opinions on the practicality of using the oral asynchronous communication programme for problem-solving activities. It is found that the asynchronous spoken medium triggers ‘presentation speech' patterns that reflect both spoken and written features. The problem-solving process in the asynchronous spoken medium also is mediated via a low frequency of the use of communication strategies. The findings shed light on teaching and learning via oral-based asynchronous medium pertaining to the types of tasks and learning objectives to be achieved.

Teacher professional quality: Counselling services with technology in Pandemic Covid-19

The Covid-19 pandemic is affecting academic processes around the world and the emergence of problems in students. School counsellors have a significant role in helping problems and developing student potential through counselling services with digital technology media. This study focuses on discovering various technologies that were applied and used by school counsellors in the process of counselling services during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method used a case study method, and a qualitative descriptive method with totally subject 20 teacher professional education alumni worked as school counsellors in various islands in Indonesia. The research instrument used an open questionnaire with distribution through google form media and descriptive qualitative data analysis. The results of the study found that asynchronous media and technology-based synchronous media were the leading alternatives for online counselling services during the Covid-19 epidemic. The use of asynchronous media with WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram or social media, as well as synchronous media with Zoom, Webex, Google Meeting, or Hangout, can help solve problems and develop student potential. Recommendations for school counsellors to immediately adapt to the era of disruption and technology in counselling services. The following advice for the government is the administration of teacher and student welfare.

A model of distributed object­based stochastic hybrid systems

This article offers a mathematical model for distributed object­oriented stochastic hybrid systems (DOBSHS). DOBSHS are composite objects communicating with other objects through the exchange of messages through an asynchronous medium such as a network. An important component of the model is the probabilistic nature of the DOBSHS, in which the state of the system is described by stochastic differential equations with instantaneous probabilistic state changes when certain conditions are met. Also probabilistic is the nature of the messaging environment, in which the model of message delivery time is a random variable. Such problems are often encountered in practice in various areas and issues of formal modeling and verification of their properties are very important. The article presents a mathematical model of DOBSHS and proved that it has a Markov property.

No teleworker is an island: The impact of temporal and spatial separation along with media use on knowledge sharing networks

Despite its prevalence, there is a lack of understanding regarding the effect of telework on an organization’s knowledge base. Recognizing the enabling role of electronic communication media, this article therefore addresses the interaction effects of media synchronicity and temporal as well as spatial separation among colleagues on sharing in knowledge networks. Special attention is paid to knowledge awareness (a form of metaknowledge representing “who knows what”) as well as homogeneous and heterogeneous knowledge sources to further explicate the relationship between coworker separation and knowledge sharing. Multiple surveys were placed between two smaller ethnographic investigations and combined with whole network data to form an in-depth study of 64 knowledge workers at a medium-sized European research and advisory organization. The results reveal that spatial separation directly reduces the frequency of knowledge sharing between colleagues, whereas temporal separation affects knowledge sharing through reduced knowledge awareness, resulting in lower job and proactive performance. The use of asynchronous media can serve to mitigate most of the negative effects of spatial separation on knowledge sharing but may also exacerbate the negative effect of temporal separation on teleworkers’ knowledge awareness of colleagues with identical expertise.

Facebook: An Effective WEB 2.0 Technology for Blended EFL Classrooms in Indonesia

The 21st century learning has been a landmark in the use of digital technologies that serve pedagogical purposes, which includes the proliferating use of blended learning (Henceforth BL). A mixture of face-to-face (FTF) and online learning (Internet Synchronous and Asynchronous media), BL strategy has gained its popularity in the sphere of English language teaching (Hereafter ELT) due to its effectiveness in promoting learners’ language proficiency. However, the discussion on the extent to which e-learning mode plays role in English as a foreign language (Henceforth EFL) classrooms, particularly Indonesia, remains scantily documented; and a query on what can be an effective and efficient medium of e-learning in the strategy remains persistent in the foreignlanguage context. With its popularity and preferred medium of communication among teenagers across the globe, especially Indonesia, Facebook (hereafter FB) can be an answer to such a question. Hence, drawing on the Indonesian ELT context, this paper discusses the nature of BL; argues why FB can be aneffective and efficient add-on to e-learning mode in the Blended ELT context; and presents an example of its application as applied in one of the authors’ English-speaking classroom at a State University for Islamic Studies (UIN Mataram) and a reflection as the lecturer. This paper is expected to inform the English teaching practitioners or teachers on how to use social media, particularly FB, to enhance the students’ learning and learning outcomes particularly in Indonesian adult English classrooms.

Leveraging Energy Harvesting and Wake-Up Receivers for Long-Term Wireless Sensor Networks.

Wireless sensor nodes are traditionally powered by individual batteries, and a significant effort has been devoted to maximizing the lifetime of these devices. However, as the batteries can only store a finite amount of energy, the network is still doomed to die, and changing the batteries is not always possible. A promising solution is to enable each node to harvest energy directly in its environment, using individual energy harvesters. Moreover, novel ultra-low power wake-up receivers, which allow continuous listening of the channel with negligible power consumption, are emerging. These devices enable asynchronous communication, further reducing the power consumption related to communication, which is typically one the most energy-consuming tasks in wireless sensor networks. Energy harvesting and wake-up receivers can be combined to significantly increase the energy efficiency of sensor networks. In this paper, we propose an energy manager for energy harvesting wireless sensor nodes and an asynchronous medium access control protocol, which exploits ultra-low power wake-up receivers. The two components are designed to work together and especially to fit the stringent constraints of wireless sensor nodes. The proposed approach has been implemented on a real hardware platform and tested in the field. Experimental results demonstrate the benefits of the proposed approach in terms of energy efficiency, power consumption and throughput, which can be up to more than two-times higher compared to traditional schemes.

Learning-based synchronous approach from forwarding nodes to reduce the delay for Industrial Internet of Things

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoTs) is creating a new world which incorporates machine learning, sensor data, and machine-to-machine (M2M) communications. In IIoTs, the length of the transmission delay is one of the pivotal performance because dilatory communication will cause heavy losses to industrial applications. In this paper, a learning-based synchronous (LS) approach from forwarding nodes is proposed to reduce the delay for IIoTs. In an asynchronous Media Access Control protocol, when senders need to send data, they always require to wait for their corresponding receiver to wake up. Thus, the delay here is greater than in the synchronous network. However, the synchronization cost of the whole network is enormous, and it is difficult to maintain. Therefore, LS mechanism uses a partial synchronization approach to reduce synchronization costs while effectively reducing delay. In LS approach, instead of synchronizing the nodes in the entire network, only sender nodes and part of the nodes in their forwarding node set are synchronized by self-learning methods, and accurate synchronization is not required here. Thus, the delay can be effectively reduced under the low cost. Secondly, the nodes near sink maintain the original duty cycle, while the nodes in the regions away from the sink use their remaining energy and perform synchronization operations, so as not to damage the network lifetime. Finally, because the synchronization in this paper is based on different synchronization periods among different nodes, it can improve the network performance by reducing the conflict between simultaneous data transmission. The theoretical analysis results show that compared with the previous approach FFSC, LS approach can reduce the end-to-end delay by 5.13–11.64% and increase the energy efficiency by 14.29–17.53% under the same lifetime with a more balanced energy utilization.

Learning through digital storytelling: exploring entertainment techniques in lecture video

Although online education is popularized, it is in a developing stage that continues to struggle with communicating and engaging with students. The question remains on how students can be better engaged in online educational materials that are presented in asynchronous media, especially in lecture videos. Thus, using engagement theory, the present study explored how online lecture videos can be improved by incorporating entertainment education. Using a public lecture video found on YouTube, an online survey (N = 133) was conducted to identify digital storytelling techniques and their effects. Results revealed that these techniques that are often utilized in entertainment became meaningful components to increase student engagement and learning outcomes. However, they can also negatively affect instructor credibility, which could suggest the need to increase instructors’ skills. The implications for the development of lecture videos using entertainment and its potential to positively impact online education are discussed.

Multiple Packet Transmissions in Duty Cycling WSNs: A DTMC-Based Throughput Analysis

Multiple packet transmissions (MPTs) improve performance by transmitting multiple packets in a single operational cycle. Asynchronous duty cycling medium access control (MAC) protocols such as receiver initiated MAC protocol (RI-MAC) transmit multiple packets in one cycle. In this letter, we develop two associated discrete time Markov chain (DTMC) models to model MPT that can be achieved via multiple node competitions. Furthermore, we present the way of incorporating those developed models with each other for evaluating performance of RI-MAC with MPT. Using the solution of DTMC models, network throughput of MPT is calculated and compared with the one achieved by single packet transmission MAC (e.g., S-MAC) protocol. Validation of analytical results through discrete-event simulations confirms the accuracy of modeling and discloses the operation of MPT in RI-MAC protocol.