ASTM Biodiesel Standards Research Articles

Synthesis, characterization and fuel parameters analysis of linseed oil biodiesel using cadmium oxide nanoparticles

Linseed oil biodiesel (LSOB) was synthesized from linseed oil by cadmium oxide nanoparticles applying transesterification reaction of oil with methanol. Cadmium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized through the hydrothermal method using cadmium acetate as precursor, sodium hydroxide for precipitation and urea as capping agent. The main analytical tools such as FT-IR, powder XRD and SE microscope were used to characterize newly prepared cadmium oxide nanoparticles. The appearance of new absorption band at 670 cm−1 has been assigned to Cd–O stretching vibration. XRD pattern indicate the purity and gave average particle size of 52 nm by Debye-Scherer formula. SEM images show granular shape of cadmium oxide nanoparticles with average particle size of 43 nm. The formation of linseed oil biodiesel was investigated using FT-IR and proton & carbon-13 NMR. GC-MS analysis of linseed oil biodiesel indicated six types of fatty acid methyl esters ranging from C16–C22 (mixture of both saturated and unsaturated). The fuel properties such as density, viscosity, cloud, pour and flash point were determined and compared with both ASTM standards for biodiesel and diesel.

Optimization of biodiesel production by transesterification of palm oil and evaluation of biodiesel quality

Abstract The energy demand for the world is rising rapidly and standard sources of energy are going to face the chances of exploitation. Uncontrolled emissions, huge price rise etc promotes the search for new substitute fuel in diesel engines. Processed form of palm oil(biodiesel) provides an attractive green alternative fuel to CI engines. Esters of vegetable oil have properties similar to that of conventional diesel fuel. Therefore biodiesel can be used to operate a diesel engine without further modification. The aim of the project is to make biodiesel from palm oil by Transesterification reaction. The acid value of palm oil was found to be 0.957 which enabled direct alkaline transesterification. The optimum catalyst concentration and alcohol concentration required for maximum yield were found as 2.5 wt% and 40 wt% of oil respectively. The properties of biodiesel produced were found to be comparable with that of ASTM biodiesel standards. The performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel were compared with diesel fuel by conducting load tests. Compared to diesel fuel, emissions from biodiesel powered engines are lower, therefore it serves as an eco-friendly fuel.

Syn thesis and Testing on Engine Characteristics of Bio diesel Obtained by Orange Peel Oil Methyl Ester Blended with Conventional Diesel Fuel.

The increase in demand and depletion of fossil-fuels, due to the population growth, which led the rise in use of vehicles and transportation sector. The ever increasing environmental issues and the rising cost of fossil fuels in the world market have also contributed an opportunity for the researchers to develop a potential alternative fuel. Among of this concept, the alternative fuel must be attractive such as diesel in efficiency and eco-friendly. Thus the characteristics of biodiesel have made the historical background of attractive qualities in efficiency. The bio-diesel production has turn out to be more attractive at the present time period, because of its benefits over environmental issues and the truth that, it is made from renewable and environmentally available resources. Although in most of the countries orange-peels are considered as waste. The utilization of peels instead of edible parts of the resources in reducing the cost of biodiesel production to a great extent. The research study is intended to transform the waste resources into wealthy product, and essential product is obtained by establishing the production of bio-diesel with oil extracted from orange-peels; using the transesterification process. The fatty acid composition of the feedstock is studied by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy method and FT-IR test. This experimental work is carried out to study the physio-chemic properties, and to study the four stroke diesel engine performance and emissions characteristics, fueled with orange-peel oil methyl ester biodiesel blends at different concentrations (10, 20, and 30) percentages with diesel fuel. The results obtained are in close agreement with the requirement of ASTM biodiesel standards. It has been establish that at peak load conditions, the higher blend percentage of biodiesel shows better and higher output performance than that of conventional diesel fuel. Emissions characteristics were also found to be reduced to great extent. From the available resources it is confirm that the better combustion characteristics is due to the oxygenated fuel content called limonene compound in the biodiesel feedstock. Another end product of transesterfication process called glycerol, was recycled twice before it finally lost potential and further it can be used as constituents for the soap manufacturing process.

Experimental investigation of high alcohol low viscous renewable fuel in DI diesel engine.

This study offered a comprehensive investigation on engine performance and emission characteristics of Kirloskar make tangentially vertical (TV1) model single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine fuelled with diesel as a benchmark fuel. Steam distilled orange oil was converted into orange oil methyl ester (OME) by means of transesterification process. The physical and chemical properties of fuels were measured and conformed to ASTM biodiesel standards and compared with diesel. Likewise, the chemical compositions of the prepared biodiesel were estimated by using GC-MS analysis. OME comprises of 86.37% of (E)-3-propylidenecyclopentene (C8H12) in the maximum range. The presence of free fatty acids such as linoleic acid, palmitic acid and myristic acid in OME permits it to be the acceptable renewable resource for the production of biodiesel. Further, the work was progressed with the addition of oxygenated additives like ethanol and diethyl ether to OME to attain the improved fuel properties. Five and 10% volume of ethanol and diethyl ether were added to OME as oxygenated additives respectively. OME10DEE showed higher performance characteristics than diesel and OME blends. Further, a significant reduction in HC, NOx and smoke emission was noticed with OME10DEE. The present work recommended the application of OME10DEE as an alternative fuel on account of its better engine performance and emission characteristics than other fuel blends.

Biodiesels from three feedstock: The effect of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles diesel engine parameters fuelled with biodiesel

Physicochemical characteristics of three type biodiesel feedstock and diesel engine parameters fuelled with graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles addition in diesel/biodiesel blends have been investigated. Three types of oilseeds, namely Evening primrose (Oenothera lamarckiana), the fruit of Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) and Camelina (Camelina sativa), were selected as suitable resources for Iran. The result showed that the Tree of heaven contains 38% oil which is higher than the Evening primrose (26%) and Camelina (29%). Physicochemical properties of the oils showed that the viscosity of the Camelina oilseeds was less than the Tree of heaven oilseeds and Evening primrose oilseeds. Therefore, in terms of viscosity, the Camelina oilseeds is preferable. Experimental results showed that the biodiesel from all three types of oilseeds are consistent with the ASTM biodiesel standards. However, Camelina biodiesel has better physicochemical properties than another feedstock. Therefore, biodiesel of Camelina oil can be an appropriate alternative to diesel fuels in Iran. Performance and emission parameters of diesel engine fuelled with graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles addition in three biodiesel resources compared with diesel. A reduction in UHCs, CO, and BSFC with a penalty of increased NOx emissions was realized with all graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles addition in diesel/biodiesel blends. Also, with Camelina biodiesel, the power increased.

Determination of physico chemical properties of biodiesel from Citrullus lanatus seeds oil and diesel blends

Biodiesel from Citrullus lanatus was blended with petro-diesel, thereby forming blends of different percentages, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% denoted as B5, B10, B15, B20, and B25 respectively. The physico-chemical properties such as specific gravity, calorific value, cetane number, kinematic viscosity, flash point, Sulphur contents, copper strip corrosion, colour index, pour point and cloud point of each of these biodiesel with blends and pure diesel (B0) were determined. Most of the physico-chemical properties were found to be within the American Society for Testing and Materials’-ASTM standards for biodiesel. All the fuel samples are consistent with the ASTM standards with regards to viscosity and specific gravity except B100 which are slightly above the American Society for Testing and Materials standard with very insignificant values of 0.09 and 0.018 mm2/s respectively. Therefore, the blends could be a better option to be used on compression ignition-CI engines for the improvement of quality of atomization, combustion, fuel droplets and air-fuel mixing. The calorific values of the biodiesel and blends were all within the ASTM standard with B20 value slightly below that of pure diesel; similarly, the flash point of the pure biodiesel and its blends were above the pure diesel value but falls within the ASTM range. The fuel is safe to handle during storage, because it cannot easily spark when exposed to flame and hence they are recommended for use in the CI engines. The pour points of all the fuel samples conform to the ASTM standards. The cetane numbers are all greater than that of pure diesel and conforms to ASTM standards. The biodiesel will be having shortest possible ignition delay when they burn in the CI engines.

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalysts and its operational characteristics on variable compression ratio CI engine

In the present work, the optimum biodiesel conversion from waste cooking oil to biodiesel through transesterification method was investigated. The base catalyzed transesterification under different reactant proportions such as the molar ratio of alcohol to oil and mass ratio of catalyst to oil was studied for optimum production of biodiesel. The optimum condition for base catalyzed transesterification of waste cooking oil was determined to be 12:1 and 5 wt% of zinc doped calcium oxide. The fuel properties of the produced biodiesel such as the calorific value, flash point and density were examined and compared to conventional diesel. The properties of produced biodiesel and their blend for different ratios (B20, B40, B60, B80 and B100) were comparable with properties of diesel oil and ASTM biodiesel standards. Tests have been conducted on CI engine which runs at a constant speed of 1500 rpm, injection pressure of 200 bar, compression ratio 15:1 and 17.5, and varying engine load. The performance parameters include brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption and emissions parameters such as Carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon (HC), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and smoke opacity varying with engine load (BP). Diesel engine's thermal performance and emission parameters such as CO, HC, and NOx on different biodiesel blends demonstrate that biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil using heterogeneous catalyst was suitable to be used as diesel oil blends and had lesser emissions as compared to conventional diesel.

A REVIEW ON EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF VCR IN CI ENGINE USING ANNONA SQUAMOSA BASED BIODIESEL AS A FUEL

India is one of the top countries with respect to the increasing population. In accordance to its increasing population there is a simultaneous increase in the demand for the non-renewable resources. In order to maintain the biological balance and satisfy the needs of the increasing population a search for the alternative energy sources is must. One such path is the production of renewable resources. Keeping in view the current need of the population the current work was aimed to produce biodegradable, biodiesel obtained for the organic waste, the spent seeds. This source can be a very good utility product as there is no special investment required and additionally it can be a source of waste clearance. Here a pure laboratory protocol has been employed to extract the vegetable oil from the different non edible seeds. Here we are using custard apple seeds for preparing biodiesel. The custard apple seed oil is characterized by the important properties of biodiesel such as density, flash point, cloud point, pour point and kinematic viscosity, ash content, carbon residue are found out and compared with that of ASTM-biodiesel standards and commercially available diesel. Diesel is the nonrenewable energy source obtained from conventional fuel which are exhaustible today or tomorrow with time. So we need inexhaustible fuel as a biodiesel in future. By producing different blends of biodiesel taking test rig on CI engine plotted graph and performance characteristics. That result shows how the custard apple biodiesel is economical and useful as compared to other sources.

Optimization and kinetic study of CaO nano-particles catalyzed biodiesel production from Bombax ceiba oil

An attempt has been made to optimize biodiesel production from Bombax ceiba oil (BCO) through calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO-NPs) catalyzed transesterification. Characterization of CaO-NPs synthesised by solution combustion method was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer-Emmett Teller (BET) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The influence of reaction parameters was studied and optimized by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in combination with central composite design (CCD). Two-stage transesterification technique was employed for biodiesel production and 96.2% yield of Bombax ceiba methyl ester (BCME) was achieved under optimum conditions. The CaO-NPs were reused up to 5 cycles with appreciable loss of yield. From the kinetic study performed at different reaction temperatures (55 °C, 60 °C and 65 °C) Ea = 35.99 kJ/mol was obtained. Fuel properties of produced methyl ester were also determined and compared with ASTM standards for biodiesel.

Biodiesel production from two stage esterification of simarouba glauca seed oil and its characterization

ABSTRACTIn this work, biodiesel was produced from simarouba glauca seed oil through a two-stage acid-alkali esterification process. Concentrated sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide were used as catalysts for acid and alkaline catalyzed esterification process, respectively. The free fatty acid content of the oil was reduced from 3.5 to 0.2%. The major properties of oil and its biodiesel were studied. Upon two-stage esterification, kinematic viscosity was reduced from 45.75 to 3.1 cSt and the acid value was reduced from 6.9348 to 0.4 mg KOH/g. The measured physio-chemical properties are within the limits set by ASTM biodiesel standards.

ESolvent-free, enzyme-catalyzed biodiesel production from mango, neem, and shea oils via response surface methodology.

Mango, neem and shea kernels produce non-conventional oils whose potentials are not fully exploited. To give an added value to these oils, they were transesterified into biodiesel in a solvent-free system using immobilized enzyme lipozyme from Mucor miehei. The Doehlert experimental design was used to evaluate the methyl ester (ME) yields as influenced by enzyme concentration—EC, temperature—T, added water content—AWC, and reaction time—RT. Biodiesel yields were quantified by 1H NMR spectroscopy and subsequently modeled by a second order polynomial equation with interactions. Lipozyme enzymes were more tolerant to high temperatures in neem and shea oils reaction media compared to that of mango oil. The optimum reaction conditions EC, T, AWC, and RT assuring near complete conversion were as follows: mango oil 7.25 %, 36.6 °C, 10.9 %, 36.4 h; neem oil EC = 7.19 %, T = 45.7 °C, AWC = 8.43 %, RT = 25.08 h; and shea oil EC = 4.43 %, T = 45.65 °C, AWC = 6.21 % and RT = 25.08 h. Validation experiments of these optimum conditions gave ME yields of 98.1 ± 1.0, 98.5 ± 1.6 and 99.3 ± 0.4 % for mango, neem and shea oils, respectively, which all met ASTM biodiesel standards.

Biodiesel Production from Dairy Scum Oil by Using Heterogeneous Catalyst and its Performance Test on CI Engine

Now a days increasing in prices and depletion of fossil fuels, creates very necessary to find out an alternative fuel (biodiesel) from renewable natural resources. This paper deals with the transesterification of animal fat (dairy scum oil) to obtain Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) or biodiesel in presence of calcium oxide catalyst at 65°C. The properties of produced biodiesels and their blend for different ratios (B10, B20, B30 and B100) are comparable with properties of diesel and ASTM biodiesel standards. Tests have been conducted on CI engine for different blends of biodiesel with standard diesel, at an engine speed of 1500 rpm, fixed compression ratio 17.5, fixed injection pressure of 200bar and varying brake power. The performance parameters includes brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, Exhaust gas temperature and emissions parameters as Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbon (HC) and Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) varying against Brake Power (BP).

Supercritical Synthesis of Ethyl Esters via Transesterification from Waste Cooking Oil Using a Co-Solvent

Biofuels became more promising alternative to the fossil fuels because of the depletion of fossil resources, renewability, environmental benefits, and energy security. Ethanolysis of waste cooking oil with hexane as co-solvent was carried out for the production of fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE). This process reduced the severity of process parameters with high purity biodiesel yield. Process variables such as co-solvent ratio, ethanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time were optimized. The maximum biodiesel yield of 88% was obtained at ethanol/oil molar ratio of 40:1, co-solvent (hexane) to oil ratio of 0.2% (v/v), reaction temperature of 300°C in 20 min of reaction time. Fatty acid ethyl ester (biodiesel) samples produced from this process were measured and evaluated using GC-MS analytical instrument. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) was also performed to examine the thermal stability of waste cooking oil, ethyl esters and fuel blends. Fuel properties of ethyl esters were determined and compared with the ASTM standards for biodiesel, regular diesel and ethyl esters from different feedstock.

Distaff Thistle Oil: A Possible New Non-Edible Feedstock for Bioenergy

The present work examines the production of biodiesel from distaff thistle (Carthamus lanatus L.) using alkali catalyzed transesterification. The low acid value (0.14 mg KOH/g) and free fatty acid (FFA) contents (2.81%) of distaff thistle oil (DTO) determined prior to transesterification indicated that the pretreatment of raw oil with acid is not required for biodiesel synthesis. The optimum operating reaction conditions of methanol to oil molar ratio (5:1), catalyst concentration (0.64%) and temperature (60°C) were applied during the transesterification to obtain the highest biodiesel yield of 97%. We have determined various fuel properties of distaff thistle oil biodiesel (DTOB) including kinematic viscosity (5.85@ 40°C c St), acid value (0.14 mg KOH/g), density (0.8980@40°C Kg/L), cetane number (50), flash point (126°C), cloud point (10°C), pour point (15°C) and distillation characteristics (358 @ 90% recovery °C). The values of fuel properties were found to be comparable with mineral diesel and in agreements with ASTM biodiesel standards. In addition to this, the synthesized fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were confirmed and characterized by Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), Fourier transform-Infra red (FT-IR), 1H NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) and 13C NMR analyses. Our results conclude that DTO appears to be an acceptable new non-edible oil feedstock for biodiesel industry.

Biofuels from the Fresh Water Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (FWM-CV) for Diesel Engines

This work aims to investigate biofuels for diesel engines produced on a lab-scale from the fresh water microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (FWM-CV). The impact of growing conditions on the properties of biodiesel produced from FWM-CV was evaluated. The properties of FWM-CV biodiesel were found to be within the ASTM standards for biodiesel. Due to the limited amount of biodiesel produced on the lab-scale, the biomass of dry cells of FWM-CV was used to yield emulsified water fuel. The preparation of emulsion fuel with and without FWM-CV cells was conducted using ultrasound to overcome the problems of large size microalgae colonies and to form homogenized emulsions. The emulsified water fuels, prepared using ultrasound, were found to be stable and the size of FWM-CV colonies were effectively reduced to pass through the engine nozzle safely. Engine tests at 3670 rpm were conducted using three fuels: cottonseed biodiesel CS-B100, emulsified cottonseed biodiesel water fuel, water and emulsifier (CS-E20) and emulsified water containing FWM-CV cells CS-ME20. The results showed that the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was increased by about 41% when the engine was fueled with emulsified water fuels compared to CS-B100. The engine power, exhaust gas temperature, NOx and CO2 were significantly lower than that produced by CS-B100. The CS-ME20 produced higher power than CS-E20 due to the heating value improvement as a result of adding FWM-CV cells to the fuel.

Physiochemical and Phase Behaviour Study of Jatropha curcus Oil - Ethanol Microemulsion Fuels Using Sorbitane Fatty Esters

Vegetable oil reverse micelle microemulsions have been an alternative method of biodiesel production to eliminate and avoid transesterification as well as unpurified glycerol. Sorbitane fatty ester surfactants due to their high solubilization capacity forms microemulsions with oils and thus span based reverse micelle microemulsion systems have been studied. Jatropha oil-ethanol microemulsions have been prepared using span 80 and 85 surfactants and optimized as biofuel, their phase behavior with physicochemical parameters: density, viscosity and surface tension were analyzed for formulation. The surface tension has been an important physicochemical parameter in addition to kinematic viscosity elucidating Jatropha oil-ethanol microemulsion with span 80 than with span 85, as a better biofuel. Comparatively, a lower amount of span 80 than span 85 was utilized for microemulsion formulations and resulted viscosities were in close agreement with ASTM biodiesel standards. The microemulsification approach has been found a sustainable method for producing biofuels without chemical reactions and their fuel properties have been adjusted through variable formulations.

Transesterification of peanut and rapeseed oils using waste of animal bone as cost effective catalyst

Heterogeneous catalysts were developed from goat animal bones for biodiesel production via transesterification process. Desirable feedstock like peanut and rapeseed oils were chosen as raw material for the transesterification process. The bone catalysts calcined at 900 °C shows low crystallite size (41.47434 nm) and higher surface area (90.6523 m²/g) compared to catalysts calcined at other temperatures. The maximum biodiesel yield of 94 % for peanut oil and 96 % for rapeseed oil were obtained at 20:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, addition of 18 wt% of bone catalyst (calcined at 900 °C, 2 h), 60 °C reaction temperature and reaction time of 4 h. The fuel properties of biodiesel produced were compared with ASTM standards for biodiesel. Reusability of the catalyst was also tested.

Development and measured performance of a batch reactor for biodiesel production from fresh and waste vegetable oils

The development and measured performance of a batch reactor for biodiesel production from fresh and waste vegetable oils as feedstock is presented. A biodiesel batch reactor was fabricated using locally sourced materials. Three different transesterification reactions were performed on the feedstocks using the fabricated reactor. The reaction temperature and time were varied for the fresh and waste vegetable oils to determine the biodiesel yield. The yield of the biodiesel under these reaction conditions was at its maximum at the standard reaction temperature and time of 55°C and 50 minutes respectively, while the yield was least at a reaction temperature of 60°C. The yield of the by product (glycerol) was maximum at the reaction time and temperature of 70 minutes and 55°C respectively. The colour of the biodiesel from fresh vegetable oil was the clearest while that from waste vegetable oil 2 (WVO2) was the cloudiest. Characterisation test results proved that the produced biodiesel has similar fuel properties with the conventional diesel and agrees with the ASTM standards for biodiesel. The outcomes of this work showed that biodiesel can be produced from various vegetable oils using the developed batch reactor.

Transesterification of waste cooking oil: Process optimization and conversion rate evaluation

Biodiesel is a mono-alkyl ester of vegetable oil, animal fat, and recycled cooking oil. It is gaining importance in the quest of finding sustainable fuel as it is compatible with petrodiesel and its synthesis process is becoming more commercially deployable. It is commonly prepared by the transesterification of triglycerides or the esterification of free fatty acid with methanol by stirring and accelerated by the presence of base or acidic catalyst. In this work biodiesel was produced by transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) following different process settings with the objective to achieve maximum yield and purity. Due to immiscibility and reaction reversibility, high purity WCO biodiesel of 95% was produced at 12:1 alcohol to oil molar ratio at 1% w/w NaOH catalyst and under continuous mixing of 2h at 60°C. Chemical kinetics was determined for the optimal process and found to follow 1st order reaction rate with a rate constant ranges from 0.0035 to 0.0106min−1. The activation energy was also evaluated by running the experiment at three different temperatures and found to be near 25,496J/mol. The distillation curve and properties of the resulted fuel was also assessed and were compared plausibly to ASTM biodiesel standards. Furthermore, the emitted soot from a diffusion wick flame was measured via opacity meter and clearly show the advantage of the biodiesel with a nearly an order of magnitude lower.

Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Biodiesel Produced From Some Vegetable Oils of Nigeria Origin

The non-edible vegetable oils of Jatropha curcas, neem, castor, rubber and edible oils of soyabean and cotton were investigated for their use as biodiesel feedstock. The analysis of different oil properties, fuel properties of non-edible and edible vegetable oils were investigated in detail. A two-step and transesterification process was used to produce biodiesel from high free fatty acid (FFA) non-edible oils and edible vegetable oils respectively. This process gives yields of 96.1 – 98.5 % of biodiesel using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. The fuel properties of biodiesel produced were compared with diesel. The properties of the oils analysed showed that biodiesel from non-edible and edible vegetable oil are comparable with ASTM biodiesel standards and is quiet suitable as an alternative to diesel. Keywords: Biodiesel, Edible oil, Non Edible oil, Transesterification.