Association Of Household Income Research Articles

Association of Household Income with Body Mass Index, Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Endurance among Primary School Children

Association of Household Income with Body Mass Index, Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Endurance among Primary School Children

Association of Household Income at Diagnosis With Financial Toxicity, Health Utility, and Survival in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer

While several studies have documented a link between socioeconomic status and survival in head and neck cancer, nearly all have used ecologic, community-based measures. Studies using more granular patient-level data are lacking. To determine the association of baseline annual household income with financial toxicity, health utility, and survival. This was a prospective cohort of adult patients with head and neck cancer treated at a tertiary cancer center in Toronto, Ontario, between September 17, 2015, and December 19, 2019. Data analysis was performed from April to December 2021. Annual household income at time of diagnosis. The primary outcome of interest was disease-free survival. Secondary outcomes included subjective financial toxicity, measured using the Financial Index of Toxicity (FIT) tool, and health utility, measured using the Health Utilities Index Mark 3. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the association between household income and survival. Income was regressed onto log-transformed FIT scores using linear models. The association between income and health utility was explored using generalized linear models. Generalized estimating equations were used to account for patient-level clustering. There were 555 patients (mean [SD] age, 62.7 [10.7] years; 109 [20%] women and 446 [80%] men) included in this cohort. Two-year disease-free survival was worse for patients in the bottom income quartile (<$30 000: 67%; 95% CI, 58%-78%) compared with the top quartile (≥$90 000: 88%; 95% CI, 83%-93%). In risk-adjusted models, patients in the bottom income quartile had inferior disease-free survival (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.22-3.71) and overall survival (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.01; 95% CI, 0.94-4.29), when compared with patients in the highest quartile. The average FIT score was 22.6 in the lowest income quartile vs 11.7 in the highest quartile. In adjusted analysis, low-income patients had 12-month FIT scores that were, on average, 134% higher (worse) (95% CI, 16%-253%) than high-income patients. Similarly, health utility scores were, on average, 0.104 points lower (95% CI, 0.026-0.182) for low-income patients in adjusted analysis. In this cohort study, patients with head and neck cancer with a household income less than CAD$30 000 experienced worse financial toxicity, health status, and disease-free survival. Significant disparities exist for Ontario's patients with head and neck cancer.

Can Household Income Predict Postoperative Outcomes After LVAD Implantation?

<h3>Purpose</h3> Over the last few decades, mechanical circulatory support therapies have become the standard of care for advanced heart failure. However, minimal data exists regarding the association of household income with postoperative outcomes after LVAD implantation. <h3>Methods</h3> We evaluated 169 patients that underwent an LVAD implantation between January 2018 to December 2020. The median income for the cohort was calculated and the patients were divided into two groups: low income (<50th percentile) and high income (≥50th percentile). Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics. A significance level of 0.05 was used. <h3>Results</h3> The low-income group represented 49% and the high-income group corresponded to 51% of the entire cohort. The median yearly income for the cohort was 19800 USD. The low-income group was found to be younger (mean age 49 ±13 vs. 54 ±12 years) (p=0.754) had less dyslipidemia (44% vs. 56%) (p=0.091) and had less preoperative stroke (8% vs. 23%) (p=0.012). The high-income group had less reoperations for bleeding (18% vs. 33%) (p=0.035) had higher rates of postoperative stroke (7.1% vs. 3.6%) (p=0.306), and higher rehospitalization rates (46% vs. 52%) (<i>p</i>=0.141). Thirteen percent (n=15) and eight percent (n=9.5) of the high-income and low-income groups had a heart transplant by the end of the study (<i>p</i>=0.095). The mortality rate was about the same for both groups (table 1). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Despite both groups being similar, the high-income group had less mortality and a higher rate of transplanted patients. Household Income may be an important variable that could affect the results after LVAD placement.

Comparison of household income in in-hospital outcomes after implantation of left ventricular assist device.

Due to the inability to keep up with the demand for heart transplantation, there is an increased utilization of left ventricular assist devices (LVAD). However, paucity of data exists regarding the association of household income with in-hospital outcomes after LVAD implantation. Retrospective cohort study using the NIS to identify all patients ⩾18 years who underwent LVAD implantation from 2011 to 2017. Statistical analysis was performed comparing low household income (⩽50th percentile) and high income (>50th percentile). A total of 25,503 patients underwent LVAD implantation. The low-income group represented 53% and the high-income group corresponded to 47% of the entire cohort. The low-income group was found to be younger (mean age 55 ± 14 vs 58 ± 14 years), higher proportion of females (24% vs 22%), and higher proportion of blacks (32% vs 16%, p < 0.001 for all). The low-income group was found to have higher prevalence of hypertension, chronic pulmonary disease, smoking, dyslipidemia, obesity, and pulmonary hypertension (p < 0.001 for all). However, the high-income cohort had higher rate of atrial tachyarrhythmias and end-stage renal disease (p < 0.001). During hospitalization, patients in the high-income group had increased rates of ischemic stroke, acute kidney injury, acute coronary syndrome, bleeding, and need of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (p < 0.001 for all). We found that the unadjusted mortality had an OR 1.30 (CI 1.21-1.41, p < 0.001) and adjusted mortality of OR 1.14 (CI 1.05-1.23, p = 0.002). In patients undergoing LVAD implantation nationwide, low-income was associated with increased comorbidity burden, younger age, and fewer in-hospital complications and all-cause mortality.

Sex Differences in the Association of Household Income with Amygdala Volume

Background: Household income and other socioeconomic position (SEP) indicators are among the most salient social determinants of children’s emotions and behaviors. Some research has shown that income and other SEP indicators may have certain sex-specific effects on the structures and functions of particular brain regions. Objectives: To investigate sex differences in the association of household income with amygdala volumes in US children. Materials &amp; Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The study data was collected between 2016 and 2018 across 21 sites distributed across US states. Wave 1 ABCD included 10262 American children aged between 9 and 10 years old. The independent variable was household income. The primary outcome was the left amygdala volume, which was measured by T1-weighted structural brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). We used a data exploration and analysis portal for our data analysis. Results: Overall, the household income was positively associated with left amygdala size in children. Sex showed a statistically significant interaction with household income on children’s left amygdala volume, net of all confounders, indicating a stronger effect of high household income on male children compared to female children. Conclusion: Household income is a more salient determinant of left amygdala volume for male children compared to female American children. Low-income male children remain at the highest risk of a small amygdala.

Association of household income and adverse outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation

BackgroundSocial determinants of health are relevant to cardiovascular outcomes but have had limited examination in atrial fibrillation (AF).ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine the association of annual household...

Association of household income and female labour force participation rate in income generating activities in hill rural areas of Uttarakhand

As per 2011 Census, about 70 per cent of population in Uttarakhand state resides in rural areas and the ten hill districts out of total 13 districts of the State comprises 48.1 per cent of its entire population. Difficult terrain, lack of transport, lack of employment due to non availability of industrial sector along with small farm sizes and low farm incomes has fuelled large migration from these hill rural areas of the Uttarakhand to the urban regions across the country. The various studies reflect upon the importance of women in the economy of the hill areas as they share the burden of their families and their participation in employment and subsistence cum income generating activities mainly in the rural regions is much higher than the males. The importance of women further enhances amidst the severe problem of migration of males and mainly of the youths from these regions to the urban areas. The women are left back to work in most tough conditions further taking care of the domestic chores. The females labour force participation is higher in rural areas of the state, as per National Sample Survey Office, 68th Round, the female labour force participation rate in rural areas was 31.5 percent and 10.8 percent in urban areas of the state. In this context it is very important to understand the nature of female labour force participation i.e. , whether it is in non-income generating sector like agriculture or in purely income generating sector which mainly comprises of both i.e., agriculture and non-agriculture sector. The present study analyses this distribution of female labour force participation and depicts the association between the female labour force participation in income generating activities and the total household income.

Association of Household Income With Life Expectancy and Cause-Specific Mortality in Norway, 2005-2015

Examining causes of death and making comparisons across countries may increase understanding of the income-related differences in life expectancy. To describe income-related differences in life expectancy and causes of death in Norway and to compare those differences with US estimates. A registry-based study including all Norwegian residents aged at least 40 years from 2005 to 2015. Household income adjusted for household size. Life expectancy at 40 years of age and cause-specific mortality. In total, 3 041 828 persons contributed 25 805 277 person-years and 441 768 deaths during the study period (mean [SD] age, 59.3 years [13.6]; mean [SD] number of household members per person, 2.5 [1.3]). Life expectancy was highest for women with income in the top 1% (86.4 years [95% CI, 85.7-87.1]) which was 8.4 years (95% CI, 7.2-9.6) longer than women with income in the lowest 1%. Men with the lowest 1% income had the lowest life expectancy (70.6 years [95% CI, 69.6-71.6]), which was 13.8 years (95% CI, 12.3-15.2) less than men with the top 1% income. From 2005 to 2015, the differences in life expectancy by income increased, largely attributable to deaths from cardiovascular disease, cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and dementia in older age groups and substance use deaths and suicides in younger age groups. Over the same period, life expectancy for women in the highest income quartile increased 3.2 years (95% CI, 2.7-3.7), while life expectancy for women in the lowest income quartile decreased 0.4 years (95% CI, -1.0 to 0.2). For men, life expectancy increased 3.1 years (95% CI, 2.5-3.7) in the highest income quartile and 0.9 years (95% CI, 0.2-1.6) in the lowest income quartile. Differences in life expectancy by income levels in Norway were similar to differences observed in the United States, except that life expectancy was higher in Norway in the lower to middle part of the income distribution in both men and women. In Norway, there were substantial and increasing gaps in life expectancy by income level from 2005 to 2015. The largest differences in life expectancy between Norway and United States were for individuals in the lower to middle part of the income distribution.

Association of household income and education with prevalence of hearing impairment in Japan.

Epidemiological information regarding the relationship between household income and education and hearing impairment (HI) is limited. The present cross-sectional study investigated this issue in Japan. Cross-sectional investigation. Study subjects were 371 men and 639 women aged 36 to 84 years. A self-administered questionnaire was used. Audiological assessment was performed by pure-tone audiometry. HI was defined as present in subjects who did not respond to a pure-tone average of >25 dB HL in the better hearing ear according to the World Health Organization standard. Adjustment was made for age, smoking status, alcohol consumption, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and body mass index. The prevalence of HI was 31.5% in 371 men and 20.8% in 639 women. In men, a slight inverted J-shaped association was observed between household income and HI, compared with a household income of <3 million yen per year. A household income of 3 to 5 million yen, but not of 5 million yen or more, was independently inversely associated with the prevalence of HI; the prevalence ratio for 3 to 5million yen was 0.73 (95% confidence interval: 0.54-0.999). After adjustment for confounding factors, no relationship was found between household income and the prevalence of HI in women. There were no associations between educational level and the prevalence of HI in either men or women in the multivariate model. Our results suggest that medium, but not high, household income may be associated with a lower prevalence of HI only in men. 2b Laryngoscope, 129:2153-2157, 2019.

Childhood obesity and the income gradient: evidence from Australia

ABSTRACTThis article examines the dynamic nature of human capital formation in the context of childhood obesity and the association of household income and childhood obesity in Australia using the first five waves of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Our results show a strong evidence of dynamic nature of child obesity: the lag obesity is a significant and robust predictor of obesity in the current period. We also found that the main channel for childhood obesity is inter-generational trait: the probability of obesity in children born to an obese mother or father is 15% higher than that of other children. Other important determinants are lifestyle factors, including the consumption of drinks with a high sugar content and the amount of time watching TV. Income becomes an insignificant determinant of childhood obesity once we control for unobserved individual heterogeneity.

Association of household income and education with eating behaviors in Japanese adults: a cross-sectional study.

BackgroundSocioeconomic inequalities as social determinants of health are important issues in public health and health promotion. However, the association between socioeconomic status and eating behaviors has been investigated poorly in Japanese adults. To fill this gap, the present study examines the association of eating behaviors with household income and education.MethodsThe sample comprised 3,137 Japanese adults (1,580 men and 1,557 women) aged 30 to 59 years who responded to an Internet-based cross-sectional survey in 2014. Data on the following eating behaviors were collected via self-report: “taking care of one’s diet for health,” “eating vegetables,” “frequency of eating breakfast,” “frequency of family breakfasts,” “frequency of family dinners,” “using the information on nutrition labels,” and “conversations with family or friends during meals.” Self-reported data on socioeconomic status (household income and education) and demographic variables (gender, age, district of residence, marital status, residence status, and employment status) were also collected. The associations between eating behaviors and household income or education were tested using binomial logistic regression analysis with eating behaviors as dependent variables and household income and education as independent variables. A trend P -value was calculated for three categories of household income (less than 3,000,000 JPY, 3,000,000–7,000,000 JPY, and over 7,000,000 JPY) and education (junior high/high school, 2-year college, and 4-year college/graduate school).ResultsHigher household income and education were significantly associated with higher rates of eating vegetables, using the information on nutrition labels, and conversation with family or friends during meals in Japanese men and women. Higher household incomes were significantly associated with lower rates of frequency of family breakfasts in Japanese men and lower rates of frequency of family dinners in Japanese men and women.ConclusionsHigher socioeconomic status as indicated by household income or education was associated with eating more vegetables and conversation with family or friends during meals in Japanese men and women. Socioeconomic status should be considered in health promotion and diet improvement.

Dental attendance among adult Finns after a major oral health care reform.

Between 2001 and 2002, all age limits restricting the availability of subsidized private dental care and Public Dental Services (PDS) were abolished in Finland. In addition, the reform aimed to address income- and residence-related disparities in access to subsidized oral health care services. The aim of this study was to analyse how dental attendance and factors associated with it changed after the reform. We carried out three consecutive surveys on the use of oral health care services and perceived oral health. The surveys were conducted in 2001 (n=2837), in 2004 (n=2420) and in 2007 (n=2296), and the study population comprised Finnish adults born in 1970 or earlier. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine factors associated with the use of the services. The percentage of respondents who attended dental care regularly or had used oral health care services over the past 12months rose between 2001 and 2007. In particular, there was an increase in the proportion of subjects who used PDS. The average number of visits to a private dentist decreased between 2001 and 2007. In the regression analyses, the use of services was associated with older age, perceived lack of need for care, perceived toothache during the past 12months, perceived good oral health, lower number of missing teeth and regular dental visiting habits. The use of private dental care services was associated with perceived good oral health and perceived lack of need for care, higher household income and older age in all three study years while the use of PDS was associated with younger age, perceived good oral health and perceived lack of need for care only in 2001. The use of oral health care services rose and age did not seem to be a barrier to the use of oral health care services after the reform, as was the aim of the reform. No change in the association of household income with the use of oral health care services was seen after the OHCR.

The associations of household wealth and income with self-rated health – A study on economic advantage in middle-aged Finnish men and women

The economic resources available to an individual or a household have been hypothesised to affect health through the direct material effects of living conditions as well as through social comparison and experiences of deprivation. The focus so far has been mainly on current individual or household income, and there is a lack of studies on wealth, a potentially relevant part of household resources. We studied the associations of household wealth and household income with self-rated health, and addressed some theoretical issues related to economic advantage and health. The data were from questionnaire survey of Finnish men and women aged from 45 to 67 years, who were employed by the City of Helsinki from five to seven years before the collection of the data in 2007. We found household wealth to have a strong and consistent association with self-rated health, poor health decreasing with increasing wealth. The relationship was only partly attributable to the association of wealth with employment status, household income, work conditions and health-related behaviour. In contrast, the association of household income with self-rated health was greatly attenuated by taking into account employment status and wealth, and even further attenuated by work conditions. The results suggested a significant contribution of wealth differentials to differences in health status. The insufficiency of current income as the only measure of material welfare was demonstrated. Conditions associated with long-term accumulation of material welfare may be a significant aspect of the causal processes that lead to socioeconomic inequalities in ill health.

The association of income with fresh fruit and vegetable consumption at different levels of education

This study examined whether the association of household income with fresh fruit and vegetable consumption varies by the level of education. Data were derived from mail surveys carried out during 2000-2002 among 40- to 60-year-old employees of the City of Helsinki (n=8960, response rate 67%). Education was categorized into three levels, and the household income was divided into quartiles weighted by household size. The outcome was consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables at least twice a day (58% among women and 33% among men). Beta-binomial regression analysis was used. Among women, higher income resulted in equally higher consumption of fruit and vegetables at all educational levels, that is, similar among those with low, intermediate and high education. Among men, the pattern was otherwise similar; however, men with intermediate education differed from those with low education. We conclude that the absolute cost of healthy food is likely to have a role across all income groups.