Assessment Of Pollution Sources Research Articles

Activity Concentrations of Cs-137, Sr-90, Am-241, Pu-238, and Pu-239+240 and an Assessment of Pollution Sources Based on Isotopic Ratio Calculations and the HYSPLIT Model in Tundra Landscapes (Subarctic Zone of Russia)

The paper is devoted to the assessment of the content of anthropogenic radionuclides in tundra landscapes of the subarctic zone of Russia. The authors of the article studied the features of accumulation and migration of anthropogenic radionuclides and identified probable sources of their entry into environmental objects. Peat samples were collected on the territory of the Kaninskaya Tundra of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Northwest Russia). A total of 46 samples were taken. The following parameters were determined in each peat sample: (1) activity and pollution density of anthropogenic radionuclides; (2) isotopic ratios of anthropogenic radionuclides; (3) activity ratios of each radionuclide for layers 10–20 cm and 0–10 cm. The results of the studies showed that the pollution density of the Nes River basin with the radionuclides Cs-137 and Sr-90 is up to 4.85 × 103 Bq×m−2 and 1.88 × 103 Bq×m−2, respectively, which is 2–5 times higher than the available data for the Kanin tundra, as well as for Russia and the world as a whole. The data obtained for Am-241, Pu-238, and Pu-239+240 showed insignificant activity of these radionuclides and generally correspond to the values for other tundra areas in Russia and the world. It was found that some tundra areas (“peat lowlands”) are characterized by increased radionuclide content due to the process of accumulation and migration along the vertical profile. Calculations of isotope ratios Sr-90/Cs-137, Pu-238/Pu-239+240, Pu-239+240/Cs-137, Am-241/Pu-239+240 and air mass trajectories based on the HYSPLIT model showed that the main sources of anthropogenic radionuclide contamination are global atmospheric fallout and the Chernobyl accident.

The Importance of Enterococci in the Monitoring of Fecal Pollution in River Water in Forests and Urban Areas

The aim of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of enterococci as indicators of fecal pollution in river water in forest reserves and urban areas. The biodiversity, multidrug resistance, and virulence of enterococci were monitored using conventional and molecular methods, including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Enterococcal (ENT) counts determined via the FISH method were several thousand times higher than those determined by the culture-based method. This observation points to the abundance of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria that are often more toxic. Water from the river source was characterized by the lowest number of multidrug-resistant and virulent enterococcal strains. The abundance of the analyzed bacteria was highest (more than 50% of the strains) in the area where treated wastewater was evacuated to the river. Statistical analysis confirmed the presence of relationships between these environments. Pathogenic enterococci, which are not effectively eliminated during wastewater treatment, spread in the river continuum, thus posing a health threat to humans and animals. A combination of conventional and molecular techniques for the identification of bacteria supports a rapid and reliable assessment of pollution sources in the examined environment and the implementation of protective measures.

Comprehensive Assessment of Pollution Sources and Health Impacts in Suburban Area of Shanghai.

Shanghai, one of China's largest metropolises, faces significant environmental pollution challenges due to rapid economic development. Suburban areas of Shanghai are affected by both long-distance transport and local sources of pollutants. This study conducted an integrated analysis that links health-risk assessment of heavy metals and source apportionment of atmospheric constituents to distinguish the contributions of emission sources and the major sources of health risks. Source-apportionment analysis revealed that secondary sources had the greatest contribution to the local pollutants, indicating the significant influence of peripheral and long-distance transport. Health-risk assessment of Cr, Ni, As, and Cd revealed that local residents were exposed to respiratory health risks, in which Cr is the major contributor. This health risk was primarily associated with emissions from nearby industry-related sources. Our study highlights the significant effects of both long-distance transport and local source emissions on atmospheric composition and human health in large urban agglomerations. The findings can inform future efforts to develop more precise emission-reduction strategies and policy improvements to mitigate environmental pollution and protect public health.

Implementation of pollution source assessment and treatment strategy for plateau railway construction in China: an AHP-cloud model approach.

During the construction process of railways in the plateau region, various types of pollution sources can have serious or even irreversible impacts on the plateau ecology. To address pollution source treatment during the construction process, protect the ecological environment along the railway, and maintain the ecological balance, we collected geological and environmental data and analyzed the influencing factors of pollution sources. Taking sewage as the main research subject, we propose a new method based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)-cloud model to classify the pollution source treatment level, establish an index system, and select the ecological environment level, sewage rate, and pollutant characteristics as the three main influencing factors. Finally, we divide the pollution source treatment level into I, II, and III, corresponding to V1 = {I-level} = {high impact}, V2 = {II-level} = {moderate impact}, and V3 = {III-level} = {low impact}. Based on the comprehensive factor weight analysis and the field engineering conditions of the studied railway in the western plateau of China, we classify the pollution source treatment level of six tunnels and propose treatment suggestions for each level. To advance the efficient implementation of environmental protection during the construction of the plateau railway, we propose three policy recommendations that can positively contribute to environmental protection and green development. This work provides theoretical and technical guidance for the treatment of pollution sources in the construction of the plateau railway, which also serves as a significant reference for other similar projects.

An approach to quantify heavy metals and their source apportionment in coal mine soil: a study through PMF model.

Mining activities in the opencast coal mines contaminate the surrounding soil by releasing coal dust containing heavy metals (HMs). The objective of the present study was to quantify the concentration of HMs like Fe, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cr, Zn, and Co in soil on profile and distance basis in the vicinity of the coal mines. This research also proposed the synthesis application of positive matrix factorization (PMF) model for the quantitative assessment of pollution sources. The results showed that the soil was more affected due to the presence of Cr in mining areas., and the contamination factor (Cf)of Cr was high at the edge of coal mine. It was observed from the study thatCfof the HMs was decreased with the increase indistance from the mine edge. The application ofPMF model demonstratedthat the contributions of Zn (4.2%), Ni (16.8%), and Mn (100%) were maximum in the pollution. The study concluded that soil contamination is inexorable due to opencast coal mining activities, and it can be mitigated by developing a green belt or through the process of ecological restoration and phytoremediation.

Carbonaceous aerosol source apportionment and assessment of transport-related pollution

Diesel vehicles are one of many sources of black carbon (BC) emissions in Europe; nevertheless, due to recent changes in fuel composition towards renewable fuel such as biodiesel, advances in engine design and pollution control technology, BC and organic carbon (OC) emissions may worsen air quality and encourage global warming. As there are no regulatory terms on BC mass concentration levels, assessment of pollution sources is crucial for air quality improvement policies and mitigation of climate change. BC mass concentration and aerosol optical absorption were derived using 7-wavelenght Aethalometer during 3 measurement campaigns in 2014, 2017, and 2020. BC source apportionment analysis was performed using 18 combinations of absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) values for assessing BC to fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning. The choice of the most suitable AAE combination (0.9 and 2.2, respectively) was supported by organic aerosol (OA) source apportionment results. AAE value for transport exhaust emission (0.95) from locally available diesel fuel was established using (CI) 1.9 TDI engine with different engine torque regimes and 7-wavelenght Aethalometer. Statistically and experimentally obtained values were compared and showed great agreement. Subsequently, a statistically obtained AAEtr value was used for BC source apportionment and long-term analysis. A significant increase in the contribution of transport-related BC contribution was observed between years 2014 and 2020 (from 51% to 65%) which was associated with a boost in the use of diesel vehicles (by 83.9% of diesel passenger cars comparing 2014 and 2020) and growing diesel fuel consumption. These findings underline the diesel transport-induced problem for local air quality together with its impact on atmospheric radiative balance and raise concerns for public health.

Spatial Interpolation of Toxic air Pollutants in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia

This work aimed to study hazardous air pollutants in Jeddah city, between 2010 - 2018. The study of the spatial distribution of (NOX, SO2, PM10) was done by the application of the geostatistical method IDW. Daily observation Data were collected from three field observation stations (Bani Malik, Stadium, Industrial activity), and treated in ArcGIS environment. According to the obtained results, in the year 2010, NOX varies between (25 – 62.99 ppb), with very important concentrations in the south of the study area, surrounding the industrial activities. While in the year 2018, the highest concentrations were between (25 – 30.99 ppb) in the north of the study area. the spatial distribution of SO2 was very important in the south of the study area, compared to the highest concentrations in the north in 2018. The spatial distribution of PM10 was between (153 – 173 µg/m3) in the south of the study area, in 2018 we noticed a decrease of the PM10 concentration, in the industrial area with values between (67 – 77 µg/m3). Even though a lot of work must be done to improve air quality in the city of Jeddah to meet international air quality standards in modern cities.
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МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ОЦЕНКИ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ ГОРНОПРОМЫШЛЕННЫХ КОМПЛЕКСОВ НА ОКРУЖАЮЩУЮ СРЕДУ

In the work, on the basis of our own field and laboratory studies of the components of the environment, the regularities of the natural and technogenic metal content of the territory of the Middle Urals were established; the mining complex was assessed as a source of pollutant flows into the environment; the formation of flows of pollutants in the environment under the influence of technogenic and mineral formations has been investigated; it is proposed to divide all pollutants, according to their source of entry into the environment, into atmospheric and hydrogenic flows of mining complexes. The problem is that the methodologies for setting maximum permissible emissions (MPE) and normative permissible discharge (NPD) are practically the same. They cover the assessment of the background concentrations of pollutants in the studied media, the assessment of pollution sources, the establishment on the basis of the dilution (mixing) processes of the predicted concentrations (at the border of the sanitary protection zone or in the control section) and the development of the permissible level of the impact of source into the element of the environment in g / h or in t / year with guaranteed quality assurance). Unfortunately, the methodologies used in standardizing the impact of mining and metallurgical complexes on the environment do not take into account a number of aspects, mainly geochemical, which often leads to the formalization of this process with subsequent negative environmental consequences. The objects of research considered in this work were the mining and metallurgical complexes of the Urals, located on its eastern slope in the basin of the river. Tours and including iron ore (the cities of Kachkanar, N. Tagil), copper ore (the cities of Krasnouralsk, Kirovgrad, Pervouralsk) complexes and environmental components (atmosphere, geo-hydro- and biosphere)) within them. The subject of research is the most characteristic ore and associated metals of the Ural deposits: Fe, Cr, Mn, V, Ni, Co, Zn, Cu, Pb, As, Hg, Cd. The aim of the work was to study the flows of pollutants in natural and man-made geosystems of the Middle Urals and to develop a methodological basis for assessing the impact of mining complexes on the environment.

Exposure Levels, Sources, and Health Risks of Heavy Metal Components of PM2.5 in Housewives in Rural Shanghai

To investigate exposure characteristics and potential health risk of PM2.5-bound heavy metals in housewives in rural areas, 265 personal exposure samples from 143 subjects were collected in the Songjiang district, Shanghai from February 2017 to June 2018. Mass concentrations of 13 elements in PM2.5 were determined by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ED-XRF). The sources of heavy metal components in PM2.5 were analyzed using positive matrix factorization (PMF). The inhalation health risks of exposure to Ni, V, Cr, Mn, As, and Pb were analyzed using the US EPA health risk assessment model. The results showed that the average concentration of personal exposure to PM2.5 was 40.61 μg·m-3 in housewives, which was higher than the concentration at peripheral monitoring stations. The carcinogenic risks of Cr(Ⅵ)and As exceeded the acceptable risk level (10-6). The non-carcinogenic risks of V, Cr(Ⅵ), Mn, Ni, and As were all below the safety threshold, while the total non-carcinogenic risks of these five elements were higher than the safety threshold (>1). The results of PMF indicated that resuspended dust and indoor dust(43.8%), the metallurgy industry(34.6%), coal combustion(14.5%), and fossil-fuel combustion(7.2%)were the major sources of ten elements (Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, As, and Pb) in PM2.5. Based on the results of health risk assessment of pollution sources, control measures on the metallurgy industry and fossil-fuel combustion should be further strengthened.

Assessment of Pollution Sources, Fate of Pollutants, and Potential Instream Interventions to Mitigate Pollution of Earthen Canals of Urban to Rural-Urban Fringe

Three representative earthen canals from urban, peri-urban, and rural-urban fringe of Sri Lanka were studied for a 2-year period against different seasons to capture insights important in ecological rehabilitation. Only the canal from rural-urban fringe showed a better water quality in wet season; elucidating, the impact of contaminated catchment runoff in the other canals. At a given sampling session, one or two peaks (relative maxima) were observed in urban and peri-urban canals for pollution representative parameters such as nitrate nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus. Those peaks were highly localised, an indication of poor advection. In general, two-dimensional variations of electrical conductivity and turbidity in dry season were uniform in urban and peri-urban canals, an indication of dominant molecular diffusion. This was further evidenced via physical models for different flow stages (low, high, and bankfull). Therefore, fate of contaminants had to be mainly governed by assimilation via sediments. However, grey water footprint analyses showed urban and peri-urban canals have over utilised the natural assimilation capacity of many water quality parameters by several folds. This study proved the importance of inducing attenuation by instream physical heterogeneity similar to natural streams or naturalised canals such as the canal from the rural-urban fringe of this study.

Groundwater contamination risk assessment based on intrinsic vulnerability, pollution source assessment, and groundwater function zoning

ABSTRACTAssessing the risk of groundwater contamination is becoming increasingly important as the quality and availability of groundwater affect the quality of life. Most of the existing risk assessment methods consider only the basic pollution processes based on load risk and aquifer vulnerability assessments. This study describes a methodology for assessing groundwater contamination risk that combines the inherent vulnerability, pollution sources, and groundwater function zoning. In this article, we developed a simple groundwater pollution risk index method that can be easily applied in many developing countries. Our results indicate that a vulnerability assessment alone is not sufficient for groundwater contamination risk assessment. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the net recharge of aquifers was found to be more effective in assessing aquifer vulnerability. Using the plain in Beijing, China, as an example, thematic maps of the three factors (inherent vulnerability, pollution sources, and groundwater function zoning) were generated. This simple groundwater contamination risk assessment method is best suited for comparative assessment of a large number of sources at a regional scale because of its low cost and operability. Finally, the groundwater contamination risk grade in each district of Beijing was determined by superimposing the district boundaries on these maps.

The pollution source assessment tool for Sydney's drinking water catchments

WaterNSW funds a range of interventions to minimise pollution within the drinking water catchments of Sydney. To assist with the process of targeting this expenditure, WaterNSW has developed a spatial analysis tool, known as the Pollution Source Assessment Tool (PSAT), which uses a hybrid of multi-criteria analysis and load-based methods to highlight high pollution potential sites and critical source areas for pathogens, nutrients and suspended sediment. The design of the PSAT enables results to be summarised by any set of spatial units and with any combination of pollution sources. The most recent PSAT outputs have been used at multiple scales; to guide identification of priorities across the whole of the drinking water catchments of Sydney and also to target programmes on individual properties, sites and urban areas.

Study of integrated risk regionalisation method for soil contamination in industrial and mining area

Industrial and mining areas have been included as key governance plots of China’s soil management and protection. In this study, we developed an assessment method for soil integrated risk in industrial and mining areas, with a comprehensive consideration of pollution risk, pollution sources and receptors of soil risk. The method consists of four parts, including soil risk assessment, vulnerability assessment of soil risk receptors, risk level assessment of pollution sources and integrated risk assessment. Using this method, we could produce a complete soil risk regionalisation map that presents the total factor risk level of soil contamination of industrial and mining areas in ArcGIS. This study also took a typical industrial and mining area in China as a case and quantitatively and spatially assessed the integrated soil contamination risk. Results showed: (1) the integrated risk of the study area ranged from moderate level to high level; (2) the risk of pollution sources in the study area ranged from moderate level to high level; (3) vulnerability of soil risk receptors in streets was lower than that in the towns.

Assessment of pollution sources in the southeastern of the Riyadh and its impact on the population/Saudi Arabia

The rapid growth of Riyadh—capital of Saudi Arabia—is pushing the area to more pollution and incentive for reorganization. The aim of this research is to assess air pollutants in southeast of Riyadh and detect opinion of the population about their environment. The assessment was done by analyzing 405 questionnaires, evaluating thermal band of Landsat 8, and spatial analyzing of particular matter and chemicals in 19 air samples by geostatistical tool in the ArcMap. Most of the inhabitants stated that they are suffering from bad odor, sewage leakage, and dust mainly from a cement factory. The thermal band of Landsat clarified the location of the pollution sources mainly the 1st industrial city, Yammama Cement Factory, and power plant in Farouq area. The ordinary kriging maps showed that the highest concentration of PM10 (>403 μg/m3) lied to the northern and western side of the study area and caused a health issue to most inhabitants.

Technical and Economic Contributions in the Field of Monitoring and Reducing the Impact of the Oil and Gas Industry on the Environmental Factors

Like any other industrial activity, the production of hydrocarbons affects the environment both through the performance of actual technological process and through undesired accidents, which may occur.The paper presents technical and economic contributions in the field of monitoring and reducing the ecological impact of petroleum exploitation on the environment and an analysis of technologies used to remove pollution from soils and the subsurface contaminated by hydrocarbons. The first part presents the stream of drilling and production activities and the impact of oil and gas reservoir exploitation on the environment. Also, an assessment of pollution sources and oil industry specific agents is performed.The case study is performed based on the documentation prepared by PETROM S.A., a member of OMV Group, in connection with Moinesti Operating Area, which includes the investigation performed in Cucuieţi structure and on the samples taken from the area and investigates in the specialized laboratories the Oil and Gas University in Ploieşti.In the last part of this paper, the most important conclusions are presented. They outline the strengths and different issues relating to pollution removal technologies that were presented, but also the results of the performed studies.

New isotopic evidence of lead contamination in wheat grain from atmospheric fallout.

Crops could accumulate trace metals by soil-root transfer and foliar uptake from atmospheric fallout, and an accurate assessment of pollution sources is a prerequisite for preventing heavy metal pollution in agricultural products. In this study, we examined Pb isotope rates to trace the sources of Pb in wheat grain grown in suburbs. Results showed that, even in zones with scarcely any air pollution spots, atmospheric fallout was still a considerable source of Pb accumulation in wheat. The concentration of Pb in wheat grain has poor correlation with that in farm soil. The Pb concentration in wheat grains with dust in bran coat was significantly higher than that in wheat grains, which indicates that Pb may accumulate by foliar uptake. The Pb isotope rate has obvious differences between the soil and atmospheric fallout, and scatter ratio is significantly closer between the wheat grain and atmospheric fallout. Atmospheric fallout is a more significant source of Pb concentration in wheat grains than in soil. As far as we know, this is the first study on the main sources of lead in grain crop (wheat) samples with isotope. This study aims to improve our understanding of the translocation of foliar-absorbed metals to nonexposed parts of plants.

Chemometric Analysis for Pollution Source Assessment of Harbour Sediments in Arctic Locations

Pollution levels, pollutant distribution and potential source assessments based on multivariate analysis (chemometrics) were made for harbour sediments from two Arctic locations; Hammerfest in Norway and Sisimiut in Greenland. High levels of heavy metals were detected in addition to organic pollutants. Preliminary assessments based on principal component analysis (PCA) revealed different sources and pollutant distribution in the sediments of the two harbours. Tributyltin (TBT) was, however, found to originate from point source(s), and the highest concentrations of TBT in both harbours were found adjacent to the former shipyards. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) ratios and PCA plots revealed that the predominant source in both harbours was pyrogenic related to coal/biomass combustion. Comparison of commercial polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) mixtures with PCB compositions in the sediments indicated relation primarily to German, Russian and American mixtures in Hammerfest; and American, Russian and Japanese mixtures in Sisimiut. PCA was shown to be an important tool for identifying pollutant sources and differences in pollutant composition in relation to sediment characteristics.

Multi-angle Indicators System of Non-point Pollution Source Assessment in Rural Areas: A Case Study Near Taihu Lake

This study aims to identify key environmental risk sources contributing to water eutrophication and to suggest certain risk management strategies for rural areas. The multi-angle indicators included in the risk source assessment system were non-point source pollution, deficient waste treatment, and public awareness of environmental risk, which combined psychometric paradigm methods, the contingent valuation method, and personal interviews to describe the environmental sensitivity of local residents. Total risk values of different villages near Taihu Lake were calculated in the case study, which resulted in a geographic risk map showing which village was the critical risk source of Taihu eutrophication. The increased application of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), loss vulnerability of pollutant, and a lack of environmental risk awareness led to more serious non-point pollution, especially in rural China. Interesting results revealed by the quotient between the scores of objective risk sources and subjective risk sources showed what should be improved for each study village. More environmental investments, control of agricultural activities, and promotion of environmental education are critical considerations for rural environmental management. These findings are helpful for developing targeted and effective risk management strategies in rural areas.