Associations Of Parental Smoking Research Articles

Challenges in using data on fathers/partners to study prenatal exposures and offspring health.

Paternal exposures (and other non-maternal factors) around pregnancy could have important effects on offspring health. One challenge is that data on partners are usually from a subgroup of mothers with data, potentially introducing selection bias, limiting generalisability of findings. We aimed to investigate the potential for selection bias in studies using partner data.We characterise availability of data on father/partner and mother health behaviours (smoking, alcohol, caffeine and physical activity) around pregnancy from three UK cohort studies: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), Born in Bradford and the Millennium Cohort Study. We assess the extent of sample selection by comparing characteristics of families where fathers/partners do and do not participate. Using the association of parental smoking during pregnancy and child birthweight as an example, we perform simulations to investigate the extent to which missing father/partner data may induce bias in analyses conducted only in families with participating fathers/partners.In all cohorts, father/partner data were less detailed and collected at fewer timepoints than mothers. Partners with a lower socio-economic position were less likely to participate. In simulations based on ALSPAC data, there was little evidence of selection bias in associations of maternal smoking with birthweight, and bias for father/partner smoking was relatively small. Missing partner data can induce selection bias. In our example analyses of the effect of parental smoking on offspring birthweight, the bias had a relatively small impact. In practice, the impact of selection bias will depend on both the analysis model and the selection mechanism.

A case-control study on the associations of parental smoking and alcohol consumption during the periconceptional period and their interactions with risk of congenital heart disease in offspring

To explore the associations of parental smoking and alcohol consumption during the periconceptional period and their interactions with risk of congenital heart disease (CHD) in offspring. The parents of children with simple CHD aged 0 to 1 year (n=683) were recruited as the case group, while the parents of healthy children aged 0 to 1 year (n=740) served as the control group. A case-control study was conducted, and a questionnaire was used to collect information on perinatal exposures. After controlling for relevant confounding factors using multivariate logistic regression analysis and propensity score matching, the associations of parental smoking and alcohol consumption during the periconceptional period and their interactions with CHD were examined, as well as the cumulative effects of smoking and drinking on CHD risk. Maternal active smoking (OR=2.91, 95%CI: 1.60-5.30), passive smoking (OR=1.94, 95%CI: 1.56-2.42), and alcohol consumption (OR=2.59, 95%CI: 1.89-3.54), as well as paternal smoking (OR=1.52; 95%CI: 1.22-1.90) and drinking (OR=1.48, 95%CI: 1.19-1.84), were associated with an increased risk of CHD in offspring. There was no interaction between parental smoking and drinking behaviors during the periconceptional period concerning the risk of CHD in offspring (P>0.05). The more parents' smoking and drinking behaviors during the perinatal pregnancy, the higher the risk of CHD in their offspring (OR=1.50, 95%CI: 1.36-1.65). Parental smoking and alcohol consumption during the periconceptional period are associated with the occurrence of CHD in offspring, and there is a cumulative effect on CHD risk, suggesting that reducing tobacco and alcohol exposure during the periconceptional period may lower the incidence of CHD.

The associations of parental smoking, quitting and habitus with teenager e-cigarette, smoking, alcohol and other drug use in GUI Cohort ’98

We analyse parental smoking and cessation (quitting) associations with teenager e-cigarette, alcohol, tobacco smoking and other drug use, and explore parental smoking as a mechanism for social reproduction. We use data from Waves 1–3 of Growing Up in Ireland (Cohort ’98). Our analytic sample consisted of n = 6,039 participants reporting in all 3 Waves. Data were collected in Waves 1 and 2 when the children were 9 and 13 years old and in Wave 3 at age 17/18 years. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) models were used to analyse teenage substance use at Wave 3. Parental smoking was associated with significantly increased risk of all teenage substance use, adjusted odds ratios were aOR2.13 (ever e-cigarette use); aOR1.92 (ever alcohol use); aOR1.88 (current alcohol use); aOR1.90 (ever use of other drugs); aOR2.10 (ever-smoking); and aOR1.91 (current smoking). Primary caregiver smoking cessation (quitting) was associated with a lower risk for teenager current smoking aOR0.62, ever e-cigarette use aOR 0.65 and other drug use aOR 0.57. Primary caregiver smoking behaviour had greater associations than secondary, and age13 exposure more than age 9. Habitus seems to play a role and wealth was protective for teenage smoking. The findings suggest that prevention interventions should target both caregivers and their children.

Parental smoking and blood pressure in children and adolescents: a national cross-sectional study in China

BackgroundCurrent evidence on the health effects of passive smoking on childhood blood pressure is limited and inconsistent. We investigated the associations between exposure to parental smoking and blood pressure in children and adolescents.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis was performed in a national sample of 42,745 children and adolescents (50.2% boys) aged 7–18 years from seven provinces in China. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured. Information on parental smoking was collected through questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression and logistic regression was used to investigate the associations of parental smoking with blood pressure and prevalent hypertension, respectively.ResultsThe reported parental smoking rates were 49.7 and 50.2% in boys and girls, respectively. After adjustment for a range of potential confounders, exposure to parental smoking was associated with 0.44 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.16, 0.72] mmHg and 0.26 (95% CI: 0.04, 0.47) mmHg higher SBP and DBP in girls. Girls exposed to parental smoking were also more likely to have hypertension compared with those without exposure (odds ratio = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.20). No significant associations were found in boys.ConclusionsExposure to parental smoking was associated with increased blood pressure and higher prevalence of hypertension in girls, but not in boys. Urgent strategies are needed for the promotion of smoking-free environment, especially for children and adolescents.

Association of Parental Smoking and Severe Bronchiolitis in Children at Bhuj, Kutch, Gujarat, India: Case Control Study

Association of Parental Smoking and Severe Bronchiolitis in Children at Bhuj, Kutch, Gujarat, India: Case Control Study

729: Deconstructing trends in perinatal ethnic disparities in Hawaii

ethnic disparities in Hawaii Timothy Dye, Hyeong Jun Ahn, John Chen, Marjorie Mau, Donald Hayes, Dena Towner John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women’s Health, Honolulu, HI, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Biostatistics, Honolulu, HI, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Native Hawaiian Health, Honolulu, HI, Hawaii State Department of Health, Family Services Division, Honolulu, HI OBJECTIVE: US OMB Directive 15 (OMB15) outlines requirements for reporting race/ethnicity. Oftentimes a range of distinct ethnicities are aggregated (e.g. “Asians”) in OMB15, perhaps masking important differences. These aggregations are particularly significant in Hawaii, a multiracial/multiethnic state significantly impacted by OMB15. This study’s purpose was to examine perinatal risk trends in Hawaii (HI) and among its ethnicities. STUDY DESIGN: Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) in neonatal mortality rate (NNMR) and low birthweight (LBW) by state/ethnicity from 1969-2009 was computed using National Center for Health Statistics’ data. Birthweight distribution (BWD) reflecting LBW ( 2500 grams) and VLBW ( 1500 grams), and birthweight-specific mortality rate (BWSM) were generated from HI Department of Health (DOH) published data. RESULTS: HI’s NNMR declined 10 percent faster than did the US NNMR during the 1970s-80s (Table). Similarly, HI’s LBW/VLBW rates declined more rapidly than did US rates. In the 1990s, however, HI’s NNMR declined less rapidly than did the US and HI’s VLBW rate increased faster. These patterns worsened in the 2000s. Three concerning trends emerge. First, the Filipino LBW rate remains highest in Hawaii, 3/4ths higher than the white rate (Figure). Secondly, the Japanese NNMR rapidly increased throughout the 2000s, at a rate almost double that of Hawaiians, for instance (Table). Additionally, the Japanese LBW/VLBW rates increased much faster through the 2000s than they did in other ethnicities. Thirdly, the NNMR among Native Hawaiians remained at 50 percent higher than other ethnicities (Figure). This excess Native Hawaiian mortality is associated with higher BWSM (i.e. higher mortality among LBWs) when compared with other ethnic groups, rather than a skewed BWD. CONCLUSION: OMB15 aggregations mask important perinatal differences among Hawaii’s ethnicities. These patterns suggest that a range of strategies may be required to sufficiently address perinatal-related disparities. (NCRR U54RR026136/ NIMHD U54MD007584). 730 Association of parent smoking during pregnancy with offspring cardio-metabolic risk factors at age 17 Uri Dior, Yechiel Friedlander, Liron Kogan, Shani Shulman, Hagit Hochner Hadassah Medical Center and Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jerusalem, Israel, Hebrew University School of Public Health, Epidemiology unit, Jerusalem, Israel OBJECTIVE: Accumulating evidence demonstrates an association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with adverse metabolic neonatal outcomes. However, less is known about the influence of maternal or paternal smoking on cardio-metabolic risk factors in adolescence. Hence, we examined the association of maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy with offspring weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) at age 17. STUDY DESIGN: We used a population-based cohort of 11,729 births in Western Jerusalem during 1974-76, with available archival data on maternal, paternal and birth characteristics. Measurements at age 17 were assessed at military induction examinations. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the associations of parental smoking during pregnancy with offspring cardio-metabolic outcomes, after controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS: Maternal smoking during pregnancy, independent of paternal smoking and confounders (including socioeconomic status, maternal prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain, and offspring gender and birthweight) was positively associated with offspring’s height, weight and BMI at age 17 (all p-values 0.001, Table). For example, mean weight of offspring of smoking mothers was 1.5kg higher than weight of offspring whose mothers did not smoke. Paternal smoking was independently and positively associated with adolescent weight (p 0.001) and BMI (p 0.002) and negatively associated with systolic BP (p 0.02). An analysis examining whether smoking of at least one parent was associated with offspring outcomes yielded similar results. 3-yr combined low birthweight rate, birthweightspecific mortality rate (<2500 gr), and neonatal mortality rate by ethnicity, Hawaii 2007-2009 (Source: HI DoH) Average annual percent change (AAPC %) for selected perinatal outcomes, 1969-2009, USA, Hawaii, and Hawaii’s largest ethnic groups

P2-369 Correlation of household smoking with individual smoking, FYR of Macedonia, 2009

IntroductionStudies report various results on association of parental smoking with adolescent smoking initiation. This study researched smoking prevalence among students of the State University of Tetovo in comparison to household...

Contribution of parental and school personnel smoking to health risk behaviours among Finnish adolescents

BackgroundThis study compared parental smoking with school personnel smoking in relation to adolescents' smoking behaviours, alcohol use, and illicit drug use.MethodsA cross-sectional survey for 24,379 adolescents was linked to a survey for 1946 school employees in 136 Finnish schools in 2004-2005. Surveys included smoking prevalence reported by school staff, adolescents' reports of school staff and parental smoking, adolescents' own smoking behaviours, alcohol use, and illicit drug use. Multilevel analyses were adjusted for individual and school-level confounding factors.ResultsParental smoking was associated with all health risk behaviours among both sexes (risk range 1.39 to 1.95 for other outcomes; Odds Ratio OR for smoking cessation 0.64, 95% Confidence Interval CI: 0.57, 0.72 among boys, 0.72; 0.64, 0.81 among girls). Among boys, high vs. low smoking prevalence among school personnel was associated with higher probability of smoking (OR 1.19; 95% CI 1.01,1.41), higher frequency of smoking during school time (Cumulative Odds Ratio COR 1.81; 95% CI 1.32, 2.48), frequent alcohol use (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.01, 1.50), illicit drug use (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.16, 1.69), and higher odds of reporting adults smoking at school (COR 1.51; 95% CI 1.09, 2.09). Among girls, high smoking prevalence among school personnel was related to higher odds of smoking (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.02, 1.37) and lower odds of smoking cessation (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.72, 0.99).ConclusionParental smoking and school personnel smoking are both associated with adolescents' health risk behaviours but the association of parental smoking seems to be stronger.

Parental smoking and allergic sensitization in offspring defined by skin prick testing

Investigations of parental smoking during childhood and allergic sensitization have produced contradictory results, but this may be because of variations in the definition of allergy and other influences. We investigated associations of parental smoking with an objective measure of allergy, skin prick testing (SPT), and considered associations with maternal and paternal smoking, independently of each other. A stratified random sample, aged 22-74 yr, of 720 Swedish FinEsS-study members were skin prick tested for 15 allergens. Subjects with at least one positive SPT were defined as atopic. Data on childhood exposures, including parental smoking, were collected by structured interview. Logistic regression used atopy as the dependent variable. After adjustment, paternal smoking was statistically significantly associated with an increased risk and maternal smoking a non-statistically significant decreased risk in offspring, with odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) of 1.48 (1.04-2.10) and 0.73 (0.48-1.12), respectively. Analysis of families with a non-smoking mother produced an odds ratio for paternal smoking of 1.61 (1.09-2.37). The negative association between maternal smoking and atopy may not operate through passive smoke exposure and could conceal a significant increased risk associated with passive exposure to tobacco smoke in childhood.

Children's exposure to parental smoking in West Germany.

In this study, we derive national estimates of the prevalence of children's exposure to parental smoking in West Germany. The estimates are based on a national health survey conducted in 1987 and refer to those parents living in the same household as the child. Estimated prevalences of maternal smoking range from 18.9% among children aged < 2 years to more than 30% among 2-5 and 6-13 year old children. Estimates of paternal smoking prevalence are considerably higher: 33.7% among children < 2 years old and 43.1% and 46.8% among 2-5 and 6-13 year old children, respectively. The prevalence of at least one smoking household member was 49.9% among 2-5 year old children, while a clear majority of children aged < 2 years (58.8%) and 6-13 (67.5%) were living in a household with at least one smoker. For all age groups, prevalence of maternal and paternal smoking was considerably higher among children of less-educated parents than among children of better-educated parents. Given the high prevalence of parental smoking and the association of parental smoking with a variety of respiratory diseases in children, a large proportion of these diseases could be prevented by efforts to reduce smoking among parents.