Assessment Of Water Balance Research Articles

Assessing Water Balance Influenced by Conservation Measures for Sustainable High-value Vegetable Cultivation: A Case Study of Battuvagu Watershed in Telangana, India

Rainfed areas are crucial for India’s agriculture, covering 50% of the total farmland and contributing 40% of the country’s food production. In recent years, the adverse effects of climate change have been found to be exacerbating the complex problems in vulnerable rainfed areas. While climate change affects many aspects of the environment, its impact on water resources is often swift and apparent, with far-reaching consequences for ecosystems, human well-being, and sustainable development. In this context, water budgeting at watershed level and its management are crucial towards promotion of climate resilient agriculture in the rainfed ecosystems. Comprehensive assessment of water balance was attempted, estimating the demand from agriculture, domestic and livestock needs and availability of water in terms of groundwater recharge from different sources and effective surface water stored in an agricultural watershed falling in Siddipet district of Telangana state of India. It involved collection of data on population, land use, and estimating irrigation water needs for crops, humans and livestock, followed by inventorying surface storage structures. Further, water inflow, runoff, and groundwater recharge were calculated using standard methods. The water balance was then determined by subtracting total demand from total availability. The study revealed that the water balance improved significantly, shifting from a deficit (-1.18 ha-m) of pre-project phase to a surplus (+67.91 ha-m) during post-watershed development. Thus, this study revealed the effectiveness of soil and water conservation measures taken up as a part of watershed development project in enhancing groundwater recharge and effective surface water storage capacity leading to positive water balance. The study also evaluated the use of groundwater in terms of stage of development in the pre and post project scenarios. The study concluded that there is a need for controlling the over extraction of groundwater through crop diversification especially towards market driven, less water consuming high value vegetable cultivation based on water availability with active people participation along with awareness building, propagation of efficient water application (micro-irrigation) methods, group mode of irrigation, and conjunctive use of surface and groundwater, etc. for long-term water security in the watershed.

Improvements to a Crucial Budyko-Fu Parameter and Evapotranspiration Estimates via Vegetation Optical Depth over the Yellow River Basin

Against the backdrop of global warming and vegetation restoration, research on the evapotranspiration mechanism of the Yellow River basin has become a hot topic. The Budyko-Fu model is widely used to estimate basin-scale evapotranspiration, and its crucial parameter ω is used to characterize the underlying surface and climate characteristics of different basins. However, most studies only use factors such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which represents the greenness of vegetation, to quantify the relationship between ω and the underlying surface, thereby neglecting richer vegetation information. In this study, we used long time-series multi-source remote sensing data from 1988 to 2015 and stepwise regression to establish dynamic estimation models of parameter ω for three subwatersheds of the upper Yellow River and quantify the contribution of underlying surface factors and climate factors to this parameter. In particular, vegetation optical depth (VOD) was introduced to represent plant biomass to improve the applicability of the model. The results showed that the dynamic estimation models of parameter ω established for the three subwatersheds were reasonable (R2 = 0.60, 0.80, and 0.40), and parameter ω was significantly correlated with the VOD and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) in all watersheds. The dominant factors affecting the parameter in the different subwatersheds also differed, with underlying surface factors mainly affecting the parameter in the watershed before Longyang Gorge (BLG) (contributing 64% to 76%) and the watershed from Lanzhou to Hekou Town (LHT) (contributing 63% to 83%) and climate factors mainly affecting the parameter in the watershed from Longyang Gorge to Lanzhou (LGL) (contributing 75% to 93%). The results of this study reveal the changing mechanism of evapotranspiration in the Yellow River watershed and provide an important scientific basis for regional water balance assessment, global change response, and sustainable development.

Investigating Water Balance as a Nutritional Determinant in Breastfeeding: A Comparative Study of Water Consumption Patterns and Influencing Factors.

Ensuring adequate hydration is critical for breastfeeding women, yet their water consumption patterns and hydration status is poorly understood. This study investigates the water consumption patterns and estimated water balance among women, practicing exclusive, mixed, and no breastfeeding methods. 529 healthy women completed the Nursing Water Balanced Questionnaire (N-WBQ). Participants were distributed across breastfeeding groups as follows: exclusive (39.7%), mixed (31.9%), and no breastfeeding (28.4%). Significant differences were noted in water consumption patterns among breastfeeding groups regarding intake from beverages (p < 0.001), juices (p = 0.019), coffee (p < 0.001), and milk (p = 0.015). Water intake from liquids, except for drinking water (p < 0.001), juices (p = 0.024) and coffee (p < 0.001) differed significantly among groups in women with adequate total water intake based on recommendation, with exclusive breastfeeding mothers prioritizing plain water over other beverages. Total water loss (p < 0.001) and estimated water balance (p < 0.001) significantly varied among breastfeeding groups, with exclusive breastfeeding mothers to exhibit the lowest water balance (-475.36 mL/day), indicating potential dehydration risk. Apart from plain water, water from foods, coffee and milk significantly contributed to positive water balance. Our findings highlight a risk of dehydration in this population, while water consumption patterns are influenced by breastfeeding method, likely affected by varying lactational demands and lifestyle factors. Further research to develop more accurate and individualized methods for assessing water balance in breastfeeding women is needed.

Remote sensing-based estimation of precipitation data (2000-2015) in Ecuador's Loja province

The primary climatic parameter frequently scrutinized in water balance assessments for water utilization is precipitation. Given its considerable variability across locations and over time, it is imperative to rely on high-quality statistical information to facilitate accurate analyses. This study aims to refine the estimation of precipitation data by enhancing information obtained from freely accessible satellite sensors with data collected from established observation stations. Monthly precipitation data spanning from 2000 to 2015 were gathered from 24 stations. Three distinct methodologies were employed to adjust individual station data to address missing data. Consistency analysis and data refinement were conducted for stations requiring adjustments, utilizing graphical analysis and non-parametric statistical techniques. The satellite products under evaluation correspond to the IMERG v6 algorithm. Subsequently, statistical metrics were used to compare observed and estimated data. A correction coefficient was computed by aligning monthly means between observed and calculated data to mitigate random and systemic errors. The IMERG algorithm demonstrates proficiency in accounting for altitude and seasonal variations, with the adjustment significantly enhancing its performance under these conditions.

The Bredehoeft problem: Evaluating salvage during groundwater pumping in unconfined aquifers

During groundwater pumping from unconfined aquifers, evapotranspiration can be reduced as the water table drops, a process known as salvage. This phenomenon must be included in water balance assessments for accurate predictions of groundwater withdrawals. Although the salvage phenomenon has been well understood for a long time, i.e., since Theis’ pioneering studies, the models that were later developed by Bredehoeft always relied on numerical techniques to treat the inherent non-linearity, most commonly using MODFLOW. Analytical methods have been previously used with success for practical evaluation of water balance components such as stream depletion rates. This work presents a novel analytical solution of the Bredehoeft problem. It is a breakthrough in analytical evaluation of transient salvage losses induced by groundwater withdrawals due to declines of water table. We evaluate stream depletion and loss of storage in addition to salvage, using the new model. Detailed analysis of the solution using COMSOL software indicates that the linear approximation used in the analytical solution is accurate for most practical cases. Diagrams for drawdown, water balance and evaluation of solution accuracy are presented, considering a broad range of problem parameters. Results can be used for analyses of watershed-scale water balances.

Optimal combinations of global evapotranspiration and terrestrial water storage products for catchment water balance

ABSTRACT During the last two decades, a great number of global products about evapotranspiration ( E ) and terrestrial water storage ( S ) have been released. This has led to numerous combinations for describing catchment water balance, and hence determining an appropriate combination has become an important issue. The main objective of this study is to evaluate various global products of E and S at the catchment scale and determine the most appropriate combination, taking two Korean catchments as examples. For E , we evaluated global evapotranspiration (Global ET), Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), and Penman–Monteith–Leuning (PML). For S , six individual datasets of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) were evaluated, with Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) products used for comparison. We found that the performance is sensitive to the choice of E product while various S products displayed minimal differences in results. Based on four evaluation criteria, the combination of PML and GRACE-SH-GFZ is suggested as the most suitable pair. For the period between 2003 and 2013, these data exhibit noteworthy trends of increasing E , offset by decreasing S . Warming climate is suspected to be behind these trends. Our research presents an approach that allows for the estimation of monthly streamflow exclusively with global data products, which is an advancement in hydrological analysis and particularly useful for regions that lack in-situ data networks. This approach provides a new perspective in the application of global datasets for the assessment of water balance and could significantly improve predictions in ungauged basins.

Assessment of water balance for Arjuna river basin using ArcSWAT

Assessment of water balance for Arjuna river basin using ArcSWAT

Enhancing water balance assessment in urban areas through high-resolution land cover mapping: Case study of Debrecen, Hungary

Land cover (LC) mapping in urban areas is one of the core applications in remote sensing (RS), and it plays an important role in modern urban planning and management. In order to support up-to-date simplified water balance calculation, LC modelling needs to be developed for precise and high-resolution operations to monitor rapidly expanding urban areas. This study provides a spatial decision support tool for urban water balance calculations considering hydrological parameters at pixel scale. The study is aimed to create a high-resolution LC map for more precise water balance calculations to identify and link the most important parameters, such as crop coefficient, for estimating crop evapotranspiration, runoff coefficients, and infiltration rate. Meteorological data from 2016 to 2019 were involved in evapotranspiration estimation. The study site is Debrecen, a city in northeast Hungary with a population of about 200,000. By integrating Landsat 8 imagery, Google Earth (GE), and Corine Land Cover (CLC), a LC map of 30 m resolution was created with 81.2 % overall accuracy (OA) and a coefficient of kappa greater than 0.78. For the classification of Landsat 8, seven classes were assigned (forests, sealed surfaces, areas with crop cover, grassland, semi-sealed surfaces, bare ground and surface water bodies). Classification results were validated by 101 ground truth samples using other satellite images and aerial photographs. Water balance parameters (i.e. surface runoff, infiltration and evapotranspiration) were then defined and calculated at a pixel scale and for larger areas. The technique developed in this study can also be utilized in other urban areas.

A novel index for vegetation drought assessment based on plant water metabolism and balance under vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau

Vegetation is vital to the ecosystem, contributing to the global carbon balance, but susceptible to the impacts of climate change. Monitoring vegetation drought remains challenging due to the lack of widely accepted drought indices. This study focused on vegetation, and simulated the vegetation suitable water demand and soil available water supply (calculated by Remote-sensing-based Water Balance Assessment Tool model). The standardized Vegetation Water deficit Index (SVWDI) was established by calculating the vegetation water deficit, which reflects the response of vegetation to drought. We examined the spatiotemporal evolution of vegetation drought on the Loess Plateau and evaluated the applicability of standardized vegetation water deficit index. Our findings revealed that the standardized vegetation water deficit index demonstrated an overall upward trend across different time scales from 1991 to 2020. Drought conditions were concentrated in the first 20 years of the study period, but vegetation drought on the Loess Plateau has been alleviated in the past decade. Moreover, as the time scale extended, the trend of SVWDI generally decreased, with approximately 49.50 % (1-month scale), 46.66 % (3-month scale), 47.08 % (12-month scale), and 32.16 % (24-month scale) of the grid areas experiencing increased SVWDI. The correlation between SVWDI and tree-ring width index (TRWI) performed well under all precipitation gradients, but the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) was only highly correlated with TRWI in regions with low precipitation. In terms of the relationship with vegetation health, SVWDI demonstrated the highest correlation with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) across different time scales, followed by PDSI and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). This study provides insights into the evolution of vegetation drought in response to climate change. The findings can guide initiatives such as returning farmland to forest and grassland on the Loess Plateau to aid climate change adaptation strategies.

Enhancing hydrologic modelling through the representation of traditional rainwater harvesting systems: A case study of water tanks in South India

AbstractWater tanks as traditional rainwater harvesting systems for agriculture are widely distributed in South India. They have a strong impact on hydrological processes, affecting streamflow in rivers as well as evapotranspiration. This study aims at an accurate representation of water harvesting systems in a hydrologic model to improve model performance and assessment of the catchment water balance. To this end, spatio‐temporal variations of water bodies between the years 2016 and 2018 and the months of January and May 2017 were derived from Sentinel‐2 satellite data to parameterize the water tanks (reservoir) parameters in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT+) model of the Adyar basin, Chennai, India. Approximately 16% of the basin is covered by water tanks. The initial model performance was evaluated for two model setups, with and without water tanks. The best model run was selected with a multi‐metric approach comparing observed and modelled monthly streamflow for 5000 model runs. The final model evaluation was carried out by comparing estimated water body areas by the model and remote sensing observations for January to May 2017. The results showed that representing water tanks in the hydrologic model led to an improvement in the representation of the seasonal variations of streamflow for the whole simulation period (2004–2018). The model performance was classified as good and very good for the calibration (2004–2011) and validation (2012–2018) periods as NSE varies between 0.67 and 0.85, KGE varies between 0.65 and 0.72, PBIAS varies between −24.1 and −23.6, and RSR varies between 0.57 and 0.39. The best fit was shown for the high and middle flow segments of the hydrograph where the coefficient of determination (R2) ranges from 0.81 to 0.97 and 0.75 to 0.81, respectively. The monthly variation of water body areas in 2017 estimated by the hydrologic model was consistent with changes observed in remote sensing surveys. In summary, the water tank parametrization using remote sensing techniques enhanced the hydrologic model's efficiency and applicability for future studies.

WaterpyBal: A comprehensive open-source python library for groundwater recharge assessment and water balance modeling

Water balance modeling is an essential aspect of water management projects. This study presents WaterpyBal, a tool that generates spatial–temporal water balance models, focused on diffused precipitation and recharge modeling. WaterpyBal has flexible input data and modeling time intervals and integrates different stages of the water balance assessment, such as data interpolation and evapotranspiration and infiltration calculations, while taking into account soil characteristics and urban water cycle. WaterpyBal calculates water budget parameters such as recharge, deficit, and runoff and can be used to create maps, datasheets, and raster archives. WaterpyBal has a modular design that ensures its further development. This Python library is accompanied by the WaterpyBal Studio, a graphic user interface that facilitates the usage of WaterpyBal in water management projects. The functionality of WaterpyBal is demonstrated using a synthetic example. In essence, WaterpyBal supports sustainable groundwater management projects and ensures reproducible research results in these environmental fields.

Towards an Indian land data assimilation system (ILDAS): A coupled hydrologic-hydraulic system for water balance assessments

Effective management of water resources requires reliable estimates of land surface states and fluxes, including water balance components. But most land surface models run in uncoupled mode and do not produce river discharge at catchment scales to be useful for water resources management applications. Such integrated systems are also rare over India where hydrometeorological extremes have wreaked havoc on the economy and people. So, an Indian Land Data Assimilation System (ILDAS) with a coupled land surface and a hydrodynamic model has been developed and driven by multiple meteorological forcings (0.1°, daily) to estimate land surface states, channel discharge, and floodplain inundation. ILDAS benefits from an integrated framework as well as the largest suite of observation records collected over India and has been used to produce a reanalysis product for 1981–2021 using four forcing datasets, namely, Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2), Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS), ECMWF’s ERA-5, and Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) gridded precipitation. We assessed the uncertainty and bias in these precipitation datasets and validated all major components of the terrestrial water balance, i.e., surface runoff, soil moisture, terrestrial water storage anomalies, evapotranspiration, and streamflow, against a combination of satellite and in situ observation datasets. Our assessment shows that ILDAS can represent the hydrological processes reasonably well over the Indian landmass with IMD precipitation showing the best relative performance. Evaluation against ESA-CCI soil moisture shows that MERRA-2 based estimates outperform the others, whereas ERA-5 performs best in simulating evapotranspiration when evaluated against MODIS ET. Evaluations against observed records show that CHIRPS-based estimates have the highest performance in reconstructing surface runoff and streamflow. Once operational, this system will be useful for supporting transboundary water management decision making in the region.

High-resolution grids of daily air temperature for Peru - the new PISCOt v1.2 dataset

Gridded high-resolution climate datasets are increasingly important for a wide range of modelling applications. Here we present PISCOt (v1.2), a novel high spatial resolution (0.01°) dataset of daily air temperature for entire Peru (1981–2020). The dataset development involves four main steps: (i) quality control; (ii) gap-filling; (iii) homogenisation of weather stations, and (iv) spatial interpolation using additional data, a revised calculation sequence and an enhanced version control. This improved methodological framework enables capturing complex spatial variability of maximum and minimum air temperature at a more accurate scale compared to other existing datasets (e.g. PISCOt v1.1, ERA5-Land, TerraClimate, CHIRTS). PISCOt performs well with mean absolute errors of 1.4 °C and 1.2 °C for maximum and minimum air temperature, respectively. For the first time, PISCOt v1.2 adequately captures complex climatology at high spatiotemporal resolution and therefore provides a substantial improvement for numerous applications at local-regional level. This is particularly useful in view of data scarcity and urgently needed model-based decision making for climate change, water balance and ecosystem assessment studies in Peru.

Fluid and water balance: a scoping review for the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023

Water, being an essential nutrient, is crucial for all life. Adequate maintenance of body water compartments is required for optimal fluid balance, which is a prerequisite for cellular homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. Water balance is the result of dietary intake of both fluids and foods as well as metabolically produced water, excretion from the kidneys and losses from other sources (e.g. sweat and feces). The water content in food items varies considerably and ranges from about 5% in nuts to 90% in many fruits and vegetables. Intake of drinking water and beverages also provides varying amounts of water. In everyday life assessment of water balance (i.e. hydration status) is challenging as clinical observations are inaccurate. There is no data regarding drinking water intake in the Nordic or Baltic countries.

Climate Parameter Uses as Indices For Assessment of Climate Change and Water Balance in Erbil Sub-Basin North –Iraq

The main goal of this study was to assess the climatic parameters in a valuable basin in northern part of Iraq, Erbil central sub-basin. Rainfall, relative humidity, temperature, evaporation, sunshine duration, and wind speed are the climate variables used in this study. The investigated periods (1980-2021) of Erbil meteorological data were used to assess the climatic and drought conditions in the studied basin. The results show a noticeable drop in relative humidity and rainfall over the past two decades, as well as a considerable rise in temperature and evaporation. The mean annual rainfall was 416mm, relative humidity is 48.74% used as term of water availability, and mean annual temperature is 22°C, total annual evaporation was 2257.59mm, sunshine duration was 8.2 hours/day, and wind speed is 1.7m/s were used as water loss elements. Kharufa technique was applied to determine the potential evapotranspiration, water deficit and water surplus periods. According to the findings, there is a total of 2257.59 mm of potential evapotranspiration, water excess, and water deficit, 89.22mm, and 1953.95mm, respectively. Annual surface runoff was 37.85mm, and annual recharge from rainfall was 13.07%. Alkubaisi classification for climate type were utilized to identify the Erbil central sub-climatic basin's type. The results showed that the climate is arid based on the initial categorisation, moist to sub-arid according to the second cataloguing, and dry according to the third cataloguing.

Water Balance Assessment, Land Use Land Cover Change and Increasing Water Demand in Three Major Watersheds in Jember, East Java, Indonesia

Jember Regency is the third largest agricultural area in East Java Province. Expansion of built-up and agricultural areas occurred and significantly changed the landscape. Moreover, increasing both types of land cover will increase water consumption. Therefore, there may be changes in the condition of the water balance in the Jember Regency area. This area has three major watersheds: Bedadung, Mayang, and Tanggul. This study evaluated the water balance condition at the three major watersheds in Jember, East Java, Indonesia. The WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning) model calculated the water balance. Research procedures include (1) inventory of spatial and non-spatial data; (2) setup of the WEAP scheme; (3) Calibration; (4) Validation; and (5) Simulation of water balance model in scenario increasing water demand and land-use change). From 1997 to 2020, the water balance was evaluated using a 10-day interval. The results show that from the November 1st to August 2nd periods, the watershed can supply all demand sites with 100% coverage. However, from August 2nd t to October 3rd periods, the watershed’s ability to supply the water needs decreased. This deficit is due mainly to the uneven rainfall distribution between rainy and dry seasons. Variation in annual rainfall received from 1997 to 2020 also affects the water balance’s surplus and deficit. The fluctuation of land-use change contributed to the surplus and shortage of water balance.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords : Supply; Demand; Water Balance; WEAP; Jember; East Java&#x0D; Copyright (c) 2023 Geosfera Indonesia and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember&#x0D; This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

Water Balance Shifts Induced by Multiyear Drought Within the Budyko Framework

AbstractClimate change intensification can induce unprecedented alterations to global hydrological cycling. This study employed the Budyko framework to assess water balance shifts induced by resultant multiyear drought events, selecting 1,258 among 3,347 globally distributed catchments. Here, the precipitation (P) deficit was used to identify long‐term drought, while the Budyko framework was used to explore the impact of long‐term drought on changes in streamflow (Q). Additionally, this study developed a novel method (the trigonometric function decomposition method (TFD method)) to analyze Q change induced by climate and catchment properties changes. Results showed that: (a) long‐term drought has caused catchment property parameter (n) increase (i.e., n is 2.14 and 2.33 during non‐drought period and drought period in 1,258 catchments, respectively), which will alter P partitioning into E and Q; (b) sensitivity analysis presented n is most sensitive to changes in aridity index, while effective rooting depth (Ze) contributed larger magnitude in variability of n; (c) a reduction in the magnitude of Q decreased under a reduction in climatic aridity, which were primarily controlled by climate changes (average value, 80.83%), while asymmetrical effects of Q reduction were induced by catchment property changes and suggested Q reduction were weakened in arid and humid regions, while strengthened in semi‐arid and sub‐humid regions. Together, these factors all indicated that multiyear drought events can significantly alter Q, while the hydrological response to drought events was characterized by complex mechanisms. Clarifying the hydrological response to multiyear drought events will help us better understand how climate change affects water resources.

Recent advancements of landslide hydrology

AbstractOccurrence of rainfall‐induced landslides is increasing worldwide, owing to land use and climate changes. Although the connection between hydrology and rainfall‐induced landslides might seem obvious, hydrological processes have been only marginally considered in landslide research for decades. In 2016, an advanced review paper published in WIREs Water [Bogaard and Greco (2016), WIREs Water, 3(3), 439–459] pointed out several challenging issues for landslide hydrology research: considering large‐scale hydrological processes in the assessment of slope water balance; including antecedent hydrological information in landslide hazard assessment; understanding and quantifying the feedbacks between deformation and infiltration/drainage processes; overcoming the conceptual mismatch of soil mechanics models and hydrological models. While little progress has been made on the latter two issues, a variety of studies have been published, focusing on the role of hydrological processes in landslide initiation and prediction. The importance of the identification of the origin of water to understand the processes leading to landslide activation is largely acknowledged. Techniques and methodologies for the definition of landslide catchments and for the assessment of landslide water balance are progressing fast, often considering the hydraulic effect of vegetation. The use of hydrological information in landslide prediction models has also progressed enormously. Empirical predictive tools, to be implemented in early warning systems for shallow landslides, benefit from the inclusion of antecedent soil moisture, extracted from different sources depending on the scale of the prediction, leading to significant improvement of their predictive skill. However, this kind of information is generally still missing in operational LEWS.This article is categorized under: Science of Water &gt; Hydrological Processes

Estimation of Surface-Subsurface Water Balance in Lower Tapi River Basin Using Gridded Data and Station-Based Observed Data

ABSTRACT Water is an essential resource. An understanding of catchment water balance is crucial to ensure water availability in the region. Hydrological models are credible tools for water balance assessment of a region. These models are data intensive. The traditional hydrological modeling approach relies on station-based observed data. The availability of sufficient long-term consistent observed data is often limited. On the other hand, climate reanalysis data for a long timeperiod is available from multiple data sources. This study estimates runoff characteristics for Lower Tapi River Basin in western India, with the help of a Soil Conservation Service Curve Number method. The catchment water balance in terms of runoff, baseflow, and recharge at sub-basin scale is worked out with the help of station-based and climate reanalysis datasets. The model output are calibrated against observed river gauging data. A reasonable fit between model-simulated and observed runoff is obtained in terms of duration and magnitude of runoff peak. Tested model is applied to future climate scenarios. The simulations show an increase in surface runoff, recharge, baseflow and total runoff for future time period. Results reveal that climate changes have significant impact on hydrology of the basin.

Multi‐stakeholder approach to implementing water stewardship: The case of the Ghod River basin

AbstractITC Limited, an Indian conglomerate company under the Water Stewardship Programme, works to achieve water security for all the stakeholders in its manufacturing unit and agriculture value chain catchments. Under the programme, ITC has developed a methodology for implementation: (1) assessment and creation of an annual water balance in basins and aquifers; (2) develop a plan for making water balance positive throughout the year for today and tomorrow; (3) collaborative action by engaging with the community and other stakeholders for achieving a positive water status. Accordingly, ITC works with government in public private partnership (PPP) mode to merge resources and expertise for enhanced outreach. The Ghod River is a tributary of the Krishna River which flows in Maharashtra, a prominent agricultural state in India. The upper ridges of the basin receive 3000 mm while lower areas receive 450–500 mm rainfall annually. The basin has a total storage potential of 1280 MCM (million cubic metres) in reservoirs in the upper ridges. The Ghod River basin has a positive water balance on an annual basis, but in the post‐monsoon season it has a deficit of 61.9 MCM. To manage the water deficit in the post‐monsoon season, there is a need to: (i) restore upstream reservoirs to their original storage capacity by reducing silt load; (ii) increase subsurface flows into reservoirs throughout the year through managed aquifer recharge; (iii) reduce demand for water primarily from agriculture. ITC has initiated work on those lines based on scientifically rigorous and socially inclusive approaches.