Assessment Of Palate Research Articles

Measuring palatability of pet food products: Sensory components, evaluations, challenges, and opportunities.

The pet food industry is a growing business launching a variety of new products in the market. The acceptability or preference of pet food samples has traditionally been measured using either one-bowl or two-bowl tests. Academic researchers and professionals in the pet food industry have explored other methods, including the cognitive palatability assessment protocols and the ranking test, to evaluate more than two samples. A variety of approaches and perspectives were also utilized to predict palatability and key sensory attributes of pet foods, including descriptive sensory analysis by human-trained panelists and pet food caregivers' perceptions of pet food. This review article examined a range of testing methods for evaluating the palatability of pet foods, specifically targeting products for dogs and/or cats. It outlined the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Additionally, the review provided in-depth insights into the key sensory attributes of pet foods and the methodologies for assessing palatability. It also explored pets' behavioral responses and facial expressions in relation to different pet foods. Furthermore, this review discussed current challenges and future opportunities in pet food development, including the use of instrumental analyses and artificial intelligence-based approaches.

Insights to Study, Understand and Manage Extruded Dry Pet Food Palatability.

Pet food production is a fast-growing industry. While extruded dry pet food is the favored pet food due to its convenience of use, it may have poorer palatability than other pet foods such as wet pet foods. However, palatability plays a pivotal role in meeting nutritional requirements or providing therapeutic benefits in cats and dogs, as it ensures food acceptance. Thus, both academics and manufacturers conduct routine palatability tests to assess acceptance and preference of products among pets, alongside sensory analyses involving human panels. Palatability is greatly influenced by species-specific and environmental factors in cats and dogs. The review will hence present the current knowledge on palatability assessment and animal food perception; it will then aim to explore strategies for effectively managing palatability in dry pet food by examining the impact of key ingredients and process parameters on the finished product's palatability. Moreover, the demands and needs for sustainable and healthier products as well as supply constraints present novel challenges and opportunities for academics and manufacturers.

Towards practical robotic chef: Review of relevant work and future challenges

AbstractRobotic chefs are a promising technology that can improve the availability of quality food by reducing the time required for cooking, therefore decreasing food's overall cost. This paper clarifies and structures design and benchmarking rules in this new area of research, and provides a comprehensive review of technologies suitable for the construction of cooking robots. The diner is an ultimate judge of the cooking outcome, therefore we put focus on explaining human food preferences and perception of taste and ways to use them for control. Mechanical design of robotic chefs at a practically low cost remains the challenge, but some recently published gripper designs as well as whole robotic systems show the use of cheap materials or off‐the‐shelf components. Moreover, technologies like taste sensing, machine learning, and computer vision are making their way into robotic cooking enabling smart sensing and therefore improving controllability and autonomy. Furthermore, objective assessment of taste and food palatability is a challenge even for trained humans, therefore the paper provides a list of procedures for benchmarking the robot's tasting and cooking abilities. The paper is written from the point of view of a researcher or engineer building a practical robotic system, therefore there is a strong priority for solutions and technologies that are proven, robust and self‐contained enough to be a part of a larger system.

Evaluating palatability in young children: a mini-review of relevant physiology and assessment techniques.

The palatability of pediatric pharmaceutical products plays a crucial role of influencing medication compliance. Rejection of unpalatable medications can potentially lead to treatment failure which can have immediate and delayed consequences. With advances in both the food and pharmaceutical industries, the systematic assessment of palatability has gained importance. Various methods such as visual analogue scales, facial hedonic scales, and facial recognition software, have been employed to assess palatability. While proven to be useful, these methods have significant limitations and may not be workable for young children. Despite these advancements, a universally accepted "gold standard" for assessing pediatric mediation palatability, recognized by drug regulatory agencies, is yet to be established.

Use of virtual monoenergetic images for reduction of extensive dental implant associated artifacts in photon-counting detector CT

Aim of this study was to assess the impact of virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) on dental implant artifacts in photon-counting detector computed tomography (PCD-CT) compared to standard reconstructed polychromatic images (PI). 30 scans with extensive (≥ 5 dental implants) dental implant-associated artifacts were retrospectively analyzed. Scans were acquired during clinical routine on a PCD-CT. VMI were reconstructed for 100–190 keV (10 keV steps) and compared to PI. Artifact extent and assessment of adjacent soft tissue were rated using a 5-point Likert grading scale for qualitative assessment. Quantitative assessment was performed using ROIs in most pronounced hypodense and hyperdense artifacts, artifact-impaired soft tissue, artifact-free fat and muscle tissue. A corrected attenuation was calculated as difference between artifact-impaired tissue and tissue without artifacts. Qualitative assessment of soft palate and cheeks improved for all VMI compared to PI (Median PI: 1 (Range: 1–3) and 1 (1–3); e.g. VMI130 keV 2 (1–5); p < 0.0001 and 2 (1–4); p < 0.0001). In quantitative assessment, VMI130 keV showed best results with a corrected attenuation closest to 0 (PI: 30.48 ± 98.16; VMI130 keV: − 0.55 ± 73.38; p = 0.0026). Overall, photon-counting deducted VMI reduce the extent of dental implant-associated artifacts. VMI of 130 keV showed best results and are recommended to support head and neck CT scans.

Validating a composite endpoint for acceptability evaluation of oral drug formulations in the pediatric population: a randomized, open-label, single dose, cross-over study.

This study aimed to validate the newly developed composite acceptability endpoint to investigate acceptability of oral pediatric drug formulations that integrates swallowability and palatability assessments. In this open-label study acceptability of oral formulations was tested in three age groups (1-<6months, 6-<12years, and 12-<18years) with a 2-way cross-over design in children aged 1-<6months (syrup and mini-tablets), and with an incomplete block design of four sequences with three out of four formulations (syrup, mini-tablets, oblong tablet, and round tablet) each in children aged 6-<18years. The primary endpoint was acceptability derived from the composite acceptability endpoint. Secondary endpoints were palatability and acceptability derived from swallowability. A total of 320 children were stratified into three age groups (80 children aged 1-<6months, 120 children aged 6-<12years, and 120 children aged 12-<18years). All participants completed the study. Age-specific differences were observed in acceptability derived from the composite acceptability endpoint. Mini-tablets had the highest acceptability in participants aged 1-<6months and 6-<12years while the oblong tablet was leading in adolescent participants (12-<18years). This study demonstrated that the composite acceptability endpoint method integrating both swallowability and palatability assessments is a sensitive method to assess acceptability of drug formulations in children of different age. https://drks.de/search/de, identifier DRKS00027948.

Palatability Assessment of Subsurface Water in South India: An Experimental and Numerical Study

Monitoring the quality of groundwater is crucial and important for the environment, the human health and agriculture practices. This study focused on evaluating the physical and chemical characteristics of subsurface water of different selected places in Coimbatore. This study was also aimed for identifying the influence of sampling location to its characteristics. Twenty-five subsurface water samples were taken from distinct places and sources. The tests were conducted as per Indian standards. The findings indicate that temperature, available and residual chlorine, and pH are nearly identical for all groundwater samples; turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, sulphates and iron change significantly depending on where the source was located. To determine the appropriateness of ground water samples for drinking purposes, findings were compared with Indian (IS 10500:2012) and WHO (2006) standards. It was determined that results for all parameters are within the acceptable limit. The statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software to know the significance of the predicted results and it has been found that the results were statistically significant.

Evaluation of graded levels of corn fermented protein on extrusion processing and diet utilization in healthy adult dogs

There has been increased interest among pet owners to feed vegetarian diets to their pets. However, the primary protein sources used in pet food today are animal based, warranting a need to evaluate novel plant-based ingredients to meet the protein demand. Corn fermented protein (CFP), a coproduct from ethanol production, may provide a plant-based alternative protein source for pet food. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of increasing levels of CFP on extrusion processing, stool quality, apparent total tract digestibility, and palatability in dog diets. Four extruded diets were fed to 12 adult beagle dogs in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. The control diet contained 15% soybean meal (0C) and CFP was exchanged at either 5%, 10%, or 15% of soybean meal (5C, 10C, and 15C, respectively). Dogs were fed each dietary treatment for 9 days of adaption followed by 5 days of total fecal collection. Feces were scored on a 1–5 scale, with 1 representing liquid diarrhea and 5 representing hard pellet-like. Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to all diets as an external marker to estimate digestibility. Data were analyzed using orthogonal contrasts in SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Dry bulk density of kibble decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05), whereas kibble toughness increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with CFP inclusion. Fecal dry matter, dry fecal output, and defecations per day increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) when dogs were fed increased levels of CFP. Dry matter and crude protein digestibility of CFP treatments were comparable (P &amp;gt; 0.05) to 0C. There was a decrease (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in organic matter, crude fat, gross energy, and total dietary fiber digestibility in the CFP treatments compared with 0C. A cubic relationship (P &amp;lt; 0.05) was observed in the digestibility of all nutrients except crude fat, indicating that 10C resulted in the lowest digestibility. For the palatability assessment, dogs had no preference when comparing the 5C treatment with the 0C treatment. Even with the differences in dietary treatments, inclusion of CFP at 5%, 10%, and 15% still resulted in acceptable processing parameters, kibble characteristics, and utilization when fed to dogs.

Pupal warning color development in above‐ground pupating species but cryptic color in ground‐surface pupating species of the nine‐spotted diurnal moths (Erebidae: Arctiinae: Syntomini)

AbstractInsects usually have cryptic colors to avoid detection by visually hunting predators. However, if the insects acquire toxic or repellent substances against predators, some of them develop conspicuous coloration to exhibit their unpalatability. Such warning colors allow insects to survive. In the nine‐spotted diurnal moths (Erebidae: Arctiinae: Syntomini), we found the above‐ground pupating species to have conspicuous colored pupae, but the ground‐surface pupating species to have cryptic colored pupae. In this study, the relationships between unpalatability and coloration of these pupae are examined among three species of Amata and one species of Syntomoides. Pupae of the two species (A. germana and A. flava) are conspicuous in their color pattern with seven black dotted lines longitudinally on their pale‐yellow bodies. These pupae are exposed to the aerial predators in a coarse silk mesh hanging from leaves and/or branches. The other two species (A. fortunei and S. imaon) pupate in spaces under stones, fallen twigs and leaves on the ground surface, and the pupae in a coarse silk cocoon is cryptic dark brown. Their pupation site selections are reproduced in the rearing glass vessels. Palatability assessment using lizards as a potential predator suggests that pupae of A. germana, A. flava and A. fortunei are unpalatable and the lizard's feeding response decreases with experience. However, pupae of S. imaon are all eaten (palatable). Finally, the possible evolutionary scenario of pupal colors of these four species is discussed in relation to pupation site selection and palatability.

Evaluation of corn-fermented protein as a dietary ingredient in extruded dog and cat diets.

Most pet foods utilize traditional ingredients like corn, wheat, and soy. These ingredients and other grains, such as distillers dried grains (DDG), have been used by the pet food industry. Corn-fermented protein (CFP) is a nutrient-dense enhancement on DDG but has not been evaluated in pet food. Therefore, it was the objective of this study to determine the effect of CFP in the production of extruded pet diets, and to determine the effect on nutrient utilization (digestibility) and stool consistency in dogs, and palatability in dogs and cats. Experimental diets with treatment protein sources (corn gluten meal [CGM], soybean meal [SBM], and CFP) were produced in triplicate using a single-screw extruder. Processing parameters and kibble samples were collected at timed intervals during diet production. Kibbles were evaluated for physical dimension and texture. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed in any physical dimension or texture parameters evaluated, with exception of radial expansion, which was lower (P < 0.05) for CFP kibble compared to others. The CFP kibble required a smaller (P < 0.05) mass restriction valve opening, to keep similar bulk density among dietary treatments. However, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in specific mechanical energy among treatments during diet production. Twelve beagles were fed the experimental diets in a 3 × 3 replicated Latin Square design in which four dogs were randomly assigned to each of three treatments for each period. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and were supplemented with titanium dioxide to serve as an external marker in order to estimate apparent total tract digestibility. Dogs were housed individually and fed twice daily, and water was available ad libitum. Feces were collected after feedings. The diet produced with CGM was more digestible (P < 0.05) than CFP and SBM for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fat, and gross energy. Further, the CFP diet was also less (P < 0.05) digestible than the SBM diet for dry matter and organic matter. Dogs fed the diet containing CFP had higher (P < 0.05) fecal mass than those fed SBM and CGM. The CFP diet also resulted in a higher fecal score (P < 0.05) than those fed diets with the CGM diet, but similar (P > 0.05) to the SBM diet. For palatability assessment, dogs had a preference (P < 0.05) for CGM over SBM or CFP, but cats showed a preference (P < 0.05) for SBM and CFP over CGM. Results indicate that CFP is acceptable for use in dog and cat diets. Further research should be conducted to evaluate the use of these ingredients at lower inclusion levels.

Evaluation of graded levels of corn-fermented protein on stool quality, apparent nutrient digestibility, and palatability in healthy adult cats.

Dried distillers' grains, coproducts from the ethanol industry, may provide sustainable ingredients for pet food. Due to new post-fermentation separation techniques, corn-fermented protein (CFP) is higher in protein and lower in fiber compared with traditional dried distillers' grains, increasing its appeal for inclusion into pet food. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the effects of increasing levels of CFP on stool quality, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), and palatability in adult cats. Four extruded diets were fed to 11 adult cats in an incomplete 4 × 4 replicated Latin square design. The control diet contained 15% soybean meal (0C) and CFP was exchanged for soybean meal at either 5%, 10%, or 15% (5C, 10C, 15C). Cats were fed each dietary treatment for 9-d adaption followed by 5-d total fecal collection. Feces were scored on a 1 to 5 scale, with 1 representing liquid diarrhea and 5 representing hard pellet-like (Carciofi et al., 2008). A fecal score of 3.5 to 4 was considered ideal. Titanium dioxide was added to all diets (0.4%) as a marker to estimate digestibility. Data were analyzed using a mixed model in SAS (version 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) with treatment as a fixed effect and cat and period as random effects. Fecal dry matter percent and dry fecal output were greater (P < 0.05) at elevated levels of CFP. Stool scores were maintained (P > 0.05) throughout treatments (average; 4). Dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and gross energy ATTD decreased when cats were fed 15C. There was no difference in ATTD of fat or total dietary fiber among treatments. For palatability assessment, cats preferred 5C over 0C but had no preference with increased CFP inclusion. These results suggest that CFP is comparable to SBM, but there may be a maximum inclusion level of 10% when fed to cats.

Evaluation of Torula yeast as a protein source in extruded feline diets.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of a Torula yeast (TY) on diet processing, palatability, and total tract nutrient digestibility in extruded feline diets. Four dietary treatments were compared, differing by protein source: TY, pea protein concentrate (PP), soybean meal (SM), and chicken meal (CM). Diets were produced using a single-screw extruder under similar processing conditions. Palatability assessment was conducted as a split plate design where both first choice and intake ratio (IR) were determined. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients was estimated using Titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. During diet production, specific mechanical energy of TY and SM (average of 187 kJ/kg) was greater (P < 0.05) than for PP (138 kJ/kg); however, CM was similar to all treatments (167 kJ/kg). Kibble diameter, piece volume, and sectional expansion ratio were greatest for TY (P < 0.05). Additionally, both bulk and piece density were lowest (P < 0.05) for TY. Kibble hardness was lower for TY and SM (P < 0.05; average of 2.10 Newtons) compared to CM and PP (average of 2.90 Newtons). During the palatability trial, TY was chosen first a greater number of times than CM (P < 0.05; 36 vs. 4, respectively), but differences were not found between TY and PP (25 vs. 15, respectively) or TY and SM (24 vs. 16, respectively). Cats had a greater IR (P < 0.05) of TY compared to CM and PP (0.88 and 0.73, respectively). However, there was no difference in preference between TY and SM. ATTD of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) was greater (P < 0.05) for CM (87.43% and 91.34%, respectively) than other treatments. Both DM and OM ATTD of TY were similar (P < 0.05) to PP and SM (average of 86.20% and average of 89.76%, respectively). Ash ATTD was greater (P < 0.05) for cats fed TY and SM (average of 37.42%), intermediate for PP (32.79%), and lowest for CM (23.97%). Crude protein (CP) ATTD of TY was similar to all other treatments (average of 89.97%), but fat ATTD was lower (P < 0.05; 92.52%) than other treatments (93.76% to 94.82%). Gross energy ATTD was greater (P < 0.05) for CM than TY (90.97% vs. 90.18%, respectively); however, TY was similar to PP and SM (average of 90.22%). Total dietary fiber ATTD was similar between TY and CM (average of 66.20%) and greater (P < 0.05) than PP and SM (average of 58.70%). The TY used in this study facilitated diet formation, increased diet preference, and was highly digestible when fed to cats.

Palatability assessment of prescribed diets on domestic shorthair cats.

Background and Aim:The value of the pet food industry, which is majorly the prescribed diet, exponentially increased over the years due to increased awareness among pet owners to provide a healthy lifestyle for their pets. However, several factors such as aroma, flavor, texture, and shape of prescribed diets greatly influenced the palatability in cats. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the palatability of the prescribed diet for domestic shorthair (DSH) cats.Materials and Methods:The two-bowl method was employed to determine the palatability of prescribed diets on five DSH cats for 6 days. Furthermore, the four types of prescribed diet assessed in this study were struvite, renal, hypersensitivity, and intestinal. Furthermore, the pet food palatability was analyzed using “First Approached,” “First Consumed,” “Total Consumption,” and “Intake ratios.”Results:Our findings revealed that “Total Consumption” and “Intake Ratios” were significantly different in struvite, renal, and intestinal diets compared to the hypersensitivity diet. In addition, this result indicates that the hypersensitivity diet is the most unpalatable compared with other diets.Conclusion:A detailed investigation of the diet ingredients showed that a hypersensitivity diet lacks herbs and spices than the other diets. Therefore, these ingredients lacking in the hypersensitivity diet influence the palatability of pet foods.

Palatability Assessment of Carbocysteine Oral Solution Strawberry Taste Versus Carbocysteine Oral Solution Mint Taste: A Blinded Randomized Study.

Objective: To compare and evaluate the palatability of two carbocysteine oral solutions (strawberry vs. mint taste) among healthy children aged 2–12 years. Methods: A randomized, triple-blind, crossover, palatability trial in 42 children aged 2–12 years. All subjects received two preparations of carbocysteine oral solutions (strawberry vs. mint) according to randomized administration sequences, and the administration process was recorded by video. The palatability assessed by emotional valences was performed using a facial action coding system by FaceReader™, which reflected the quantification degree of emotion; a positive value represents positive emotion, and a negative value represents negative emotion. At the same time, a face-to-face interview was conducted for 5- to 12-year-old participants. Then, the taste preferential rates were compared to assess the palatability of two carbocysteine oral solutions. Results: Forty-two children were enrolled in this study. Twenty children first tasted the carbocysteine oral solution mint taste and then the strawberry taste preparation (M-S sequence), while 22 children tasted the strawberry preparation first and then the mint one (S-M sequence). The emotional valence of mint preparation (−0.9 in M-S and −1.2 in S-M) was both relatively lower than that of strawberry taste (both −0.7 in M-S and S-M) in two sequences; 69.0% (29/42) of participants’ emotional valences for strawberry preparation were higher than those for mint preparation. Among 27 participants aged ≥5 years, the taste preference rate was 88.5% (23/26) for the strawberry preparation (one missing value for the taste preference), and 77.8% of participants (21/27) chose the strawberry preparation if they had to take the medicine one more time. Conclusion: The carbocysteine oral solution with strawberry taste is an appealing preparation since it was better received by children. The facial action coding system could be an effective alternative for palatability assessment of pediatric pharmaceutical products.

Captopril oral solution for pediatric use: formulation, stability study and palatability assessment in vivo

The aim of this work was to develop an oral solution of captopril at 5 mg/mL preservative-free. Two formulations were prepared, one containing sweetener (formulation 1) and the other without this excipient (formulation 2). The results found of validation parameters from analytical method performed by HPLC for captopril were, linearity 0.9998, the limit of detection 15.71 µg/mL, the limit of quantification 47.60 µg/mL, repeatability 1.05%, intermediate precision 2.42%, accuracy intraday 101,53%, accuracy inter-day 99.85%. Moreover, the results found for captopril disulfide were, linearity 0.9999, limit of detection 0.65 µg/mL, limit of quantification 1.96 µg/mL, repeatability 2.28%, intermediate precision 1.51%, accuracy intraday 101.36%, accuracy inter-day 100.29%. The appearance of formulations was clear and colorless, pH measures were 3.12 and 3.04, dosage of captopril and captopril disulfide were 99.45% and 99.82%, 0.24% and 0.12% for formulation 1 and formulation 2, respectively. The stability study demonstrated that the concentration of captopril and captopril disulfide in the formulations was > 90% and below 3%, respectively. The in vivo palatability study in animals and humans showed that Formulation 1 containing the sweetener had better acceptance. Thus, the sweetener was able to improve the unpleasant taste of the formulation.

A Phase 1, Dose-Escalation Study of Gilteritinib Combined with Chemotherapy in Patients Aged 6 Months to

Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounts for ~18% of all childhood leukemias (Puumala SE, et al. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(5):728-733). Gilteritinib, an oral FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitor, has demonstrated efficacy with favorable tolerability in clinical trials of adults with FLT3-mutated relapsed or refractory (R/R) AML, including internal tandem duplication (ITD) and tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) mutations (Perl AE, et al. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(18):1728-1740), leading to approval for the treatment of adults with R/R AML in the United States and many other countries/regions. Since the clinical progression of FLT3 ITD AML appears to be similar in children and adults, it is expected that the clinical benefit of gilteritinib in pediatric patients with FLT3 ITD R/R AML should be similar to that demonstrated in adults. We describe an ongoing phase 1, multicenter, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04240002) investigating the combination of gilteritinib with chemotherapy in children, adolescents, and young adults with FLT3 ITD R/R AML, which will inform the dose for the phase 2 dose-expansion portion of the study.Study Design and Methods: This phase 1 dose-escalation study will enroll patients 6 months to <21 years of age with FLT3 ITD and/or TKD-mutated AML (determined using institutional assay). Key inclusion and exclusion criteria include patients who are in first or greater relapse or are refractory to induction therapy with no more than 1 attempt at remission induction and (a) fully recovered from the acute toxic effects of all prior therapy, (b) have a Karnofsky (if ≥16 years) or Lansky (if <16 years) score ≥50, and (c) been ≥90 days relapsed since hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with no active graft-versus-host disease, if relevant. Patients will undergo screening, including complete physical exam, subject-reported symptoms, and areas of disease (Figure). Patients will be enrolled in 1 of the 3 following groups: group 1 (2 to <21 years), group 2 (1 to <2 years), and group 3 (6 months to <1 year). Gilteritinib will be administered once daily starting from day 8 through day 21 of a 28-day cycle at the starting dose of 2 mg/kg/day for Group 1 and 1 mg/kg/day for Groups 2 and 3, with escalation to 2 or 3 mg/kg/day (the latter to be evaluated only if there is lack of toxicity or acceptable dose-limiting toxicity [DLT] and lack of sufficient gilteritinib activity observed at 2 mg/kg/day). Patients in all groups will receive FLAG (fludarabine, 30 mg/m 2/day; cytarabine, 2000 mg/m 2/day; granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, 5 μg/kg/day) on days −1 to 5 and prophylactic single intrathecal cytarabine (age-adjusted dose). Patients who complete 2 cycles of treatment will have the option to participate in long-term treatment (LTT) with gilteritinib for ≤2 years. An end of treatment (EOT) visit will occur 7 days after the last dose of gilteritinib or before initiation of another anticancer therapy. A follow-up visit will be performed 28 days after the EOT visit in patients who are ineligible for LTT. Patients eligible for LTT will undergo a follow-up visit 28 days after the LTT EOT visit. Follow-up for survival will be performed every 3 months for ≤2 years from the 28-day follow-up visit.Study End Points: The primary end point is identification of the maximum tolerated dose and/or recommended phase 2 dose based on the DLT observed in treatment cycle 1 and biologic activity according to plasma inhibitory activity (PIA). The secondary end points are inhibition of phosphorylated FLT3, gilteritinib pharmacokinetics, safety, tolerability, toxicity, event-free survival, overall survival, minimal residual disease assessment, and acceptability and palatability assessment of the formulation. The exploratory end points are correlation of clinical responses to gilteritinib with FLT3 PIA levels, correlation of FLT3 PIA levels and clinical responses to gilteritinib therapy with FLT3 ligand levels before and after exposure to FLAG chemotherapy, and mechanisms of innate and acquired resistance to gilteritinib. All data will be summarized with descriptive statistics for continuous end points and frequency/percentage for categorical end points. [Display omitted] DisclosuresConnor: Astellas Pharma Inc.: Research Funding. Fan: Astellas Pharma Global Development: Current Employment. Gill: Astellas Pharma Global Development: Current Employment. Hill: Astellas Pharma Global Development: Current Employment; Ligacept, LLC: Current holder of individual stocks in a privately-held company, Other: Stockholder. Philipose: Astellas Pharma Global Development: Current Employment. Delgado: Astellas Pharma Global Development: Current Employment. Tiu: Astellas Pharma, Inc.: Current Employment. Reinhardt: Abbvie: Other: Advisory board; Eusa: Other: Advisory board; Astellas Pharma Inc.: Research Funding; Janssen: Other: Advisory board; BluebirdBio: Other: Advisory board; BMS: Other: Advisory board; Novartis: Other: Advisory board; JAZZ: Other: Advisory board. OffLabel Disclosure:New Indication

PSV-B-24 Palatability assessment of graded levels of grain distillers dried yeast (GDDY) fed to healthy adult cats

Abstract Traditionally, yeast products have been added to companion animal diets to improve palatability. Grain distillers dried yeast (GDDY), a coproduct from ethanol production which contains yeast, may be a viable option in pet food. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of increasing levels of GDDY in cat diets compared to soybean meal. The control diet contained 15% soybean meal (CON) and GDDY was exchanged for soybean meal at either 5%, 10%, or 15% (5G, 10G, 15G). For each test, experimental treatments were compared to the control. Twenty cats were presented two bowls each containing approximately 100g of diet once daily for 2 days. Cats were given diet access for 4 hours and bowl placement was reversed on the second day. Total food consumption and first choice preference were recorded for each cat. Individual intake ratios (IR) were calculated (intake of each diet/total intake) and first choice (FC) was analyzed with a Chi2 test. When comparing 5G to CON, the IR was 0.970 with FC of 30/40 occasions (P = 0.0016). The IR for 10G was 0.538 and FC was 18/40 with no difference from the CON (P = 0.5271). The IR for 15G was 0.590 and FC was 19/40 with no difference from the CON (P = 0.7518). Overall, these results suggest that cats may prefer GDDY over soybean meal, but preference may be influenced by inclusion level with the greatest impact observed at 5% and no detrimental impact at 10 or 15%.

PSII-15 Investigations of feeding preferences for common palatants in equine weanlings

Abstract Work in other species has demonstrated an impact of gestational exposure on flavor preferences. Although equine palatability preferences in mature horses have been identified, feeding behaviors in growing horses are not well documented. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of exposure to common palatants in utero on feeding preferences of weanlings. Stock-type weanlings (n = 4) weighing 225(±18.15) kg at 29(±2.55) weeks of age were used in a side-by-side comparison test with a divided feeding platform. Common palatants (apple and anise) were utilized throughout the broodmare gestational period. A novel palatant, peppermint, was withheld during gestation to identify impacts associated with neophobic tendencies. Treatments were offered once daily for three consecutive days across three periods (4 weeks apart) using a pelleted concentrate feed with an application rate of 0.375 mL/0.23 kg. Weanlings were allowed free access to the feeding platform with identical pans spaced 6” apart for 20 minutes. Treatment location within the feeding platform was changed daily to limit effects associated with side-eating. Data were measured as a Chi Square test of SAS using PROC FREQ statement with α ≤. 0.05. Despite gestational exposure to apple and anise, no preference was measured in palatability assessments including First Sniff (P = 0.29), First Consumed (P = 0.70), First Finished (P = 0.29). These data suggest that exposure in utero failed to elicit a preference for common palatants in weanling horses. Additionally, these data fail to demonstrate a neophobic effect for a novel palatant, peppermint.

The efficacy of transnasal palatal transillumination for the diagnosis of submucous cleft palate

BackgroundSubmucous cleft palate (SMCP) is a congenital abnormality with various clinical and anatomical features. Submucous cleft pathologies may be unrecognized during routine examinations. Current diagnostic techniques are constrained and unrevealing in presurgical patients. This prospective study aimed to evaluate transnasal palatal transillumination technique in diagnosis of SMCP at our institute hospital, during period from 2005-2020.Patients and methodsTwenty-one cases with SMCP were recruited with age range from 2-60 months. Transnasal palatal transillumination with controllable light intensity endoscope used to evaluate SMCP and cases were photo and video recorded.ResultsIn this study, 21 cases (13 males and 8 females) with SMCP were detected or confirmed by intranasal transnasal palatal transillumination. Frequency of SMCP patients at our institute was 3.39%. All patients presented with symptomatic complaints at diagnosis time, apart from 5 patients (23.8%) were diagnosed during cleft lip repair operations. Presenting symptoms were hypernasality (23.8%), delayed speech (23.8%), perforated palate with nasal escape of milk and food (14.3%), feeding difficulties (14.3%), and otitis media (4.8%). During intra-oral examination, all cases had a bifid uvula accompanied SMCP. Submucous cleft palate appeared as thin palate with central lucency. According to operative findings, operations done for repair were mostly two long palatal flaps (n = 13, 61.9%), von Langenbeck (n = 5, 23.8%), simple repair with lateral release incisions (n = 2, 9.6%), and simple repair without lateral release incision (n = 1, 4.8%).ConclusionsIntraoperative assessment of submucous cleft palate with transnasal palatal transillumination is easy and cheap method to avoid missing cases of SMCP.

Comparative palatability of orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) of Praziquantel (L-PZQ and Rac-PZQ) versus current PZQ tablet in African children: A randomized, single-blind, crossover study.

BackgroundPraziquantel (PZQ) is currently the only recommended drug for infection and disease caused by the schistosome species that infects humans; however, the current tablet formulation is not suitable for pre-school age children mainly due to its bitterness and the large tablet size. We assessed the palatability of two new orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) formulations of PZQ.MethodologyThis randomized, single-blind, crossover, swill-and-spit palatability study (NCT02315352) was carried out at a single school in Tanzania in children aged 6–11 years old, with or without schistosomiasis infection as this was not part of the assessment. Children were stratified according to age group (6–8 years or 9–11 years) and gender, then randomized to receive each formulation in a pre-specified sequence. Over 2 days, the children assessed the palatability of Levo-Praziquantel (L-PZQ) ODT 150 mg and Racemate Praziquantel (Rac-PZQ) ODT 150 mg disintegrated in the mouth without water on the first day, and L-PZQ and Rac-PZQ dispersed in water and the currently available PZQ 600 mg formulation (PZQ-Cesol) crushed and dispersed in water on the second day. The palatability of each formulation was rated using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) incorporating a 5-point hedonic scale, immediately after spitting out the test product (VASt = 0 primary outcome) and after 2–5 minutes (VASt = 2–5).Principal findingsIn total, 48 children took part in the assessment. Overall, there was no reported difference in the VASt = 0 between the two ODT formulations (p = 0.106) without water. Higher VASt = 0 and VASt = 2–5 scores were reported for L-PZQ ODT compared with Rac-PZQ ODT in older children (p = 0.046 and p = 0.026, respectively). The VASt = 0 and VASt = 2–5 were higher for both ODT formulations compared with the standard formulation (p<0.001 for both time points). No serious adverse events were reported.Conclusions/SignificanceThe new paediatric-friendly formulations dispersed in water were both found to be more palatable than the existing standard formulation of PZQ. There may be gender and age effects on the assessment of palatability. Further research is needed for assessing efficacy and tolerability of the newly ODTs Praziquantel drug in younger children.Trial registrationThe trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02315352) and in the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR201412000959159).