Asymmetric Lobes Research Articles

Effect of Asymmetric Lobe Size on the Molecular Dynamics, Glass Transition, and Dielectric Behavior in Janus Nanoparticles

Effect of Asymmetric Lobe Size on the Molecular Dynamics, Glass Transition, and Dielectric Behavior in Janus Nanoparticles

An easy and direct protocol based on planar molecular images to quantify 131I using thyroid phantom

A planar nuclear medicine image can be used to estimate dosimetry during iodine therapy. To this end, radionuclide activity distribution should be quantified in the patient’s body in terms of a calibration coefficient. This coefficient allows the net counts to correlate with the image’s activity. This study aims propose a simple and easy calibration protocol to quantify 131I activity in thyroid phantom by molecular planar images. Were acquired 13 planar images of different phantoms: thyroid phantom of symmetrical lobes; thyroid phantom of asymmetrical lobes; the Jacszack cylinder phantom with a syringe surrounded by air and water, and finally a plastic bottle containing a syringe with radionuclide. We applied the 131I radionuclide in a General Electric gamma camera, model Discovery NM/CT 670 with a high energy general purpose parallel hole collimator above the phantoms positioned at camera bed. The calibration coefficient of the gamma camera and the standard deviation were determined for each phantom; the average calibration coefficient obtained was 0.062±0.006 MBq/cps. The results suggested that the phantoms applied as too the calibration coefficient obtained by them can provides reasonable value for the gamma camera calibration factor for iodine 131, therefore an accurate evaluation of the scattering media as the source detector distance could impose higher variability and uncertainties on results.

The High-redshift Clusters Occupied by Bent Radio AGN (COBRA) Survey: Investigating the Role of Environment on Bent Radio AGNs Using LOFAR

Bent radio active galactic nucleus (AGN) morphology depends on the density of the surrounding gas. However, bent sources are found inside and outside clusters, raising the question of how environment impacts bent AGN morphology. We analyze new LOw-Frequency Array the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) Data Release II observations of 20 bent AGNs in clusters and 15 not in clusters from the high-z Clusters Occupied by Bent Radio AGN (COBRA) survey (0.35 < z < 2.35). We measure the impact of environment on size, lobe symmetry, and radio luminosity. We find that the most asymmetric radio lobes lie outside of clusters, and we uncover a tentative anticorrelation between the total projected physical area and cluster overdensity. Additionally, we, for the first time, present spectral index measurements of a large sample of high-z bent sources using LoTSS and Very Large Array Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-centimeters (VLA FIRST) observations. We find that the median spectral index for the cluster sample is −0.76 ± 0.01, while the median spectral index for the noncluster sample is −0.81 ± 0.02. Furthermore, 13 of 20 cluster bent AGNs have flat cores (α ≥ −0.6) compared to 4 of 15 of noncluster bent AGNs, indicating a key environmental signature. Beyond core spectral index, bent AGNs inside and outside clusters are remarkably similar. We conclude that the noncluster sample may be more representative of bent AGNs at large offsets from the cluster center (> 1.2 Mpc) or bent AGNs in weaker groups rather than the field.

Abstracts from The Aerosol Society Drug Delivery to the Lungs 33.

Abstracts from The Aerosol Society Drug Delivery to the Lungs 33.

A New Species of Harpalejeunea (Lejeuneaceae) from Upper Montane Forest in Southeastern Brazil

Abstract— A new species of Lejeuneaceae, Harpalejeunea zilmarii, from an upper montane forest in southeastern Brazil, is described and illustrated. The new species is characterized by the upper leaf which has an ovate, asymmetric lobe, is narrowed toward the apex, with an acuminate apex, a uniseriate tip that is 2‐4 cells long, an entire margin, or with cells of the proximal part of the antical margin (up to ca. 2/3 lobe length) crenate-denticulate by conical projections, constricted lobules forming a short and slightly curved passage to the water sac, with 2 short, blunt, closely associated single-celled teeth, and intercalary androecia on the main stem. The new species resembles Harpalejeunea tridens, and its affinities are discussed and presented in the key to the Brazilian species of Harpalejeunea.

RF35 | PSAT298 Subacute Thyroiditis Following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine

Abstract Background In 2011, Shoenfeld and Agmon-Levin described a distinct clinical entity called the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA). Adjuvants are primarily used in vaccines for directing the adaptive immune response. However, adjuvants sometimes trigger undesirable autoimmune effects, especially in genetically predisposed individuals such as those with DRB1 allele mutations. The mRNA vaccine may exert "self-adjuvant" properties through activation of tumor necrosis factor, interferon-alpha and other cytokines secreted by immune cells or cross reactivity of mRNA targeting CoV-2 spike protein with thyroid tissue antigens. With the recent widespread use of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine, cases of vaccine associated thyroid disorders are becoming more apparent. Case Summary A 45-year-old male with well controlled hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus was evaluated for abnormal thyroid function tests with a TSH of 0.078 uIU/mL and Free T4 of 2.17 ng/dl. He reported a history of Hashimoto's chronic thyroiditis. He received the second dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine one month prior to presentation. He denied any change in the size of his thyroid gland. He also reported no local neck symptoms, dysphagia, odynophagia or change in voice. A nuclear thyroid uptake and scan showed mildly asymmetric thyroid lobes with markedly decreased 24-hour uptake of 0.7%. Based on his clinical presentation, labs and nuclear imaging he was diagnosed with painless thyroiditis. His thyroid function normalized to a TSH of 0.96uIU/ml and Free T4 of 1.29 ng/dl within 2 months without any intervention. There is a strong possibility that the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine accentuated his underlying Hashimoto's chronic thyroiditis enough to cause this transient episode of painless thyroiditis, particularly considering the close interval between the vaccine and onset of his thyroid abnormalities. Conclusion Autoimmune thyroid abnormalities induced by vaccines have been historically associated with protein vaccines for protection from HPV, HBV, seasonal influenza, etc. The spectrum of these disorders can potentially manifest as a transient side effect or even years later with non-specific findings. The SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine may incite similar immunogenicity though yet unestablished, and physicians should be mindful of this phenomenon. Due to limited data, more rigorous studies are needed to fully understand the underlying pathogenesis of thyroiditis following SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in future. As there have been minimal cases of thyroiditis reported, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine should still be strongly recommended. References Bragazzi NL, Hejly A, Watad A, Adawi M, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y. ASIA syndrome and endocrine autoimmune disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Jan;34(1): 101412. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101412. Epub 2020 Mar 11. PMID: 32265102. Watad A, David P, Brown S, Shoenfeld Y. Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants and Thyroid Autoimmunity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017 Jan 24;7: 150. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00150. PMID: 28167927; PMCID: PMC5256113. Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m., Monday, June 13, 2022 1:12 p.m. - 1:17 p.m.

Embryology of Ficus tuerckheimii (subg. Spherosuke, Moraceae) and its relevance in interactions with its pollinator wasps, Pegoscapus sp. (Agaonidae)

• Ficus tuerckheimii has two female floral morphs with dimorphic stigmas. • Both floral morphs form showed cohesive synstigmas. • Wet stigmas are described for the first time within the genus Ficus. • The development of the anther wall in male flowers is a basic type. • Several evidence suggest that F. tuerckheimii is actively pollinated. Species in the Ficus (Moraceae) genus carry an inflorescence called syconium, formed by a fleshy, urn-shaped receptacle. This study aims to i) describe the embryology of Ficus tuerckheimii flowers at different developmental stages and ii) determine whether this species is pollinated actively or passively. The species is monoecious, with protogynous syconia and diclinous flowers. The syconia contain two pistillate floral morphs: one sessile with a long style and a symmetrically bilobed stigma, the other pedicellate with a short style and asymmetrical stigmatic lobes. The ovule of each flower type can develop into a seed or a (parasitic or pollinator) wasp. The gynoecium is pseudomonomerous; the flowers form a cohesive synstigma due to the proximity of the stigmatic papillae, which facilitates pollen concentration and pollen tubes growth in neighboring flowers. The staminate flowers are pedicellate and unistaminate. The anther dehiscence is longitudinal, rotating horizontally to open and release bicellular pollen grains. The syconium includes three different trichome types whose functions remain unknown. The drupelet fruit has a pericarp conformed of a tanniferous exocarp, a parenchymatic mesocarp, and a schlerenchymatic endocarp. We detected the following embryological characteristics that were previously undescribed for the genus and are potentially informative for the systematics of the family: i) wet stigmas, ii) a basic anther wall with a non-persistent epidermis and a multiplicative middle layer, iii) pollen grains that can germinate within the anther, iv) a profuse nucellus that later forms a perisperm, and v) a persistent perisperm. Altogether, the synstigma, the low anther-to-ovule ratio (0.12 SD ± 0.031), the smooth pollen ornamentation, and the specialized pollen collection and transport structures (corbiculae) of its pollinator wasps ( Pegoscapus sp., Agaonidae) suggest that F. tuerckheimii is actively pollinated.

2.7 Å cryo-EM structure of ex vivo RML prion fibrils

Mammalian prions propagate as distinct strains and are composed of multichain assemblies of misfolded host-encoded prion protein (PrP). Here, we present a near-atomic resolution cryo-EM structure of PrP fibrils present in highly infectious prion rod preparations isolated from the brains of RML prion-infected mice. We found that prion rods comprise single-protofilament helical amyloid fibrils that coexist with twisted pairs of the same protofilaments. Each rung of the protofilament is formed by a single PrP monomer with the ordered core comprising PrP residues 94–225, which folds to create two asymmetric lobes with the N-linked glycans and the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor projecting from the C-terminal lobe. The overall architecture is comparable to that of recently reported PrP fibrils isolated from the brain of hamsters infected with the 263K prion strain. However, there are marked conformational variations that could result from differences in PrP sequence and/or represent distinguishing features of the distinct prion strains.

Silurichthys exortivus, a new catfish (Teleostei: Siluridae) from eastern Borneo, Indonesia.

Silurichthys exortivus, a new species of silurid catfish, is described from the Mahakam River drainage in eastern Borneo. The new species can be distinguished from congeners in lacking a dorsal fin, having 4 (vs. 67) principal rays on the upper caudal-fin lobe and a combination of: body depth at anus 14.0% SL, caudal peduncle depth 5.1% SL, pelvic fins absent, 54 anal-fin rays, caudal fin with asymmetrical lobes (upper lobe 1.1 times longer than lower), 48 vertebrae, 1 gill raker on the first branchial arch, and a mottled brown body. Based on the reduced number of principal caudal-fin rays, S. exortivus, S. ligneolus and S. sanguineus are hypothesized to form an exclusively Bornean clade.

Taxonomic revision of the mid-Cretaceous genus Sanaungulus Fanti, Damgaard et Ellenberger, 2018 (Coleoptera, Cantharidae) from northern Myanmar based on a morphology-based phylogeny

The mid-Cretaceous genus Sanaungulus from northern Myanmar is revised based on a morphology-based phylogeny of the Burmite Cantharinae by both Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood analyses. The monophyly of Sanaungulus is supported and recovered sister to Burmomiles. The generic diagnosis is redefined based on the synapomorphies, of which the characteristic antennal shape is highlighted. The aedeagus of this genus is illustrated for the first time, which is trilobite, composed of a pair of asymmetric and plate-like lateral lobes and a slender median lobe. Five new species are described under the names of S. emarginaticollis sp. nov., S. multiramus sp. nov., S. laticoxa sp. nov., S. imparitibius sp. nov. and S. ruficollis sp. nov. Two species are removed from this genus, including S. ruicheni and S. strungei due to their different antennal characters, of which the former would be placed in incertae sedis of the Burmite Cantharinae because of the inconsistent phylogenetic analyses and the latter be in an unknown genus described in another forthcoming publication. Now ten species are truly included in this genus, and a key to the species is provided. These results will provide more evidence to clarify the phylogenetic position of the Burmite cantharids in the Cantharidae.

A presumptive association between obsessive compulsions and asymmetric temporal lobe atrophy: a case report

BackgroundThe relatively isolated atrophy of the temporal lobes leads to a clinical radiological pattern, referred to as the temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia. While semantic dementia and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia are classically related to this syndrome, the logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia has been less commonly reported. This case report aims to give a pictorial description of a case in which a patient with asymmetric temporal lobe atrophy presented with the logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia and complex rituals of cleanliness.Case presentationWe report on the case of a 68-year-old, right-handed White woman with complex rituals and progressive speech impairment. The obsessive–compulsive rituals represented an exacerbation of lifelong preoccupations with cleanliness and orderliness that were praised by her relatives. Neuropsychological assessment revealed a striking impairment of language and memory, with relative sparing of tool-use praxis and visuospatial skills. Magnetic resonance imaging and 18fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography scans showed bilateral asymmetrical temporal lobe atrophy and hypometabolism. A year later, she was still able to entertain conversation for a short while, but her vocabulary and fluency had further declined. Praxis and visuospatial skills remained intact. She did not experience pathological elation, delusions, or hallucinations. The disease followed a relentless progression into a partial Klüver–Bucy syndrome, abulia, and terminal dementia. She died from acute myocardial infarction 8 years after the onset of aphasia. The symptoms and their temporal course supported a diagnosis of logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia due to asymmetric temporal variant frontotemporal lobar degeneration.ConclusionsThis report gives a pictorial description of a temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia in a patient who presented with worsening of a lifelong obsessive–compulsive disorder and logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia.

Asymmetry of the male internal reproductive organs in Mantophasmatodea

BackgroundAsymmetries are a widespread phenomenon in otherwise bilaterally symmetric organisms, and investigation of asymmetric structures can help us gather insights into fundamental evolutionary processes such as the selection for morphological novelties caused by behavioural changes. In insects, asymmetric genitalia have evolved in almost every order, and usually it’s the sclerotized parts and most conspicuous male phallic organs that are known to exhibit asymmetries. While external copulatory organs in insects have often been subject to investigations concerning asymmetries and the evolution thereof, internal reproductive structures have received far less attention. Here we describe the internal and external male genitalia in three species of Austrophasmatidae, Mantophasmatodea, using μ-CT imaging and light microscopy. Mantophasmatodea is the most recently discovered insect order, and with 21 species described to date, it is among the smallest insect orders currently known.ResultsWe confirm that male heelwalkers exhibit asymmetries in the external genitalia and associated structures, represented by asymmetric phallic lobes and cerci. Moreover, we found an extreme asymmetry within the internal male genitalia: in all adult males investigated (N = 5), the seminal vesicle, a dilatation of the vas deferens, was only developed on the right side of the male while missing on the left side.ConclusionThe false-male-above mating position exhibited by Mantophasmatodea and especially the long copulation duration of ca. 3 days might select for this unusual absence asymmetry of the left seminal vesicle. If this holds true for all heelwalker species, this absence asymmetry constitutes another autapomorphy for Austrophasmatidae or even the insect order Mantophasmatodea.

Solar Wind Entry Into Midtail Current Sheet via Low‐Latitude Mantle Under Dominant IMF By: ARTEMIS Observation

AbstractIt is expected from global simulations that the low‐latitude mantle may be an important pathway for the solar wind entry into the tail current sheet when interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By is dominant, which is different from the pathways for northward or southward IMF dominant conditions. To evaluate this pathway and the predicted plasma asymmetries between the southern and northern lobes resulting from the low‐latitude mantle, we analyze 222 current sheet crossing events observed in the midtail. Each of the events is selected to have the spacecraft observe both lobes within 20 min. For the majority of the events, the different north‐south asymmetries of the lobe density observed on the dawnside and duskside corresponding to different IMF By directions are consistent with the appearance of the low‐latitude mantle plasma. No significant north‐south asymmetry in the lobe magnetic field strength is found so that the density asymmetry also results in north‐south asymmetric lobe Alfvén speed. Within the tail current sheet, the cross‐tail profiles show that density can be higher, but temperatures and peak flow speed lower, near the flanks than near midnight. Magnitudes of these current sheet plasma parameters are found to positively correlate with the values of the asymmetric lobe parameters concurrently observed, indicating that the low‐latitude mantle can be a particle source for the current sheet. Also, the asymmetric lobe parameters are positively correlated with some solar wind parameters. These good correlations support the expectation that the pathway through the low‐latitude mantle becomes more important as the IMF By becomes more dominant.

Autoimmune Encephalitis–Related Seizures and Epilepsy: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches

Autoimmune Encephalitis–Related Seizures and Epilepsy: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches

Evolution of IMF By Induced Asymmetries: The Role of Tail Reconnection

AbstractNorth‐south asymmetries arise in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system when a significant east‐west (By) component is present in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). During such conditions, a By component with the same sign as the IMF By component is induced in the magnetosphere, and the locations of conjugate magnetic footpoints are displaced between the two hemispheres. It has been suggested that these asymmetries are introduced into the closed magnetosphere by tail reconnection. However, recent studies instead suggest that asymmetric lobe pressure induces the asymmetries, which are then reduced during periods of enhanced tail reconnection. To address this, we use the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry (LFM) model and initiate a loading‐unloading cycle in multiple runs by changing the IMF. Asymmetries are induced during the loading phase and reduced during the unloading phase. The model results thus suggest that asymmetries arise during periods with low tail reconnection and are reduced during periods with enhanced tail reconnection.

Morphology of the digestive system in carnivorous freshwater dourado Salminus brasiliensis.

The digestive system of teleost shows remarkable functional and morphological diversity. In this study, the digestive tract and accessory organs of dourado Salminus brasiliensis are characterized using anatomical, histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. The existence of taste buds bordered by microridges in the oesophagus of dourado was recorded for the first time, thus showing that the species drives food intake by either swallowing or rejecting the food item. The Y-shaped stomach of dourado consisted of cardiac, cecal and pyloric regions with tubular gastric glands registered solely in the cardiac and cecal segments. The intestine is a short N-shaped tube with two loops, an intestinal coefficient of 0.73. The structure of pyloric caeca is similar to that of the intestine wall, comprising tunica mucosa, tela submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa layers. Histochemical analyses revealed an increased incidence of goblet cells from the midgut to the hindgut segment. A well-developed enteric plexus of scattered nerve cell and fibres are found along the digestive tract, and the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactive neurons and fibres were identified in the myenteric plexus from the oesophagus to the hindgut. The exocrine pancreas appears diffuse in the mesentery around the stomach, intestine and also reaches the liver, and the endocrine pancreas is organized as a few islets of Langerhans. The liver comprises three distinct, asymmetric lobes, and the portal triad arrangement was registered in this tissue.

Male genital lobe morphology affects the chance to copulate in Drosophila pachea

IntroductionMale genitalia are thought to ensure transfer of sperm through direct physical contact with female during copulation. However, little attention has been given to their pre-copulatory role with respect to sexual selection and sexual conflict. Males of the fruitfly Drosophila pachea have a pair of asymmetric external genital lobes, which are primary sexual structures and stabilize the copulatory complex of female and male genitalia. We wondered if genital lobes in D. pachea may have a role before or at the onset of copulation, before genitalia contacts are made.ResultsWe tested this hypothesis with a D. pachea stock where males have variable lobe lengths. In 92 mate competition trials with a single female and two males, females preferentially engaged into a first copulation with males that had a longer left lobe and that displayed increased courtship vigor. In 53 additional trials with both males having partially amputated left lobes of different lengths, we observed a weaker and non-significant effect of left lobe length on copulation success. Courtship durations significantly increased with female age and when two males courted the female simultaneously, compared to trials with only one courting male. In addition, lobe length did not affect sperm transfer once copulation was established.ConclusionLeft lobe length affects the chance of a male to engage into copulation. The morphology of this primary sexual trait may affect reproductive success by mediating courtship signals or by facilitating the establishment of genital contacts at the onset of copulation.

Morphology and composition of Goldeye (Hiodontidae; Hiodon alosoides) otoliths

We provide up-to-date morphological and compositional data on otoliths of the osteoglossomorph Goldeye (Hiodon alosoides). Using computed tomography (CT) X-ray, we documented the location of each of the three pairs of otoliths (lapilli, sagittae, and asterisci) in relation to the swim bladder, which extended forward in close proximity to the sagittae and asterisci. The lappili were the largest otoliths in terms of surface area and volume, but the sagittae were highly modified, appearing spiral in shape when viewed dorsally, with a surface area to volume ratio more than double that of the lapilli. Using scanning electron microscopy, the surface of each otolith was viewable in great detail, and small otoconia (~10.5 μm diameter) were observed on each, but were most numerous on the sagittae. On scanning electron micrographs, the sagittae appeared to be bi-lobed, with asymmetrical lobes each oriented in the same general direction. Using neutron and X-ray diffraction methods, we found three polymorphs of calcium carbonate crystals (aragonite, vaterite, and calcite), sometimes all within the same otolith. However, in general, lapilli and sagittae were composed predominately of aragonite whereas asterisci were composed chiefly of vaterite. With these results, we provide information on a unique species, whose inclusion in future studies would benefit our understanding of fish hearing, fish evolution, and fisheries ecology.

Quasi-static crushing behavior of stretch formed domes of laser welded tailored blanks

In the present work, similar thickness laser welded blanks (LWBs) and dissimilar thickness laser welded tailored blanks (LWTBs) of extra deep drawing (EDD) steels were fabricated and these were stretch formed by a 50 mm diameter hemispherical punch under lubricated condition. All these stretch-formed domes were manufactured keeping a consistent combined geometry of hemispherical and conical sections. Subsequently, these domes were crushed quasi-statically and the modes of collapse, load-displacement response, mean crushing load and energy absorption were comprehensively investigated both experimentally and numerically to get insight into the effect of weld zone (WZ), thickness ratio, deformation speed, forming histories and material anisotropy. During all the crushing tests, three similar collapse modes were observed and these were identified as flattening of hemispherical section, inward dimpling of hemispherical section and lastly the flattening of conical section. However, an additional collapse mode consisting of two asymmetrical lobes across the WZ with a stationary plastic hinge was identified in case of stretch-formed domes of LWTBs. It was concluded that the mode of collapse was predominantly affected by the presence of thickness ratio. On the other hand, the mean crushing load and energy absorption capacity were enhanced due to the presence of WZ and the selection of thickness combination. The energy absorption effectiveness factor of LWBs and LWTBs were estimated to be 1.33 to 2.75 times higher than that of monolithic EDD steel. It was further suggested through numerical modeling that the incorporation of strain rate, material anisotropy and forming histories such as non-uniform thickness and strain distributions along with WZ properties improved the prediction of modes of collapse, load-displacement response and mean crushing load.

Evaluation of MR Visual Rating Scales in Major Forms of Dementia.

Objective The aim of the study is to visually rate major forms of dementia using global cortical atrophy (GCA), medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA), and Fazeka’s scales and Koedam’s score using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The purpose is to correlate the visual rating scales (VRS) with severity of dementia. Materials and Methods Thirty patients fulfilling DSM 5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) criteria for Alzheimer’s dementia (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) underwent MRI brain. Cortical atrophy, medial temporal, and parietal lobe atrophy were assessed using GCA and MTA scales and Koedam’s score, respectively. White matter hyperintensities were assessed using Fazeka’s scale. Correlation between VRS and mini-mental state exam (MMSE) scores was done using Pearson correlation coefficient. Results 70% of patients had Grade 2 GCA. More patients with AD had higher MTA scores as compared with others with 57% of AD patients showing abnormal for age MTA scores. Fazeka’s scale was abnormal for age in 58.33% of VaD and 57% AD patients. Majority (75%) showing severe parietal atrophy (Grade 3 Koedam’s score) were AD patients. Disproportionate frontal lobe atrophy was seen in all four (100%) FTD patients. Significant negative correlation was seen between MMSE and GCA scores of all patients ( p -value = 0.003) as well as between MTA and MMSE scores in AD patients ( p -value = 0.00095). Conclusion Visual rating of MTA is a reliable method for detecting AD and correlates strongly with memory scores. Atrophy of specific regions is seen more commonly in some conditions, for instance, where MTA and parietal atrophy are specific for AD while asymmetric frontal lobe and temporal pole atrophy favor FTD.