Development Of Astronomy Research Articles

From ancient to modern: Astronomy in medieval Islam

Abstract This paper firstly summarises the main reasons for the huge development of astronomy in the medieval Islamic world. Then it explores the intrinsic connections of the discipline with the society of the time through some of its main practical applications which proved useful for both civil and religious needs. Finally, it examines the influence and the main consequences of this scientific development, recalling a common traditional debate on the role of medieval Arabic astronomy in the European Renaissance.

METHODS OF SOLVING QUADRATIC TRINOMIALS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS IN MATHEMATICS TEACHING

Quadratic equations are the foundation upon which the majestic edifice of algebra rests. They represent a large and important class of equations that can be solved using both formulas and non-standard methods. Quadratic equations are widely used in solving various types of equations. These include trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic, irrational, and inequalities. In ancient times, there was a need to solve only first-order equations. The discovery of land areas, military excavations, as well as the development of astronomy led to the need to use quadratic equations.

Prospects of Millimeter Astronomy Development at the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SAO RAS)

Prospects of Millimeter Astronomy Development at the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SAO RAS)

Thai National Radio Astronomy Observatory Project and a future South-East Asian VLBI Network

Abstract NARIT initiated a national flagship project in 2017 for development of radio astronomy and geodesy in Thailand. In this project, a 40-m Thai National Radio Telescope (TNRT) and a 13-m VLBI Global Observing System radio telescope are constructed in Chiang Mai. The 40-m TNRT is the largest telescope for radio astronomy in South-East Asia. Its flexible operation with a wide-frequency coverage 0.3-115 GHz will allow us to uniquely contribute to the time-domain astronomy as well as carry out unbiased surveys for a wide variety of research fields, which were published in a white paper. Within the framework of collaboration with VLBI arrays in the world, TNRT will drastically improve the imaging quality and performances based on its unique geographical location. Through commissioning of the L-band system, the 1st Call for Proposals of the 40-m TNRT in the L-band1 has been internationally announced on 10th October 2023, TST 10 am. Future vision for establishment of forthcoming regional VLBI networks based on TNRT is also introduced: Thai National VLBI Array and South-East Asian VLBI Network in collaboration with Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam.

Ancient Indian Rules of Interpretation and Its Relevance in Contemporary Society

Ancient Indian Rules of Interpretation and its relevance in Contemporary Society Tshering Choden Abstract: In ancient India there was tremendous development of mathematics, astronomy, medicine, grammar, philosophy, literature and law. This is evident from the large number of legal treatises in ancient India. The Mimamsa Sutra or the Purva Mimamsa Sutras, written around 600 B.C. by Rishi Jaimini is one of the most important ancient Hindu philosophical texts. It forms the basis of Mimamsa, the earliest of the six orthodox schools (darshanas) of Indian philosophy. According to tradition, sage Jaimini was one of the disciples of sage Veda Vyasa, the author of the Mahabharata. The Mimansa Rules of Interpretation were created for resolving the practical difficulties in performing the Vedic Yajnas. The rules for performing the various yagyas were given in books called Brahmanas e.g., Shatapath Brahman, Aitreyas Brahman, Taitreyas Brahman etc. There were many ambiguities, conflicts, incongruities in the texts and hence principles of interpretation had to be created for this purpose. Thus, the Mimansa principles were originally created for religious purpose, but they were so rational and logical that subsequently they began to be used in law, grammar, logic, philosophy etc. In this paper, one aspect of our native Jurisprudence, viz. our traditional principles of interpretation, has been dealt with, and the aim is to study the same in the context of its obscurities and relevance in the contemporary society. The principles of interpretation of statutes mainly relied on in our law courts are those dealt with in the works of Western jurists like Maxwell and Craies. However, in our country we had developed from very early times a scientific system of interpretation known as the Mimansa Principles and these were regularly followed by our renowned jurists like Vijnaneshwara (author of Mitakshara), Jimutvahana (author of Dayabhag), Nanda Pandit (author of Dattak Mimansa) etc. Most of these principles are rational and scientific, and in some respects superior to the principles obtaining in Western Law.

The PMT system of the TRIDENT pathfinder experiment

Next generation neutrino telescopes are highly anticipated to boost the development of neutrino astronomy. A multi-cubic-kilometer neutrino telescope, TRopIcal DEep-sea Neutrino Telescope (TRIDENT), was proposed to be built in the South China Sea. The detector aims to achieve ∼ 0.1 degree angular resolution for track-like events at energy above 100 TeV by using hybrid digital optical modules, opening new opportunities for neutrino astronomy. In order to measure the water optical properties and marine environment of the proposed TRIDENT site, a pathfinder experiment was conducted, in which a 100-meter-long string consisting of three optical modules was deployed at a depth of 3420 m to perform in-situ measurements. The central module emits light by housing LEDs, whereas the other two modules detect light with two independent and complementary systems: the PMT and the camera systems. By counting the number of detected photons and analyzing the photon arrival time distribution, the PMT system can measure the absorption and scattering lengths of sea water, which serve as the basic inputs for designing the neutrino telescope. In this paper, we present the design concept, calibration and performance of the PMT system in the pathfinder experiment.

NASE Astronomy Training for Teachers and Amateur Astronomer with Physics Approach and Cultural Tourism

Physics teachers often face obstacles in training their students in the Astronomy Olympiad. Amateur astronomers also need some knowledge of astronomy. Astronomy knowledge which is the basis for studying astronomy has begun to be abandoned by the younger generation. These problems can be overcome by astronomical training with a physics and cultural approach to physics teachers and amateur astronomers from various provinces in Indonesia. The Network for Astronomy School Education (NASE) regularly holds astronomy training in various countries. The training is carried out for 4 days virtually using simple equipment and can be obtained easily and inexpensively. The equipment is to help the understanding of astronomy and astrophysics. In addition, a virtual visit to the Muhammadiyah Museum was conducted to introduce Muhammadiyah's contribution to the development of Islamic astronomy in Indonesia. The average increase in Pre-Test and Post-Test results was 24.3% of the 25 participants who submitted the test. The high increase was in the field of physics while in the field of culture there was a decrease. This is due to the disproportionate composition of training material between the fields of physics and cultural tourism. The implementation of online training also causes participants to lack understanding of cultural aspects in astronomy learning. Participants also provided feedback that more time was needed for observation activities

Large-scale array for radio astronomy on the farside (LARAF).

At the Royal Society meeting in 2023, we have mainly presented our lunar orbit array concept called DSL, and also briefly introduced a concept of a lunar surface array, LARAF. As the DSL concept had been presented before, in this article, we introduce the LARAF. We propose to build an array in the far side of the Moon, with a master station which handles the data collection and processing, and 20 stations with maximum baseline of 10 km. Each station consistsof 12 membrane antenna units, and the stations are connected to the master station by power line and optical fibre. The array will make interferometric observation in the 0.1-50 MHz band during the lunar night, powered by regenerated fuel cells. The whole array can be carried to the lunar surface with a heavy rocket mission, and deployed with a rover in eight months. Such an array would be an important step in the long-term development of lunar-based ultralong wavelength radio astronomy. It has a sufficiently high sensitivity to observe many radio sources in the sky, though still short of the dark age fluctuations. We discuss the possible options in the power supply, data communication, deployment etc. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Astronomy from the Moon: the next decades (part 2)'.

"Deus ex machina" or moving sculptures in the interior of Lutheran churches of Latvia

The term “Deus ex machina” was used in ancient Greek and Roman theatre performances as stage machinery provided the appearance of a god or hero to unravel and resolve a hopeless situation. The present article characterizes the appearance, function, and use of moving sculptures - automatons - in Latvian Baroque church interiors. Renaissance science sparked developments in mathematics, astronomy, and mechanics that stimulated not only the invention of curiosities, but also the construction of practical mechanisms and tools. Knowledge transfer from mechanics to applied and fine arts brought moments of mystery and wonder into the fields of performing arts and the spheres of representation and liturgy. The use of automatons helped to invent new mechanisms, making the mechanical movement of “animated sculptures” an attractive public entertainment. Both written evidence and artefacts preserved in museums and churches bear witness to the social demand for the integration of theatrical elements into the formerly conservative environment, for example, the church. Drawing inspiration from the culturally linked region of former Prussia, the current paper concentrates on moving figures in the interior space of Lutheran churches in Latvia to expose the variety of fascinating objects, including organ facades and baptismal fonts.

From theory to reality: The quest for gravitational waves

In 2015, the direct detection of the gravitational waves (GWs) produced by the acceleration of objects in spacetime verified one of the most significant predictions of the theory of general relativity (GR) raised by Albert Einstein almost a century ago. This detection was hailed as a century discovery and a perfect embrace of Einstein and GWs. Since then, gravitational-wave astronomy began to test the features of gravity, the characteristics of black holes, and GWs produced by two merging neutron stars were detected in 2017, which greatly pushed the development of astronomy. This article, beginning with the problems of Newtonian mechanics, reviews the process of Einsteins proposal of the special relativity theory and the formulation of the GR theory. It also covers how Einstein predicted the existence of GWs, the detection endeavours made by scientists, and how GWs were first directly detected 100 years after the prediction. It also presents the scientists current efforts, envisions their future explorations in this field, and analyses the significance of detecting gravitational waves.

Constraining extended cosmologies with GW×LSS cross-correlations

The rapid development of gravitational wave astronomy provides the unique opportunity of exploring the dynamics of the Universe using clustering properties of coalescing binary black hole mergers. Gravitational wave data, along with information coming from future galaxy surveys, have the potential of shedding light about many open questions in Cosmology, including those regarding the nature of dark matter and dark energy. In this work we explore which combination of gravitational wave and galaxy survey datasets are able to provide the best constraints both on modified gravity theories and on the nature of the very same binary black hole events. In particular, by using the public Boltzmann code Multi_CLASS, we compare cosmological constraints on popular ΛCDM extensions coming from gravitational waves alone and in conjunction with either deep and localized or wide and shallow galaxy surveys. We show that constraints on extensions of General Relativity will be at the same level of existing limits from gravitational waves alone or one order of magnitude better when galaxy surveys are included. Furthermore, cross-correlating both kind of galaxy survey with gravitational waves datasets will allow to confidently rule in or out primordial black holes as dark matter candidate in the majority of the allowed parameter space.

COSMIC RAY SOURCE AND SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES

The acceleration of particles to the high energy is one of the key issues of solar physics, cis-lunar irradiations, astrophysics, and astroparticle physics. With the development of space astronomy, people started to realize that plasma disturbances in solar flares, Earth’s magnetosphere, and interplanetary space can also produce a large population of non-thermal particles. Cosmic ray promotion i.e. selective energization of matter in the cosmos requires, as on earth, three distinct stages: ionization, injection and acceleration to high energy. Supernova remnants and stellar winds of massive stars grouped in associations appear to be excellent celestial accelerators or re-accelerators through the shock waves they induce in their superbubbles. The injection of ions seems devoted to stars, except the smaller ones. In cosmic several mechanisms lead charged particle acceleration. Electrons are accelerated in direction of Earth’s poles by long train of electric double layers of small amplitudes. Charged particles are accelerated by the pondermotive force of electromagnetic radiation. Also, in a nonequilibrium current plasma or a plasma with particle flows, a strong electric double layer can be formed, which accelerates charged particles to high energies. The reconnection of the magnetic field lines also leads to the acceleration of charged particles.

Development of amateur astronomy in independent India with special reference to West Bengal: A historical study

Development of amateur astronomy in independent India with special reference to West Bengal: A historical study

목표로서의 수학사를 위한 이차곡선의 교수·학습 자료개발

Objectives The purpose of this study is to develop a teaching and learning material of “Quadratic curve” using history of Mathematics as a Goal.
 Methods The direction of data development was determined after examining the type of mathematics history utilization and the method of mathematics history utilization in Korean textbooks. Materials were developed through the extraction of mathematical history contents that are acceptable for subject and purpose. Twelve math teachers with experience teaching high school students were tested for verifying the appropriateness of the developed material. After analyzing the test result, the material was revised and completed.
 Results The developed teaching and learning materials are organized according to the flow of time from ancient times to the present, in the order of etymological analysis of terms, discovery of ancient quadratic curves, relevance of modern analytic geometry and quadratic curves, development of modern astronomy, and use in modern earth science. While revealing the connection with other studies, the human side and usefulness of mathematics were revealed. A suitability test was conducted on the development materials, and positive responses were obtained from teachers of related subjects that they were developed well for the purpose of research.
 Conclusions In an environment where students' interest in mathematics is declining, the development type of using mathematical history as a goal can be a way to cope with the overall change in the educational paradigm of strengthening the curriculum centered on choice. It will be helpful for students' interest and choices if the human side of mathematics is emphasized through mathematics history.

MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CELESTIAL MECHANICS

A brief outline of the development of ideas and a review of some achievements in modern celestial mechanics are given. The emphasis is on the fact that the classical definition of this science given by Laplace does not fully reflect the content of modern celestial mechanics, and the term dynamic astronomy is more capacious. Dynamic astronomy studies almost everything that moves and rotates in space: from dust particles to comets and asteroids, from satellites, planets and their satellites to stars and galaxies. This complex science includes not only the problems of classical, but also relativistic celestial mechanics, it includes the theory of equilibrium figures, various computational methods and computer simulation methods. Qualitative methods are of great importance, the culmination of which was the creation of the KAM theory. The development of celestial mechanics went through the practice of various applications, and the range of problems in it is exceptionally wide. A striking stimulus for the development of dynamical astronomy was the discovery of exoplanets around other stars. The article traces a chain of ideas from Keplerian orbits to osculating Lagrangian ellipses, from two-body problems to many-body problems, from Gaussian rings to models built on the basis of precessing analogues of these rings.

Plasma Astrophysics and Modern Plasma Cosmology

As well known, more than 99% of the observable matter in the universe is plasma, and the plasma astrophysics studies various physical processes and phenomena occurring in cosmic plasmas, from small-scale collective interaction processes and energy transforming mechanisms in particle kinetics to the state of large-scale structure of cosmic objects and their eruptive phenomena. The present paper reviews the important role of the plasma astrophysics in the development of the modern astronomy as well as the formation of the modern plasma cosmology based on the history of the cosmic evolution, the formation of large-scale structures, and eruptive phenomena of cosmic objects. In addition, the unique function of satellite in situ exploring researches in space plasmas to act as the natural laboratory for the plasma astrophysics is further elaborated.

Astronomy Development since Antiquity to Islamic Civilization from the Perspective of Islamic Historiography

Modern science historiography views astronomy development since antiquity solely on human interaction with nature. Such a secular evolutionary view is derived from the positivistic paradigm. In contrast, the Islamic science historiography perspective explains astronomy development since antiquity primarily based on revealed knowledge, while the scientific method is employed accordingly. Even so, there are differences among scholars in elucidating Islamic science historiography which is classified into two dimensions. The first dimension focuses on the philosophical aspects that underline the historical narrative and the second dimension prioritises scientific evidence. The question is how these differences could be reconciled so that the historical narrative of astronomy development that emerged from modern science historiography would be more coherent with Islamic science historiography. Therefore, this library study was conducted using data collection based on the documentation method and a content analysis method was employed for data analysis. As a result, the Priority Principle from fiqh al-awlawiyyat as a strategic locus to reconcile the differences in Islamic science historiography was identified. The principle prioritises the role of Allah, the prophets and the revelations according to Shariah and the scientific method is used suitably. It is also crucial to be emphasised in addressing the secular evolutionary view that underlie astronomy development. It is thus concluded that astronomy development from antiquity to Islamic civilization can be marked as starting from the time of Prophet Adam and will be over at the end of time.

Matla': Astronomical Rising Points dan Problematika Keberlakuan Matla'

The development and progress of Astronomy at this time began with observations of the natural world by medieval astronomers, even earlier. In ancient times, researchers made observations of celestial bodies such as stars, moon and sun only with the naked eye. Observations continue to be made starting from the rising and setting of celestial bodies which can eventually be used as a reference for time, used to determine the Qibla direction, and with regard to other Muslim worship. So the purpose of this study is to find out about matla' in two categories, namely the history of the emergence of matla' and discussing the validity of matla' in relation to the beginning of the lunar month. The data collection method was obtained from literature study, namely by taking data from books and scientific records related to the theme of the discussion, especially matla'. This paper concludes that the study of ancient people's observations of the circulation of the earth, moon and sun, as well as nature and everything in it, as well as studies of the remains of astronomical instruments owned by these Islamic scientists and astronomers, made the treasures of Islamic astronomy stay alive and thrive. Then it can be understood that matla' is the limit of the validity of rukyat. The problem of matla' raises differences of opinion among the people. In essence, there are two opinions regarding this matla'. The first group argues that the implementation of rukyat is for all Muslims around the world. Meanwhile, the second group argues that the implementation of rukyat is only for Muslims in an area. Both from the first and second opinions both have strong arguments.

The Detection Scheme and Applications of Gravitational Waves

In recent years, gravitational waves have already attracted attention as the gateway to a new era in physics since they were first directly detected and observed. This paper summarizes the development of gravitational waves from the first proposed to the present and the main observation methods, as well as the main uses and significance of the detection of them. To be specific, in this paper, the most popular laser interferometer technique for the detection based on Michelson interferometer is discussed, and several purposes of the detection of gravitational waves are given. The detection signatures are available to adopt to the analysis of the collision of binary star systems. Gravitational radiation or primordial gravitational radiation can carry more information about black holes or the Big Bang than electromagnetic waves. The gravitational wave astronomy created by gravitational waves has opened a new horizon for astronomers to explore the universe, and the detection of them is an integral part of the future development of physics and astronomy. To sum up, these results shed light on guiding further exploration of gravitational waves detection as well as applications of them.

How did a Lutheran astronomer get converted into a Catholic authority? The Jesuits and their reception of Tycho Brahe in Portugal.

This article explores the complex process of integrating Tycho Brahe's theories into the Jesuit intellectual framework through focusing on the international community of professors who taught mathematics at the College of Saint Anthony (Colégio de Santo Antão), Lisbon, during the first half of the seventeenth century. Historians have conceived the reception of the Tychonic system as a straightforward process motivated by the developments of early modern astronomy. Nevertheless, this paper argues that the cultural politics of the Counter-Reformation Church curbed the reception of Tycho Brahe within the Jesuit milieu. Despite supporting the Tychonic geo-heliocentric system, which they explicitly conceived of as a 'compromise' between the ancient Ptolemy and the modern Copernicus, and making recourse to some of the cosmological ideas produced in Tycho's Protestant milieu, the Jesuits strove to confine the authority of the Lutheran astronomer to the domain of mathematics. Philosophy was expected to remain the realm of Catholic orthodoxy. Thus, while Tycho Brahe entered the pantheon of 'Jesuit' authorities, he nonetheless was not granted the absolute status of intellectual authority. This case demonstrates how the impact of confessionalization reached well beyond the formal processes of science censorship.