Motivational Assumptions Research Articles

ANALISIS PENGARUH MOTIVASI KERJA TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KUALITAS SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA PADA DAERAH KAMPUNG TAJIR SUMENEP

The purpose of this study is to investigate how intrinsic motivation at work affects the Tajir of Sumenep's human resource management. The goal of this descriptive quantitative study is to provide a high-level picture of the interrelationships among the variables. Data collection techniques use questionnaires, observation, literature study and documentation study. Questionnaires were distributed to 34 residents of Tajir village, whose responses will be processed and analyzed using instrument tests, descriptive analysis, classical assumption tests and simple regression analysis. The research results reveal that work motivation has a positive impact or has a significant effect on improving the quality of human resources. This is shown if variable X increases or is positive with the assumption of work motivation, the quality of human resources will increase. Human resource quality declines, on the other hand, if variable X falls or is negative relative to the assumption of intrinsic motivation at work. It follows that intrinsic motivation at work significantly boosts Sumenep's tajir village's human resource quality.

Daily Idea Generation and Employee Creative Performance: Effect of Day-Level Congruence Between Felt Responsibility for Change and Willingness to Take Risks

This study explores a potential joint effect between two proactive motives on creative performance. Departing from the assumption of motivation as a relatively stable between-person construct, we also pay attention to the within-person process to examine how daily fluctuations of proactive motives affect daily idea generation, leading to creative performance. Specifically, drawing on job demands–resources theory, we theorize a joint effect of two proactive motives at the within-person level: daily felt responsibility for change (DFRC) and daily willingness to take risks (DWTR). We test our hypotheses by analyzing data collected from 135 employees and their supervisors by using the experience sampling method followed by multiwave field surveys. Daily idea generation is high when the DFRC and DWTR have high congruence, particularly when both motives are high rather than low. In addition, daily idea generation mediates the effect of the DFRC and DWTR congruence on employee creative performance as appraised by supervisors. Moreover, seeking feedback from coworkers strengthens the indirect effect of the DFRC and DWTR congruence on employee creative performance via daily idea generation. This study offers a fine-grained view of motivational mechanisms and employee social behavior that lead to creative performance in the workplace.

Examining the mediating effects of sincerity and credibility in crisis communication strategies

PurposeThis study aims to explore how source type can influence organizational assets proposed by source credibility theory (SCT) when paired with matched situational crisis communication theory (SCCT) strategies for accidental, preventable, and victim crises. Crisis communication delivered online provides an invaluable outlet for organizations to disperse information to stakeholders quickly. It has been shown that receivers of this information have motivational assumptions about sources having their own agenda for producing content. Thus, it is important to explore how sources tasked with delivering crisis responses can influence perceptions of the sincerity and credibility of the message.Design/methodology/approachThe researchers conducted a 3 (crisis response: matched accidental, matched preventable, matched victim) × 3 (source type: organization, CEO, The New York Times) online between-subjects experimental design (N = 623).FindingsBy identifying how the source disseminating crisis responses influences message perceptions, findings from this study recognize how the crisis response is situated in a greater context. Since perceived sincerity and credibility were found to influence message acceptance and reputation, making intentional decisions that acknowledge both within a crisis communication strategy may benefit both future practice and research applications.Originality/valueThe current study advances understandings afforded by SCCT, along with SCT, by experimentally testing the influence of these variables within crisis responses on outcomes such as account acceptance and organizational reputation.

Underlying assumptions of public service motivation: a view from the developing world

ABSTRACT Based on a qualitative study of public service motivation (PSM) among public employees in Pakistan, the authors formulate a model of contextual factors influencing public-service-motivated behaviours. Through an analysis of 36 interviews, the research finds that because of their different cultural background Pakistan public employees did not identify with the principal motivational structure generally associated with PSM. While Pakistan public employees exhibited empathy and compassion, they did not relate them to public service. The antecedents for these motives were primarily their Islam religion. Employees showed inclinations for the pursuit of power, job security, and implicit opportunities for corruption as motives for seeking public employment. The contextual factors not only directly influenced employees’ behaviours more strongly than PSM, but they also tended to undermine the effect of PSM as a strong influencer for employees to think of serving society at large. The authors conclude that assumptions about PSM in a developing country such as Pakistan are not irrational but are embedded in local rationalities that admittedly countervail the ethical foundations of public service. These local rationalities seem widely accepted among public employees in Pakistan. The findings of the study can be related to other developing countries, particularly South Asian countries.

Hands, Hearts and Hybrids: Economic Organization, Individual Motivation and Public Benefit

Should policy makers rely upon firms motivated by profit and guided by the invisible hand of the market to promote public benefit or upon government agencies or nonprofits motivated by the compassionate heart? In this article we examine how the motivational assumptions implicit in these forms of economic organisation impact on their ability to promote the public good in key areas of the economy. We argue that in many circumstances it would be better to for policy makers to work with hybrid organisations: organisations that aim for both social and economic returns and whose stakeholders display the true complexity of individual motivation.

The capability approach: A promising foundation for sustainable development?

Over the past few years, the capability approach (CA) has been increasingly recognized as a promising foundation of sustainable development despite the persistent critiques of its deliberative democracy concept. This paper theoretically and empirically analyzes CA's potential and challenges as a foundation for sustainable development. We find that CA is more suitable than standard economic theory as a theoretical framework of sustainable development. Some, although not all of CA's implicit motivational assumptions, are confirmed by our empirical findings. We also find that, to overcome CA's idealized concept of a deliberate democracy, the framework will have to be strengthened. We finally discuss the need for future research and ways to further develop CA as a foundation for sustainable development.

The American Academy of Family Physician's Approach to Developing and Supporting the Intrinsically Motivated Learner.

The American Academy of Family Physicians has 72,600 active members and a robust continuing medical education platform. A foundational principle of their work is an assumption of an intrinsic motivation of physicians to learn in order to better take care of their patients and communities. This commentary presents their vision of individualized learning portfolio in which individual family physicians utilize data to identify their gaps of knowledge and performance over time and use a varirty of CME, including performance improvement, to address and lessen those gaps, with the Academy serving as a navigator and facilitator, all while supporting intrinsic motivation to learn and improve.

The Occasional Evil of Angels: Learning from the Experiences of Aboriginal Peoples and Social Work

This paper explores how the propensity of social workers to make a direct and unmitigated connection between good intentions, rationale thought and good outcomes forms a white noise barrier that substantially interferes with our ability to see negative outcomes resulting directly or indirectly from our works. The paper begins with outlining the harm experienced by Aboriginal children before moving to explore how two fundamental philosophies that pervade social service practice impact Aboriginal children: 1) an assumption of pious motivation and effect and 2) a desire to improve others. Finally, the paper explores why binding reconciliation and child welfare is a necessary first step toward developing social work services that better support Aboriginal children and families.

Self-determination motivation theory in R: The software package SDT

This paper presents the technical details of the software package SDT in the R computing and graphics environment, implementing a convex quadratic program that was recently proposed in the literature on self-determination theory of human motivation. Three main features are addressed, with their accompanying code for computation in R: first, the application of the quadratic program and corresponding code for the analysis of the extent of motivation internalization or externalization; second, for exploring the simplex structure assumption of motivation; and third, for adjusting the confounded scoring protocol, called the self-determination or relative autonomy index, to account for the mixture of internal motivation and external motivation. We describe the functions of the R package SDT. The computations are demonstrated with example data accompanying the package, so researchers can run the methodology on their own datasets.

Splintering the gamer’s dilemma: moral intuitions, motivational assumptions, and action prototypes

The gamer’s dilemma (Luck in Ethics Inf Technol 11(1):31–36, 2009) asks whether any ethical features distinguish virtual pedophilia, which is generally considered impermissible, from virtual murder, which is generally considered permissible. If not, this equivalence seems to force one of two conclusions: either both virtual pedophilia and virtual murder are permissible, or both virtual pedophilia and virtual murder are impermissible. In this article, I attempt, first, to explain the psychological basis of the dilemma. I argue that the two different action types picked out by “virtual pedophilia” and “virtual murder” set very different expectations for their token instantiations that systematically bias judgments of permissibility. In particular, the proscription of virtual pedophilia rests on intuitions about immoral desire, sexual violations, and a schematization of a powerful adult offending against an innocent child. I go on to argue that these differences between virtual pedophilia and virtual murder may be ethically relevant. Precisely because virtual pedophilia is normally aversive in a way that virtual murder is not, we plausibly expect virtual pedophilia to invite abnormal and immorally desirous forms of engagement.

Pre-service foreign language and culture teachers’ project competence within the contemporary educational paradigm

The article substantiates the relevance of research studies devoted to the issue of building pre-service foreign language and culture teachers’ project competence as an integral part of their professional methodological competency. The main factors that determine the necessity of immediate solving of the outlined scientific problem within the contemporary educational paradigm are considered. These factors are as follows: 1) the existing in Ukraine social demand for well-qualified project-based teachers who will be ready and able to provide methodologically correct foreign language project-based learning of their students; 2) the lack of purposeful and systematic methodological preparation of pre-service foreign language and culture teachers for providing project-based learning in Ukrainian schools; 3) the lack of profound scientific studies in the field of teaching methods of foreign languages and cultures that would thoroughly investigate theory and practice of building pre-service teachers’ project competence as an important component of their professional methodological competency. The project competence of a pre-service foreign language and culture teacher is defined as his/her integrative professional methodological personal quality based on readiness and ability to implement project-based foreign language and culture learning in general secondary education schools, namely: to plan, forecast, organise, implement, coordinate, and analyse the process and the outcomes of students’ project-based foreign language learning. The latest changes in the Ukrainian national educational paradigm are intended to contribute to the development of the project-based education system as a cross-cutting preparation of students for innovative, problem-based, project-based, and research-based activities in order to teach them to solve their personal, professional, and social problems, to organise their self-determination and self-education throughout their lives. A modern project-based teacher should be able to develop students’ project competence – their readiness and ability, on the assumption of motivation, to organise their project work to solve educational problem tasks.

The Occasional Evil of Angels: Learning From the Experiences of Aboriginal Peoples and Social Work1

This paper explores how the propensity of social workers to make a direct and unmitigated connection between good intentions, rational thought, and good outcomes form a white noise barrier that substantially interferes with our ability to see negative outcomes resulting directly or indirectly from our works. The paper begins with outlining the harm experienced by Aboriginal children before moving to explore how two fundamental philosophies that pervade social service practice impact Aboriginal children: 1) an assumption of pious motivation and effect and 2) a desire to improve others. Finally, the paper explores why binding reconciliation and child welfare is a necessary first step toward developing social work services that better support Aboriginal children and families.

Presentation: pay for performance, formulation, implementation and policy success: in low, middle and high income countries

Low and middle income countries (LMICs), as well as high income countries (HICs), with different politicaleconomic contexts, varying dependence on external financing, as well as in differentiated stages of development of primary health care (PHC), have adopted payment for performance or performance-based financing programs (P4P/PBF). Addressing the reality of different health systems and contexts, in LMICs and HICs, the rational basedassumptions supporting the design of P4P/PBF programmes have been theoretically questioned by more realistic political, organizational and motivational assumptions. Empirically, they have been challenged by alternative logics and processes arising from comparatively distinctive implementation and (re)formulation processes, diverse unexpected effects/evidence and a recognitionof the need to consider adaptations and long-term (sustainable) impacts on health systems. Consequently, P4P/PBF programs have been subject to social sciences, public policy, health policy and health systems research. These analyses have the potential to significantly enrich the debate and knowledge on the operation and impact of P4P/PBF programs and how they could be more effectively designed to support health system performance and strengthening, producing effective/real-world or long-term improvements.

Internalists Relax: We Can\u2019t All Be Amoralists!

In “Internalists Beware – We Might All Be Amoralists!” Gunnar Björnsson and Ragnar Francén Olinder [henceforth B&O] offer an original objection to motivational internalism, which promises to move the debate beyond the seeming stalemate between externalists and internalists. The main idea behind this objection is that to pose a challenge to internalists, amoralists need not fail to be motivated to do the right thing – they might reliably be motivated to do the right thing for the wrong reasons. Moreover, we could all be amoralists if enough of us were motivated in this way – at any rate, this is an intelligible hypothesis. This, though, spells trouble for motivational internalism. The challenge is dialectically powerful precisely because internalists often fall back on the idea that although individuals can fail to be motivated to do what they take to be the right thing, the idea that whole communities could fail to be appropriately motivated yet still be making moral judgments makes no sense (Cf. Blackburn 1998: 61–63). The hypothesis put forward by B&O puts pressure on this classic internalist strategy of “going communal” by emphasizing that the assumption of no appropriate motivation is too stark; motivation of the wrong sort would still undermine internalism as it is best interpreted. In this paper, I argue that this intriguing new objection to internalism can, after all, be met if we pay special attention to judgments of blameworthiness.

Beyond Assumptions of Altruism: Job Satisfaction in an Age of Nonprofit Professionalization

Research on the nonprofit sector suggests that simply working for an organization that endeavors to serve the public is intrinsically rewarding and provides job satisfaction (Mirvis 1992; Brown and Yoshioka 2003; Benz 2005; Borzaga and Depedri 2005). I examine program officers working in the international aid industry (“aid workers”) across four nonprofit organizations and utilize methodology from job fit research to test which work values, when fulfilled, most strongly predict their job satisfaction. I find that the strongest predictors of job satisfaction are not in the arenas generally highlighted by research on public service motivation (Vandenabeele, Brewer, and Ritz 2014). Specifically, aid workers with higher value for social service do not have higher job satisfaction, when all other factors are held constant. Moreover, even when people claimed that fulfilling social service objectives was a feature they valued in their work environment, the extent to which their organization fulfilled social service objectives did not significantly increase their job satisfaction. Instead, the fulfillment of more personally (rather than publicly) beneficial values, such as affective work hygiene and cognitive engagement, were found to be more likely to lead to satisfaction. These findings encourage future research on nonprofit domains to investigate a wider range of work values rather than relying upon assumptions of altruism and public service motivation. Taken alongside research demonstrating younger employee’ desire to balance work and personal goals (Cennamo and Gardner 2008; Ng, Schweitzer, and Lyons 2010; Twenge, Campbell, Hoffman, and Lance 2010) these results suggest a broader shift in the character and condition of the international aid workforce and encourage scholars to measure motivation and values with more expansive scales.

Intrinsic Motivation and Expert Behavior

Previous theories on expert involvement have been classically based on the assumption of extrinsic influence-driven motivation. This article aims to construct an expert behavior theory to bridge the gap between intrinsic motivation and behavior of experts by identifying two dimensions, namely, the attitudes toward two relationships, between theory and practice and between experts and officials. These two intrinsic motivations determine the four roles of individual experts, namely, technology communicators, theory demonstrators, idea entrepreneurs, and knowledge brokers. The empirical strategy is based on a comparative study of four experts who were involved in the Wenling participatory budgeting reform in China.

Social Value Induction and Cooperation in the Centipede Game.

The Centipede game provides a dynamic model of cooperation and competition in repeated dyadic interactions. Two experiments investigated psychological factors driving cooperation in 20 rounds of a Centipede game with significant monetary incentives and anonymous and random re-pairing of players after every round. The main purpose of the research was to determine whether the pattern of strategic choices observed when no specific social value orientation is experimentally induced—the standard condition in all previous investigations of behavior in the Centipede and most other experimental games—is essentially individualistic, the orthodox game-theoretic assumption being that players are individualistically motivated in the absence of any specific motivational induction. Participants in whom no specific state social value orientation was induced exhibited moderately non-cooperative play that differed significantly from the pattern found when an individualistic orientation was induced. In both experiments, the neutral treatment condition, in which no orientation was induced, elicited competitive behavior resembling behavior in the condition in which a competitive orientation was explicitly induced. Trait social value orientation, measured with a questionnaire, influenced cooperation differently depending on the experimentally induced state social value orientation. Cooperative trait social value orientation was a significant predictor of cooperation and, to a lesser degree, experimentally induced competitive orientation was a significant predictor of non-cooperation. The experimental results imply that the standard assumption of individualistic motivation in experimental games may not be valid, and that the results of such investigations need to take into account the possibility that players are competitively motivated.

Behavioral political economy: A survey

In explaining individual behavior in politics, economists should rely on the same motivational assumptions they use to explain behavior in the market: that is what Political Economy, understood as the application of economics to the study of political processes, is all about. In its standard variant, individuals who play the game of politics should also be considered rational and self-interested, unlike the benevolent despot of traditional welfare economics. History repeats itself with the rise of behavioral economics: Assuming cognitive biases to be present in the market, but not in politics, behavioral economists often call for government to intervene in a “benevolent” way. Recently, however, political economists have started to apply behavioral economics insights to the study of political processes, thereby re-establishing a unified methodology. This paper surveys the current state of the emerging field of “behavioral political economy” and considers the scope for further research.

Knaves, knights or networks: which assumption of lecturer and manager motivation should underlie further education policy?

Julian Le Grand, a well-known economist, identifies two types of public sector employee: knights (with altruistic motives) and knaves (with self-interested motives). He argues that the quasi-market, predicated on the assumption of knavish behaviour (or agent self-interest), is the most effective way of directing school managers and teachers towards improving education outputs at lower unit cost. In this article, a review of the literature on the English post-incorporation further education quasi-market is undertaken (under the Conservative government [1993–1997], New Labour [1997–2010] and the Coalition government [2010–2014]) to assess if such a premise is correct. The conclusion from the review is that an over-focus on policy, premised on agent self-interest, effects limited improvements in the quality of education outputs and needs-based equity for disadvantaged students because such policy marginalises other motivational inputs, such as intrinsic motivation, professional values and tacit knowledge from the production process. The solution, much of the FE literature suggests, is the replacement of top-down policy with democratic local governance and participative leadership as a means of encouraging intrinsically motivated tutors and managers (or knights) to meet economic and social goals through the productive potential of learning cultures (or networks).

Behavioral Public Choice: A Survey

Explaining individual behavior in politics should rely on the same motivational assumptions as explaining behavior in the market: That’s what Political Economy, understood as the application of economics to the study of political processes, is all about. In its standard variant, those who played the game of politics should also be considered rational and self-interested, unlike the benevolent despot of earlier models. History repeats itself with the rise of behavioral economics: Assuming cognitive biases to be present in the market, but not in politics, behavioral economists often call for government to intervene in a “benevolent” way. Recently, however, political economists have started to apply behavioral economics insights to the study of political processes, thereby re-establishing a unified methodology. This paper surveys the current state of the emerging field of “Behavioral Political Economy” and considers the scope for further research.