Complementarity Assumption Research Articles

Enhancing knowledge graphs with microdata and LLMs: the case of Schema.org and Wikidata in touristic information

PurposeKnowledge graphs (KGs) are structured knowledge bases that represent real-world entities and are used in a variety of applications. Many of them are created and curated from a combination of automated and manual processes. Microdata embedded in Web pages for purposes of facilitating indexing and search engine optimization are a potential source to augment KGs under some assumptions of complementarity and quality that have not been thoroughly explored to date. In that direction, this paper aims to report results on a study that evaluates the potential of using microdata extracted from the Web to augment the large, open and manually curated Wikidata KG for the domain of touristic information. As large corpora of Web text is currently being leveraged via large language models (LLMs), these are used to compare the effectiveness of the microdata enhancement method.Design/methodology/approachThe Schema.org taxonomy was used as the source to determine the annotation types to be collected. Here, the authors focused on tourism-related pages as a case study, selecting the relevant Schema.org concepts as point of departure. The large CommonCrawl resource was used to select those annotations from a large recent sample of the World Wide Web. The extracted annotations were processed and matched with Wikidata to estimate the degree to which microdata produced for SEO might become a valuable resource to complement KGs or vice versa. The Web pages themselves can also serve as a context to produce additional metadata elements using them as context in pipelines of an existing LLMs. That way, both the annotations and the contents itself can be used as sources.FindingsThe samples extracted revealed a concentration of metadata annotations in only a few of the relevant Schema.org attributes and also revealed the possible influence of authoring tools in a significant fraction of microdata produced. The analysis of the overlapping of attributes in the sample with those of Wikidata showed the potential of the technique, limited by the disbalance of the presence of attributes. The combination of those with the use of LLMs to produce additional annotations demonstrates the feasibility of the approach in the population of existing Wikidata locations. However, in both cases, the effectiveness appears to be lower in the cases of less content in the KG, which are arguably the most relevant when considering the scenario of an automated population approach.Originality/valueThe research reports novel empirical findings on the way touristic annotations with a SEO orientation are being produced in the wild and provides an assessment of their potential to complement KGs, or reuse information from those graphs. It also provides insights on the potential of using LLMs for the task.

Asset prices in a production network

The relative importance of sectoral and aggregate productivity shocks in asset pricing is examined using a nonlinear dynamic equilibrium model where heterogeneous sectors interact in a production network. The model accounts for the heterogeneity in sectoral stock returns and endogenously generates conditional heteroskedasticity and fat tails. The equity risk premium is shown to be driven by sectoral shocks – specially to investment good producers and mining – with a limited contribution from the aggregate shock. SMM estimates of the elasticities of substitution between material inputs and between investment goods support the assumption of gross complementarity employed by previous network literature.

Exploring the Complementary and Nonlinear Effects of Financial Development and ICT on Inclusive Growth in South Asia

The current research aims to examine the dynamics among financial development, renewable energy consumption, information and communication technology (ICT) and inclusive growth by focusing on the interaction of finance and ICT in South Asia from 1995 to 2019. The objectives of the study are obtained by using new and broad measures for inclusive growth and financial development. The panel co-integration tests confirm the long-run association between the selected variables. The existence of cross-sectional dependence and mixed order of integration of analyzed variables require the application of panel linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL). The findings of both techniques disclose that financial development and ICT individually are significant and vital contributors to inclusive growth in the long run. While their collaboration does not supplement inclusive growth during the same period which is an interesting and unique finding. The short-run outcomes also endorse this outcome. However, the individual impact of financial development remains insignificant while ICT enhances inclusive growth significantly in the short run. The panel nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) results have more explanatory powers than panel ARDL and endorse the assumptions of significant complementarity and nonlinearity between financial development-ICT and inclusive growth. Therefore, it is suggested to increase the access and efficiency of financial intermediaries to accelerate the participation of the masses in the economic growth process and its benefits. In addition, more investment in ICT infrastructure and education is needed so that the ICT sector can complement the financial sector efficiently to boost inclusive growth in South Asia.

Stanley Cavell’s Philosophical Literary Criticism

An American philosopher Stanley Cavell (1926–2018) is one of those philosophers who, consciously starting from the assumption of the mutual complementarity of philosophy and literature, develop their theoretical reflection at the meeting point of both these fields and treating their reflection as a form of writing. In Cavell’s opinion, literature is in no way inferior to philosophy in terms of its cognitive values. He goes so far as to question the validity of the rigid, insurmountable division into these two areas, and describes his own writing as epistemic criticism which is a kind of philosophical literary criticism. Although he comes from the analytical school, Cavell remains extremely critical of this tradition of philosophizing, accusing it, as he puts it, of “forgetting the human voice”, losing touch with reality and being alienated from life and in the result calling analytical philosophy “the discipline most opposed to writing, and to life”. At the same time, he turns to the continental tradition and tries to combine these two different intellectual traditions on the basis of his considerations. In this way, Cavell places himself at the intersection of various intellectual currents. His area of interest is also extremely wide and varied, including philosophy, literature, film, theater and music.
 In my article I intend to focus on a few chosen aspects of Cavell’s work that is still not recognized enough in academic studies, namely on the Cavell’s use of philosophical concepts and chosen methods used by Cavell to analyze literary texts – the paraphrase method, the problem of the open work, the literalization of language method (in the context of Cavell’s analysis of Beckett’s Endgame), the problem of the ordinary connected with Cavell’s version of the ordinary language philosophy (in the context of the chosen features of Wittgenstein’s philosophy). In concluding part I also make some provisional remarks on Cavell’s hermeneutics and also suggest that it could be fruitfully read in the context of the thought of Emmanuel Levinas and his philosophy of the Other.

The Acceptance/Avoidance-Promoting Experiences Questionnaire (APEQ): A theory-based approach to psychedelic drugs' effects on psychological flexibility.

Background:Many benefits and some harms associated with psychedelic use could be attributable to these drugs’ acceptance/avoidance-promoting effects and corresponding changes in psychological flexibility. Underlying psychological mechanisms are insufficiently understood.Aim:The purpose of this study was the validation of a psychological model of acceptance/avoidance-promoting psychedelic experiences, which included the development of a theory-based self-report instrument: the Acceptance/Avoidance-Promoting Experiences Questionnaire (APEQ). Its two main scales, acceptance-related experience (ACE) and avoidance-related experience (AVE), represent the theorized model’s core constructs. We aimed to test the model’s central assumptions of complementarity (ACE and AVE may occur alternatingly but not simultaneously, and are therefore empirically independent), intertwinedness (subaspects within ACE and AVE are mutually contingent and therefore highly inter-correlated), context-dependence (ACE and AVE depend on context factors) and interaction (longer-term outcomes depend on the interplay between ACE and AVE).Method:A bilingual retrospective online survey including 997 English- and 836 German-speaking participants. Each participant reported on one psychedelic experience occasioned by lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, mescaline, or ayahuasca.Results:Whereas ACE and AVE were found to be relatively independent aspects of participants’ reported psychedelic experiences (complementarity), their subaspects were mostly distinguishable but strongly correlated among each other (intertwinedness). Therapeutic, escapist, and hedonic use motives were differentially associated with ACE and AVE (context-dependence), which were in turn associated with retrospective changes in psychological flexibility following participants’ reported experiences. The positive association between ACE and increased psychological flexibility was significantly moderated by AVE (interaction).Conclusion:These results provide an initial validation of the APEQ and its underlying theoretical model, suggesting the two can help clarify the psychological mechanisms of psychedelic-induced benefits and harms. Both should be further investigated in prospective-longitudinal and clinical studies.

Social Conventions and Moral Obligations in Young Children’s Care: Illustrations from Rural Families of Northern India

The family in India is a vibrant, complex group that functions on the assumption of interdependence and complementarity of roles and relationships. Patriarchal and patrilocal joint families remain the ideal kin group for a large population of the subcontinent, but this can take many different forms related to co-residence, commensality, branches and subdivisions within the larger group. In the northern Indian rural households from which the illustrations in this article are drawn, household boundaries are largely permeable, the care of children is a shared activity. Whereas older adult members are responsible for keeping a close watch on the children of the family, the adults, usually parents go about their daily work, whether in the home, fields, businesses or employment. Children are a subsystem of mixed ages, constituting siblings, cousins, visiting kin and often even selected neighbours. Women work for the household, which usually includes cattle-care and farming but may also be employed in jobs outside the home in some instances. This active social institution is held together by social conventions and moral obligations. In this article, we provide insights into the ways in which the dynamics of conventions and obligations are expressed, experienced and maintained in relationships between adults and children and among children.

Language Barriers in Multinationals and Knowledge Transfers

A distinct feature of MNCs is a three-tier organizational structure: foreign managers (FMs) supervise domestic managers (DMs) who supervise production workers. Language barriers between FMs and DMs could impede transfers of management knowledge. We develop a model in which DMs learn general management by communicating with FMs, but communication effort is non-contractible. These conditions generate sub-optimal communication within the MNC. If communication is complementary with language skills, the planner could raise welfare by subsidizing foreign language acquisition. We experimentally assess the validity of the general skills and the complementarity assumptions in Myanmar, a setting where FMs and DMs communicate in English. The first experiment examines the general skills assumption by asking prospective employers at domestic firms to rate hypothetical job candidates. They value candidates with both higher English proficiency and MNC experience, a premium driven, in part, by frequent interactions with FMs. The second experiment examines the complementarity assumption by providing English training to a random sample of DMs working at MNCs. At endline, treated DMs have higher English proficiency, communicate more frequently with their FMs, are more involved in firm management, and perform better in simulated management tasks. Organizational barriers within MNCs can thus hinder knowledge transfers and lead to an under-investment in English relative to the social optimum.

The rate of convergence of proximal method of multipliers for second-order cone optimization problems

In this paper we consider a proximal method of multipliers (PMM) for a nonlinear second-order cone optimization problem. With the assumptions of constraint nondegeneracy, strict complementarity and second-order sufficient condition, we estimate the local convergence rate of PMM to be linear or superlinear, which depends on the strategy of parameter selection.

Ancillary Activity and Productivity

Administrative tasks, bureaucracy lead to more constraints in the enterprise, we propose to consider explicitly these activities in the production theory and its implications on productivity and economic growth. We propose an alternative production function which encompasses not only inputs needed for the production of the good sold on the market (the core production), but also explicitly all administrative and logistic departments (the ancillary activities). We assume complementarity between them. The main contribution of this paper is the determination of ancillary inputs productivity and therefore their retribution. In the last section we give two succinct applications of our model. The first application concerns the Productivity Paradox debate. Indeed, the impact of a technological innovation depends with the model if it is ancillary oriented or not. Complementarity assumption prevents any spillover effects between activities. The second application is about growth theory. The model explains the mechanism at work about why bureaucracy hampers economic growth. Again the complementarity assumption is all the story.

Sensitivity-Based Warmstarting for Nonlinear Model Predictive Control With Polyhedral State and Control Constraints

Model predictive control (MPC) is of increasing interest in applications for constrained control of multivariate systems. However, one of the major obstacles to its broader use is the computation time and effort required to solve a possibly nonconvex optimal control problem (OCP) online. This article introduces a sensitivity-based warmstarting strategy for systems with nonlinear dynamics and polyhedral constraints with the goal of reducing the computational footprint of MPC controllers. It predicts changes in the solution of the parameterized OCP as the parameter varies by calculating the semiderivative of the solution mapping. The main novelty of this article is that the polyhedrality of the constraints allows us to avoid imposing any constraint qualification conditions or strict complementarity assumptions. A numerical study featuring MPC applied to unmanned aerial vehicles illustrates the proposed approach.

Household Ecological Preferences and Renewable Energy Spending

In this paper, we propose a model that demonstrates the influence of household ecological preferences on their acceptance of spending on renewable energy. The model discusses the production of energy from both non-renewable and renewable sources, the quality of the natural environment, pollution emissions, and utility maximization. If households choose to reduce pollutant emissions, they should reduce their levels of consumption. The main aspect that distinguishes the proposed model is the assumption of complementarity between physical capital and energy. This complementarity exists due to the fact that non-renewable natural resources are the main energy source throughout the world. The presented model is solved and analysed in detail. Our analysis of the model leads to the conclusion that maximizing the utility share of the total production spent on renewable energy generation depends on the relation of both preference parameters, not on each individual preference parameter. Since the presented model helps to explain several economic mechanisms, it may become incorporated into a larger model.

The Complementarity Between Tax Avoidance and Manager Diversion: Evidence from Tax Haven Firms

We investigate whether tax avoidance and manager diversion are complementary when the costs of diversion are low by comparing dividend payouts, performance, and overinvestments of tax haven firms versus other multinational firms based in countries with weak and strong investor protections. Desai and Dharmapala (2006, 2009a, 2009b) and Desai et al. (2007) set forth a theory of tax avoidance within an agency framework (the D&D theory) based on the assumption that tax avoidance and manager diversion are complementary when the corporate governance system is “ineffective” (i.e., the manager’s expected costs of diversion are low). Studies developing the D&D theory provide indirect evidence consistent with the model’s predictions but do not directly test this complementarity assumption. Recent studies of U.S. firms find no complementarity or find evidence inconsistent with this complementarity. Tax haven firms are corporate groups whose parent firms are incorporated in tax haven countries that are not the countries where the groups’ headquarters or primary operations are located (i.e., their “base” countries). We argue that tax haven incorporation potentially lowers the costs of diversion for managers of firms based in countries with weak investor protections. Using a sample from 28 base countries, we provide evidence that manager diversion and tax avoidance are complementary for tax haven firms based in countries with weak investor protections but not for tax haven firms based in countries with strong investor protections. Our results are consistent with the complementarity assumption underlying the D&D model and provide additional insights into the potential impact of the decentralization of the global firm.

The Complementarity between Tax Avoidance and Manager Diversion: Evidence from Tax Haven Firms

ABSTRACTWe investigate whether tax avoidance and manager diversion are complementary when the costs of diversion are low by comparing dividend payouts, performance, and overinvestments of tax haven firms versus other multinational firms based in countries with weak and strong investor protections. Desai and Dharmapala (2006, 2009a, b) and Desai et al. (2007) set forth a theory of tax avoidance within an agency framework (the D&D theory) based on the assumption that tax avoidance and manager diversion are complementary when the corporate governance system is “ineffective” (i.e., the manager's expected costs of diversion are low). Tax haven firms are corporate groups whose parent firms are incorporated in tax haven countries that are not the countries where the groups’ headquarters or primary operations are located (i.e., their “base” countries). We argue that tax haven incorporation potentially lowers the costs of diversion for managers of firms based in countries with weak investor protections. Using a sample from 28 base countries, we provide evidence that manager diversion and tax avoidance are complementary for tax haven firms based in countries with weak investor protections but not for tax haven firms based in countries with strong investor protections. Our results are consistent with the complementarity assumption underlying the D&D model and provide additional insights into the potential impact of the decentralization of the global firm.

Conditions for Error Bounds of Linear Complementarity Problems over Second-Order Cones with Pseudomonotonicity

We first discuss some properties of the solution set of a pseudomonotone second-order cone linear complementarity problem (SOCLCP), and then analyse the limiting behavior of a sequence of strictly feasible solutions within a new wide neighborhood of the central trajectory for the pseudomonotone SOCLCP under assumptions of strict complementarity. Based on this, we derive four different characterizations of an error bound for the pseudomonotone SOCLCP.

A variant nonmonotone smoothing algorithm with improved numerical results for large-scale LWCPs

This paper considers the linear weighted complementarity problem (denoted by LWCP) introduced by Potra (SIAM J Optim 22:1634–1654, 2012). Based on two weighted smoothing functions, we propose a new nonmonotone smoothing algorithm for solving the LWCP and establish its global and local quadratic convergence without the strict complementarity assumption. Compared to existing nonmonotone smoothing algorithms, the proposed algorithm solves the linear system only approximately which can save the computation work when one solves large-scale LWCPs. Moreover, the nonmonotone line search technique adopted in this paper includes the usual monotone line search and some existing nonmonotone line searches as special cases. Numerical results show that our algorithm is considerably efficient for solving large-scale LWCPs.

Welfare Gains from Trade: Weak Linkages and Complementarity of Intermediate Goods

In this paper we propose a theoretical model of international trade that shows the welfare gains from trade are much higher than what Arkolakis et al 2014 find. We use the idea of weak linkages and the complementarity between the intermediate goods as in Jones 2011. The idea is simple. Production requires many different intermediate goods to get together and if the firm cannot purchase any of them from home nor from foreign, the production process fails. Same is true if any of these linkages are low productive and the firm cannot import it from a high productive sector from abroad. We propose a multi-industry multi-country trade model, and show that the complementarity of the intermediates goods results in much larger welfare gains than the current literature measures, using the same trade data. Also, similar to Ossa2015, we show that the variation of trade elasticities among industries greatly increases the welfare gains from trade; using Ossa's mechanism alongside the assumption of complementarity magnify the estimated welfare gains from trade.

Betwixt and between: the enculturated predictive processing approach to cognition

Many of our cognitive capacities are the result of enculturation. Enculturation is the temporally extended transformative acquisition of cognitive practices in the cognitive niche. Cognitive practices are embodied and normatively constrained ways to interact with epistemic resources in the cognitive niche in order to complete a cognitive task. The emerging predictive processing perspective offers new functional principles and conceptual tools to account for the cerebral and extra-cerebral bodily components that give rise to cognitive practices. According to this emerging perspective, many cases of perception, action, and cognition are realized by the on-going minimization of prediction error. Predictive processing provides us with a mechanistic perspective that helps investigate the functional details of the acquisition of cognitive practices. The argument of this paper is that research on enculturation and recent work on predictive processing are complementary. The main reason is that predictive processing operates at a sub-personal level and on a physiological time scale of explanation only. A complete account of enculturated cognition needs to take additional levels and temporal scales of explanation into account. This complementarity assumption leads to a new framework—enculturated predictive processing—that operates on multiple levels and temporal scales for the explanation of the enculturated predictive acquisition of cognitive practices. Enculturated predictive processing is committed to explanatory pluralism. That is, it subscribes to the idea that we need multiple perspectives and explanatory strategies to account for the complexity of enculturation. The upshot is that predictive processing needs to be complemented by additional considerations and conceptual tools to realize its full explanatory potential.

Measurement of Value of Time for Freight Trips and its Benefit by Market Information

Abstract This paper focuses on how value of time and its accrued time saving benefits for freight trips can be expressed and measured in terms of market information such as freight fee, freight time, observable freight service consumption and observable freight service production within a framework of general equilibrium rather than individual user analysis which most previous studies adopt. In order to satisfy the weak complementarity assumption, we specifies freight time externality as product form of quality index of freight time and freight consumption Sh(t)x and S0(t)X into the utility function of non-business users and production function of business users, respectively. And for freight operators the product of quality index of freight time and labour and capital inputs S(t)l, S(t)k are introduced into the production function of freight operators. Then we define VOT as marginal substitution rate between price and time and expressed it as the freight service fee per freight time multiplied by the elasticity of quality level indicator with respect to freight time for each of non-business and business users, respectively. The freight service providers’ VOT is expressed as average labour and capital cost per freight time. Thus we can measure three VOTs in terms of market information such as freight fee, freight time and average labour and capital cost and the elasticity of quality level indicator with respect to freight time although we need to estimate quality index of freight time by estimating freight demand functions of users. Next we derive an “origin” formula to measure social freight time saving benefits including its repercussion effects expressed by the change in equilibrium freight price, wage and capital rent, where we adopted the concept of equivalent variation as the social benefit definition. The proposed origin (or shortcut) formula is the weighted general equilibrium consumers’ surplus of the freight demand multiplied by VOTs with respect to freight time. The weight after the change can be approximately expressed as 1 + (income effect of marginal freight time saving benefit for non-business), so that it is also possible to calculate from the market information. Furthermore VOT to be applied to the benefit measurement formula is a sum of VOT for shippers and operators. Therefore we can say that conventional trapezoidal formula with the weight of one and VOT for only operators underestimates the benefit in two points. First is missing the weight eBm and second is neglecting VOT for shippers.

Are consumers’ reasons for and against behaviour distinct?

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to add clarity to current conceptualisations of attitudes towards giving versus not giving and to identify an approach that better informs interventions that seek to promote particular types of pro-social consumer behaviour. Despite a considerable body of research that provides insights into why people give to charity, there is comparatively little understanding of the reasons why others decide not to give. More generally, existing applications of attitudinal models do not differentiate between decisions to perform and not to perform a behaviour. This paper challenges the assumption that attitudes towards performing and not performing a behaviour are logical opposites. Drawing on reasons theory, the paper examines the incremental and discriminant validity of attitudes for charitable giving versus attitudes against charitable giving, and the extent to which they correspond to different rather than opposite underlying reasons.Design/methodology/approach– A mixed-method approach with two different study stages was adopted. Stage 1 comprised an elicitation study that sought to identify reasons corresponding to a comprehensive range of motives for and barriers to charitable giving. This assisted in the development of a survey instrument that was used in Stage 2 to test the study’s hypotheses. The study used the Index of Multiple Deprivation with a view to provide a sample representative of the UK population (N= 243). Results were analysed through exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and step-wise regressions.Findings– Results showed that reasons against charitable giving included logical opposites of reasons for charitable giving (complementarity assumption)as well as separate motivational factors. Attitudes for and against were in turn explained by distinct sets of reasons. The paper contributes by adding clarity to current conceptualisations of cognitions in relation to doing versus not doing. Identifying underlying reasons, rather than just attitudes, affords specific insight for marketing communications and public policy interventions.Originality/value– The paper introduces to the marketing and consumer behaviour literature the previously neglected non-complementarity assumption and provides a more complete test of this assumption in the context of charitable giving.

Valuing Environmental Resources through Demand for Related Commodities

We examine the revealed preference theory underlying the welfare analysis of public goods (e.g., environmental quality) by observing the consumption of related commodities. Inspired by Larson (1991) and Ebert (1998), and extended from Eom and Larson (2006), an empirical strategy is formulated, consistent with the theory of uniquely deriving use and nonuse values for a change in the public good. We show that the weak complementarity assumption and the Willig condition, the common preference assumptions used to support the revealed preference methods for non‐market valuation, may be tested as parameter restrictions. A study of water quality valuation is presented to illustrate the proposed empirical strategy. Results show that the weak complementarity assumption and the Willig condition generally do not hold in the case study, and the consumer surplus derived from the indirect valuation method deviates largely from the exact welfare measures.