Association Of Metabolic Syndrome Research Articles

Association of metabolic syndrome and its components with hearing loss in low-income women: A population-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundHearing loss (HL) is globally prevalent among older adults and a common disability cause. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder characterized by high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels. Few studies have examined the association between MetS and HL in women. This study investigated the association between HL and metabolic disease among low-income population women in China. MethodsThis population-based cross-sectional study was conducted between September and November 2013. All participants completed questionnaires, physical examinations, laboratory examinations, and hearing tests. HL was measured using pure-tone audiometry, and audiologists determined the final diagnoses. ResultsA total of 1448 women were enrolled, including 781 (53.9 %) with demonstrated HL and 804 (55.5 %) with MetS. Elevated blood pressure (BP) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were independent risk factors for pure-tone averages (PTAs) in the high pure tone audiometry (high-PTA) group, after adjusting for education level, smoking and drinking status, body mass index group, and low high-density lipopolysaccharide cholesterol levels (all, P < 0.05); PTAs increased by 2.11 dB HL of hearing level in patients with elevated BP compared with normal BP (95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.22–4.01; P = 0.029); PTAs increased by 1.64 dB HL of hearing level (95 % CI, 0.12–3.15; P = 0.034) in patients with elevated FBG levels compared with normal FBG levels. ConclusionThese results indicate that hypertension and hyperglycemia are influencing factors for HL, and strengthening the management of blood glucose and blood pressure in community populations can reduce the burden of HL.

Sex Disparity in the Association of Metabolic Syndrome with Cognitive Impairment.

Background/Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a constellation of several cardiometabolic risk factors. We investigated sex disparity in the associations between MS and cognitive impairment using cross-sectional data from Taiwan Biobank. Methods: We determined the associations of MS and its five components with cognitive impairment (mini-mental state examination, MMSE < 24) and the five domains of MMSE using logistic regression analyses. Results: A total of 7399 men and 11,546 women were included, and MS was significantly associated with cognitive impairment only in women (adjusted OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.29-1.71, p = 0.001) (p for interaction 0.005). In women, the association with MS was significant in orientation (adjusted OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.07-1.37, p = 0.003), memory (adjusted OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.01-1.25, p = 0.034) and design copying (adjusted OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.23-1.62, p = 0.001) (p value for interaction 0.039, 0.023, and 0.093, respectively). Among the components of MS, a large waist circumference (adjusted OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.08-1.46, p = 0.003), high fasting glucose (adjusted OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.00-1.34, p = 0.046), and low HDL cholesterol (adjusted OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.00-1.34, p = 0.049) were significantly associated with cognitive impairment in women. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that sex has a significant influence on the association between MS and cognitive dysfunction, especially in orientation and memory.

Association of metabolic syndrome and sarcopenia with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a prospective cohort study based on the NHANES.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and sarcopenia (SP) have emerged as significant public health concerns in contemporary societies, characterized by shared pathophysiological mechanisms and interrelatedness, leading to profound health implications. In this prospective cohort study conducted within a US population, we aimed to examine the influence of MetS and SP on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. This study analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III for the years 1999-2006 and 2011-2018, and death outcomes were ascertained by linkage to National Death Index (NDI) records through December 31, 2019. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. In addition, subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted to test the robustness of the results. Over a median follow-up period of 13.3 years (95% CI: 12.8-13.8), 1714 deaths were observed. The groups characterized by MetS-/SP+, MetS+/SP-, and MetS+/SP+ exhibited higher all-cause mortality rates in comparison to the MetS-/SP- group, with the MetS+/SP+ group (HR 1.76, 95% CI: 1.37-2.25) displaying the highest all-cause mortality. Increased cardiovascular mortality was observed in the MetS+/SP- (HR 1.84, 95% CI: 1.24-2.72), and MetS+/SP+ groups (HR 2.39, 95% CI: 1.32-4.35) compared to the MetS-/SP- group, whereas it was not statistically significant in the MetS-/SP+ group. However, among males and individuals aged < 60, the presence of both MetS and SP (MetS+/SP+ group) was found to be significantly associated with a higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The coexistence of MetS and SP increased the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, particularly in males and in nonelderly populations. Individuals with either MetS or SP may require more careful management to prevent the development of other diseases and thereby reduce mortality.

Metabolic syndrome associations with neurocognitive function in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders

We examined the associations between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and neurocognitive function in patients with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders (FES) compared to controls assessed using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status. In patients, psychopathology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia. First, we found illness- and domain-specific associations between the individual MetS features and neurocognitive performance in patients, but not in controls. Second, body mass index and total cholesterol levels were lower in patients than controls, which in turn correlated with increased global psychopathology severity and cognitive deficits. Third, negative symptoms moderated the association between low HDL cholesterol and poorer immediate verbal memory performance in patients. Our findings suggest that distinct lipid profile alterations are associated with cognitive performance and psychopathology severity in patients with FES. Further studies are needed to explore the associations of MetS with neurocognition over time, as well as how these relationships are affected by socio-demographic and clinical factors, including depression, anxiety, and related psychopathology.

Association of Metabolic Syndrome With Serum Uric Acid Level in Male Workers

Association of Metabolic Syndrome With Serum Uric Acid Level in Male Workers

Association of metabolic syndrome with coronary artery disease and major adverse cardiovascular events: A prospective cohort study

Association of metabolic syndrome with coronary artery disease and major adverse cardiovascular events: A prospective cohort study

Effects of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components on Chronic Kidney Disease and Renal Function: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.

Objective: The association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal function remains controversial in observational studies. To comprehensively investigate the association between MetS and its components with CKD and renal function, a Mendelian randomization (MR) study was performed. Methods: The inverse variance weighting (IVW) of random effects was used as the main estimation method, while MR-Egger and weighted median analysis results were used for auxiliary judgments. Cochran's Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, leave-one-out analysis, and funnel plots were used to assess heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Results: The MR analyses of genetically predicted MetS and its components' association with CKD risk and renal function showed the following causal associations: hypertension with CKD risk; MetS and obesity with increased blood urea nitrogen and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate based on cystatin C; hypertension and diabetes with increased urine albumin-creatinine ratio and increased risk of microalbuminuria; and CKD with increased triglyceride. Conclusion: Based on genetic data, this study demonstrated an association between hypertension and CKD risk and a causal association between other MetS components and renal function. The early diagnosis and prevention of MetS and its components might be essential for CKD management.

The association of metabolic syndrome with rotator cuff tendinopathy: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

BackgroundObservational research reported the underlying correlation of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with rotator cuff tendinopathy (RCT), but their causality remained unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether genetically predicted MetS was related to the risk of RCT.MethodsBoth univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was applied using summary-level data from the most comprehensive genome-wide association studies to estimate the associations of MetS and its component with RCT, with the inverse variance weighted (IVW) as the primary method, and the method of Causal Analysis Using Summary Effect Estimates (CAUSE) as a supplement for false positives detection. The mediation analysis was furtherly used for the assessment of direct and indirect effects.ResultsUnivariable analysis revealed that genetically predicted MetS (OR: 1.0793; 95% CI 1.0311 to 1.1297), body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.2239; 95% CI 1.1357 to 1.3189), and waist circumference (WAC) (OR 1.3177; 95% CI 1.2015 to 1.4451) had a significant positive association with the risk of RCT. Triglycerides and systolic blood pressure were suggestively associated with RCT risk. These associations were also identified by CAUSE. There was independent causality of BMI (OR: 1.1806; 95% CI 1.0788 to 1.2920) and WAC (OR 1.3716; 95% CI 1.2076 to 1.5580) on RCT after adjustment for confounders. No mediator was found in the causal associations.ConclusionOur study revealed the genetic causality of MetS and its components, especially BMI and WAC, with RCT risk. Early prevention and diagnosis of excess central adiposity contributing to MetS are significant in the RCT risk management.

Association of metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease.

The prevalence of kidney disease is increasing rapidly worldwide, reflecting rising rates of obesity, diabetes, and associated metabolic syndrome (MetS). Chronic kidney disease and related comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension place a significant financial burden on healthcare systems. Despite the widespread use of RAAS inhibitors, intensive blood pressure and glycemic control, and newer therapeutic options consisting of sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors or glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, a significant risk of progression to end-stage renal disease remains in the high-risk obese and diabetic population. The MetS is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors that adversely affect the development and progression of chronic kidney failure. According to the criteria of the World Health Organization, it is defined by visceral adiposity, impaired glucose tolerance or insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, raised blood pressure, and microalbuminuria with a albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g. At molecular level MetS is marked by a proinflammatory state and increased oxidative stress leading to various pathophysiological changes causing endothelial dysfunction and a hypercoagulable state. Because the kidney is a highly vascularized organ, it is especially susceptible for those microvascular changes. Therefore, the MetS and its individual components are associated with the premature development, acceleration, and progression of chronic kidney disease. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of MetS-associated chronic kidney disease in order to develop new strategies for preventing and slowing the progression of renal disease. In this review, we will elucidate (i) the renal structural, hemodynamic, and metabolic changes that occur in obesity and obesity-related kidney injury; (ii) the clinicopathological characteristics of obesity-related kidney injury, primarily focusing on obesity-associated glomerulopathy; (iii) the potential additional factors or predisposing factors that may turn patients more susceptible to renal structural or functional compensatory failure and subsequent injury.

Association of metabolic syndrome and its components with the risk of urologic cancers: a prospective cohort study

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components and the risk of developing urologic cancers.MethodsThis study included 101,510 observation subjects from May 2006 to December 2007. The subjects received questionnaires and were subjected to clinical and laboratory examinations to collect data on baseline population characteristics, waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), blood glucose, blood lipids, lifestyle, and past disease history. Finally, follow-up was conducted from the date of recruitment to December 31, 2019. Cox proportional hazards modelling was applied to analyze the association between MetS and its components and the risk of developing urologic cancers.ResultsA total of 97,975 observation subjects met the inclusion criteria. The cumulative follow-up period included 1,209,178.65 person-years, and the median follow-up time was 13.03 years. During the follow-up period, 485 cases of urologic cancers (165 cases of kidney cancer, 134 cases of prostate cancer, 158 cases of bladder cancer, and 28 cases of other urologic cancers) were diagnosed. The log-rank test results for the cumulative incidences of urologic cancer, kidney cancer, and prostate cancer indicated significant (P < 0.01) differences between the MetS and non-MetS groups (0.70% vs. 0.48%, 0.27% vs. 0.15%, and 0.22% vs. 0.13%, respectively). Compared to the non-MetS group, the risk of developing urologic [HR (95% CI) = 1.29 (1.08–1.55)], kidney [HR (95% CI) = 1.74 (1.28–2.37)], and prostate [HR (95% CI) = 1.47 (1.04–2.07)] cancers was significantly higher in the MetS group. In the MetS group, elevated BP increased the risk of developing of urologic cancer [HRs (95% CI) = 1.35 (1.10–1.66)] and kidney cancer [HR (95% CI) = 1.74 (1.21–2.51)], while central obesity increased the risk of developing prostate cancer [HR (95% CI) = 1.68 (1.18–2.40)].ConclusionsMetS increased the risk of developing urologic, kidney, and prostate cancers but had no association with the development of bladder cancer.

Association of metabolic syndrome with hypothyroidism and hyperuricemia: A cross-sectional study in a tertiary care hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal

Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) (Syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome, MetS) consists of a constellation of metabolic abnormalities which include central obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and hypertension. Obesity is a critical component of MetS. It causes alteration in the thyroid hormones and hyperuricemia. Furthermore, insulin resistance seen in MetS causes decreased uric acid excretion. Aims and Objectives: To study the association of MetS with hypothyroidism and hyperuricemia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients from the outpatient department of General Medicine, IPGME and R, Kolkata from January 2012 to June 2013. A total of 112 patients, consisting of 53 patients with MetS and 59 patients without MetS were selected. Patients’ history, clinical and laboratory findings were recorded and data were analyzed. Results: Majority (66%) of the patients with MetS were female and the rest were male. The mean Body mass index of patients with MetS was 33.31±4.36 (Mean±SD) kg/m2 and without MetS was 25.21±2.62 (Mean±SD) kg/m2. A significant association was observed between weight, height, waist circumference, fasting blood sugar, HDL value, and MetS (P&lt;0.05). About 39.6% of the patients with MetS had hyperuricemia. The association between MetS and hyperuricemia was found to be significant. Similarly, 45.3% of the patients with MetS had hypothyroidism. This association was also found to be significant. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone had a minimal correlation with serum uric acid in patients with MetS (correlation coefficient r=0.344), while no correlation was observed between fT3, fT4 with serum uric acid. Conclusion: Increased prevalence of hyperuricemia and hypothyroidism was seen among patients with MetS. More extensive population-based research is needed to support this finding.

Association of Metabolic Syndrome with the Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: A 10-Year Follow-Up Study of 10 Million Initially Healthy Individuals.

The aim of this national population-based retrospective study was to analyze the relationship between MetS and the incidence of HNC. In this Korean population-based cohort study, 9,598,085 subjects above the age of 20 were monitored from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2018. In the study population, a total of 10,732 individuals were newly diagnosed with HNC during the 10-year follow-up. The hazard ratio (HR), after adjusting for age, gender, smoking status, alcohol intake, and exercise, indicated that participants with MetS were at a 1.06-fold (95% CI: 1.01-1.10) higher risk of having HNC than those without MetS. Participants with MetS showed an increased risk of developing oral cavity cancer (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.03-1.23) and laryngeal cancer (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.09-1.27). Among the components of MetS, elevated fasting glucose (HR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00-1.08) and elevated blood pressure (HR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.04-1.13) were significantly associated with an increased HR for HNC in an adjusted multivariable model. The association between HNC and MetS remained significant even among individuals who had never smoked or were ex-smokers (HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.04-1.15), as well as those who did not drink or were mild drinkers (HR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.02-1.12). The findings of this cohort study suggest MetS was associated with an increased risk for some types of HNCs. The results of this study could assist with etiological investigations and prevention strategies.

Association of Metabolic Syndrome With Risk of Lung Cancer: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study

Both the incidence of lung cancer and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been increasing worldwide. The relationship between MetS and lung cancer remains controversial. What is the risk of lung cancer associated with MetS and its components? Multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of MetS-related variables on lung cancer risk, both overall and by histologic subtype, in the UK Biobank. Stratified analyses were conducted by sex, tobacco use status, and use of medication. HR curves were used to test the nonlinear associations between the metabolic markers and the risk of lung cancer. Of the 331,877 participants included in this study, a total of 77,173 participants had a diagnosis of MetS at enrollment. During a median follow-up of 10.9 years, lung cancer as the primary site developed in 2,425 participants. The HRs of MetS were 1.21 (95%CI, 1.09-1.33), 1.28 (95%CI, 1.10-1.50), and 1.16 (95%CI, 0.94-1.44) for the overall risk of lung cancer, adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. The HRs increased with the number of metabolic abnormalities from 1.11 to approximately 1.4 or 1.5 for those with one to five disorders. Positive association with lung cancer was observed for low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated waist circumference, and hyperglycemia. The relationship between MetS and lung cancer was modified by sex, with a stronger effect in female patients (P= .031). The risk of lung cancer resulting from MetS was elevated mainly among individuals who used tobacco, although the modification effect of tobacco use was not statistically significant. A nonlinear association was found between lung cancer and HDL-C, waist circumference, and glycated hemoglobin. The increased risk of lung cancer associated with MetS suggests the importance of taking metabolic status and markers into consideration for the primary prevention of lung cancer and the selection of high-risk populations for lung cancer screening.

Association of metabolic syndrome and its components with the risk of kidney cancer: A cohort-based case-control study.

Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of developing several types of cancer in humans; however, its effect on the development of kidney cancer is not uniform. To investigate the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components and the risk of developing kidney cancer. We conducted a cohort-based case-control study. The case group included 217 patients with new kidney cancer in the Kailuan cohort. A total of 868 subjects who were matched for age and sex with those in the case group age (± 1 year) at 1:4 as the control group were selected from baseline survey participants without malignant tumours at the same time as the case group. Biennial baseline survey data of the cases and controls were collected, and the baseline data nearest to the onset time of cases were used for statistical analyses. Logistic proportional risk regression models were used to analyse the association between MetS and its components and the risk of developing kidney cancer. The proportion of MetS patients in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P< 0.01). The risk of developing kidney cancer was significantly higher in the MetS group than in the non-MetS group [odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval, CI) = 1.63 (1.20-2.21)], and the risk of kidney cancer increased as the number of MetS components increased compared with subjects without any MetS components (p𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑑< 0.01). Elevated blood pressure and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were associated with the risk of kidney cancer [OR (95% CI) = 1.49 (1.02-2.17) and 1.55 (1.13-2.13), respectively]. Our findings suggest that the risk of developing kidney cancer is correlated with MetS.

Association of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in papulosquamous diseases

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), insulin resistance (IR) and papulosquamous diseases with shared pathophysiology leads to conglomeration of risk factors of non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) causing high mortality worldwide. The objective is to study the association of MetS and IR in papulosquamous diseases. Methods: It is a hospital-based case-control study conducted on 200 age-sex matched cases and controls with consent. Subjects were administered a pre-validated questionnaire, diagnosis of papulosquamous diseases was based on clinical examination and skin biopsy. MetS was diagnosed based on national cholesterol education program's- adult treatment plan iii with Asian modification for abdominal circumference criteria. Fasting serum insulin levels (FI) was used as a surrogate marker of IR. Results: Mean serum HDL- C level was low and statistically significant (p=0.017). Mean fasting plasma glucose level was significantly higher in patients (p=0.008). Mean FI level was significant between cases and controls (p=0.013). IR was found in 76% of cases which was significantly higher than in controls (p&lt;0.05). IR was highest in psoriasis 29% followed by LP 22%, PRP 19%, and LS 6% which was statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). MetS was mostly found in psoriasis (17%), LP (9%) and least in PRP, LS. Conclusions: This study intends clinicians to do periodic MetS and IR evaluation in papulosquamous diseases. Thus, subclinical cases of non-communicable diseases can be detected and potential co-morbidities can be prevented.

Association of Metabolic Syndrome in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Prevalence and Correlation with Infertility - An Overview

Association of Metabolic Syndrome in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Prevalence and Correlation with Infertility - An Overview

Association of Metabolic Syndrome with Stroke, Myocardial Infarction, and Other Postoperative Complications Following Carotid Endarterectomy: A Multicenter, Retrospective Cohort Study

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of hypertension, insulin resistance, obesity, and dyslipidemia, and is known to increase the risk of postoperative morbidity. This study aimed to assess the impact of MetS on stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), mortality, and other complications following carotid endarterectomy (CEA). We analyzed data from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Patients undergoing elective CEA between 2011 and 2020 were included. Patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists status 5, preoperative length of stay >1 day, ventilator dependence, admission from non-home location, and ipsilateral internal carotid artery stenosis of <50% or 100% were excluded. A composite cardiovascular outcome for postoperative stroke, MI, and mortality was generated. Multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association of MetS with the composite outcome and other perioperative complications. We included 25,226 patients (3613, 14.3% with MetS). MetS was associated with postoperative stroke, unplanned readmission, and prolonged length of stay (LOS) on bivariate analysis. On multivariable analysis, MetS was significantly associated with the composite cardiovascular outcome (1.320 [1.061-1.642]), stroke (1.387 [1.039-1.852]), unplanned readmission (1.399 [1.210-1.619]), and prolonged LOS (1.378 [1.024-1.853]). Other clinicodemographic factors associated with the cardiovascular outcome included Black race, smoking status, anemia, leukocytosis, physiologic risk factors, symptomatic disease, preoperative beta blocker use, and operative time ≥150 minutes. MetS is associated with cardiovascular complications, stroke, prolonged LOS, and unplanned readmissions following CEA. Surgeons should provide optimized care to this high-risk population and strive to reduce operative durations.

Associations of metabolic syndrome, its severity with cognitive impairment among hemodialysis patients

BackgroundIn the general population, metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment, including global and specific cognitive domains. These associations are not well studied in patients undergoing hemodialysis and were the focus of the current investigation.MethodsIn this multicenter cross-sectional study, 5492 adult hemodialysis patients (3351 men; mean age: 54.4 ± 15.2 years) treated in twenty-two dialysis centers of Guizhou, China were included. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was utilized to assess mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MetS was diagnosed with abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. Multivariate logistic and linear regression models were used to examine the associations of MetS, its components, and metabolic scores with the risk of MCI. Restricted cubic spline analyses were performed to explore the dose–response associations.ResultsHemodialysis patients had a high prevalence of MetS (62.3%) and MCI (34.3%). MetS was positively associated with MCI risk with adjusted ORs of 1.22 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.37, P = 0.001]. Compared to no MetS, adjusted ORs for MCI were 2.03 (95% CI 1.04–3.98) for 22.51 (95% CI 1.28–4.90) for 3, 2.35 (95% CI 1.20–4.62) for 4, and 2.94 (95% CI 1.48–5.84) for 5 components. Metabolic syndrome score, cardiometabolic index, and metabolic syndrome severity score were associated with increased risk of MCI. Further analysis showed that MetS was negatively associated with MMSE score, orientation, registration, recall and language (P < 0.05). Significant interaction effect of sex (P for interaction = 0.012) on the MetS-MCI was observed.ConclusionMetabolic syndrome was associated with MCI in hemodialysis patients in a positive dose–response effect.

Paediatric obesity and metabolic syndrome associations with cognition and the brain in youth: Current evidence and future directions.

Obesity and components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with differences in brain structure and function and in general and food-related cognition in adults. Here, we review evidence for similar phenomena in children and adolescents, with a focus on the implications of extant research for possible underlying mechanisms and potential interventions for obesity and MetS in youth. Current evidence is limited by a relative reliance on small cross-sectional studies. However, we find that youth with obesity and MetS or MetS components show differences in brain structure, including alterations in grey matter volume and cortical thickness across brain regions subserving reward, cognitive control and other functions, as well as in white matter integrity and volume. Children with obesity and MetS components also show some evidence for hyperresponsivity of food reward regions and hyporesponsivity of cognitive control circuits during food-related tasks, altered brain responses to food tastes, and altered resting-state connectivity including between cognitive control and reward processing networks. Potential mechanisms for these findings include neuroinflammation, impaired vascular reactivity, and effects of diet and obesity on myelination and dopamine function. Future observational research using longitudinal measures, improved sampling strategies and study designs, and rigorous statistical methods, promises to further illuminate dynamic relationships and causal mechanisms. Intervention studies targeted at modifiable biological and behavioural factors associated with paediatric obesity and MetS can further inform mechanisms, as well as test whether brain and behaviour can be altered for beneficial outcomes.

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Pediatric Kidney Transplant Recipients.

There is an increased risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome among kidney transplant recipients, which adversely affects cardiovascular and renal outcomes in these patients. The present study aims to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in pediatric kidney transplant recipients and the associations of metabolic syndrome with cardiovascular disease and graft function. This cross-sectional, single-center study included 52 kidney transplant recipients (27 males) transplanted before 18 years of age. All subjects underwent a comprehensive assessment that included anthropometric and blood pressure measurements and laboratory tests. Metabolic syndrome was defined based on the recent recommendations of the Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce. Left ventricular hypertrophy was assessed as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and estimated glomerular filtration rate was assessed to determine graft function. The median age of patients was 15.9 (13.8;18.4) years, and the median follow-up time was 35.5 (20.0;62;0) months after transplantation. Nineteen patients (36.5%) were obese or overweight, 43 (83%) had hypertension or controlled hypertension, 23 (44%) had dyslipidemia, and 9 (17%) had hyperglycemia. Ten patients (19.2%) were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Twenty-eight patients (54%) had left ventricular hypertrophy. The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy was higher in patients with metabolic syndrome than in those without metabolic syndrome (90% vs. 45%, P = .014), whereas estimated glomerular filtration rate did not differ between the 2 groups. Cardiometabolic risk factors are common in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Approximately one-fifth of patients have metabolic syndrome, and left ventricular hypertrophy is much more common among patients with metabolic syndrome. However, there is no relationship between metabolic syndrome and graft dysfunction.