Assessment Of Oral Hygiene Research Articles

Effect of malocclusion severity on oral health and its correlation with socioeconomical status in Iranian adolescents

BackgroundThis study aimed to assess the effect of malocclusion severity according to the Index of Treatment Need (IOTN) on oral health (dental caries and gingivitis), and its correlation with socioeconomic status (SES) in Iranian adolescents.MethodsThis descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on adolescents between 10 and 16 years in Tehran city, who underwent clinical dental examination. The Dental Health Component (DHC) of the IOTN was used to assess the severity of malocclusion. The DMFT index was calculated to assess dental caries, and the gingival index (GI) was calculated for gingival health assessment. For oral hygiene assessment, the Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) was calculated, and a questionnaire was used.ResultsTotally, 306 adolescents participated in this study. The frequency of IOTN grades was 88 (28.8%), 89 (26.1%) ,49 (16%), 60 (19.6%), and 29 (9.5%) for grades 1 to 5, respectively. The multinomial logistic regression showed that by an increase in OHI-S score, the odds of having IOTN grade 4 compared to grade 1 increased. Postgraduate parental level of education decreased the odds of having IOTN grade 4 compared to grade 1. Furthermore, there was an inverse correlation between oral hygiene practice and the odds of having IOTN grade 5 compared to grade 1.ConclusionsMalocclusion may hinder oral hygiene practice, and resultantly increase plaque accumulation. This risk may be amplified in children with lower SES, highlighting the need for preventive and educational oral health programs.

A Study of Factors Contributing to the Nutritional Status of Elderly People Receiving Home Care.

(1) Background: Nutrition is a critical aspect of health and well-being in the elderly population, as physiological changes associated with aging can impact nutrient utilization and dietary needs. The aim of this study was the assessment of nutritional screening and associated factors among community-dwelling elderly people. (2) Methods: This study is the first phase of an intervention trial of people aged 65 years and over who received primary health services and resided in the municipality of Archanes Asterousia in Crete, Greece. Nutritional risk was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Diet-related factors were analyzed, including health status (oral hygiene, depression, cognitive decline, impaired functioning, quality of life), social factors (educational attainment, marital status, type of work before 60 years), and lifestyle factors (smoking, drinking, diet). (3) Results: A total of 730 elderly people were evaluated (males, 31.5%), with an average age (±SD) of 76.83 (±6.68) years. MNA was found to have a statistically significant connection with assessment of oral hygiene, mental state, Charlson comorbidity, functional independence (assessed with the Barthel scale), and quality of life. The exception was geriatric depression (GDS), with which no statistically significant association was found (p > 0.05). Nutritional risk analysis revealed 379 participants (51.9%) to be adequately nourished, 205 (28.1%) to be at risk of malnutrition, and 146 (20.0%) to be malnourished. (4) Conclusions: These results clearly demonstrated the key factors that contribute to the nutritional screening of elderly people and need to be addressed by health authorities and social services.

Risk factors for Early Childhood Caries in Italian preschoolers: A cross-sectional analysis.

Early childhood caries (ECC) represent a relevant public health issue in paediatric population globally. The current study aimed to investigate the main risk factors of this condition. This is a cross-sectional study carried out at the Child Dentistry Clinics of the Istituto Stomatologico Italiano, Milan, Italy, including patients aged 12-71 months and their parents. Demographical data, anthropometric measurements, oral hygiene and health assessment, and children's eating habits were collected. Our findings, according to recommendations, suggest that the prevention of ECC needs to begin in infancy. Oral health providers, physicians, nurses, and other health care personnel play an important role in educating parents about their child's oral and dental care and food choices.

Assessment of dental hard tissues and periodontium in children with hemophilia

Relevance. Children suffering from hemophilia primarily receive dental care when they present with acute tooth pain or exacerbation of an existing condition. Due to the rarity (orphan nature) of hereditary coagulopathies, dentists often lack the experience and knowledge to utilize modern methods of prevention and treatment for this patient category. Additionally, the lack of regular dental check-ups for children with hemophilia often leads to a high level of oral morbidity and a need for specific treatments, as indicated by literature data.Materials and methods. The primary methods used to assess oral health in children with hemophilia included detailed questioning, detection of carious lesions in dental hard tissues, assessment of oral hygiene, and the condition of periodontal tissues.Results. Among pediatric patients with hemophilia, poor oral hygiene was associated with a high prevalence of carious lesions (100%) and very high caries intensity values (8.8, ranging from 7 to 11). Additionally, there was a relatively high prevalence of gingival inflammation, accompanied by pronounced gingival bleeding. A direct correlation was identified between the level of oral hygiene and the degree of gingival bleeding in children aged 6-17 years with hemophilia. The deterioration of dental indicators corresponded to the severity of hemophilia, the primary disease in these children.Conclusion. The study demonstrated that pediatric patients with hemophilia, particularly those with moderate to severe forms, had significantly worse indicators of oral hygiene, dental hard tissues, and gingival health compared to generally healthy children. The results indicate the necessity for dental monitoring and rehabilitation for children with hemophilia to detect and effectively treat oral diseases at early stages.

Assessment of oral hygiene and quality of life in rehabilitated patients with fixed parcial dentures.

Analyze the influence of oral hygiene guidance for the maintenance of fixed partial dentures (FPD) and the influence of this treatment on the quality of life (QL) of rehabilitated patients. The Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) and Bleeding on Probing Index (BOP) methods was employed to evaluate oral hygiene (OH), and the OHIP-14 questionnaire to assessment QL. The sample consisted of 33 patients (26 females and 7 males, mean age 51.53 years) in treatment with FPD. The OH and QL assessments were conducted in temporary FPD placing session and 30 days after definitive cementation. R e s u l t s: OHI-S and BOP showed increasing results (p <0.05) comparing initial and final assessments. There was a negative correlation between OHI-S and BOP, in both periods of analysis. The OHIP-14 showed a significant result according to the Likert scale scores, with an impact reduction from 9.33 to 0.57. It was concluded that FPD rehabilitations need of properly oral hygiene guidance, that could be influence on oral health status. In addition, the FPD rehabilitation improved the QL of the patients.

Assessment of oral hygiene and quality of life of children with autism spectrum disorder and their caregivers: an observational clinical study.

This study aimed to evaluate the degrees of dependence and presence of bacterial plaque in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the quality of life of children and their caregivers. This was a cross-sectional observational study. This study included 119 individuals with ASD and their caregivers. Data were collected through a sociodemographic questionnaire, WHOQOL-Bref, and Burden interview to measure quality of life and caregiver burden, respectively. The Autoquestionnaire Qualité de Vie Enfant Imagé questionnaire, adapted in game format, was applied to verify quality of life in children with ASD. An oral clinical examination evaluated the visible plaque index. The collected data were tabulated and organized for statistical analysis with a significance level of 5%. It was observed that 52% of the children had a severity of ASD level 1; 70% were dependent for general activities, and 65% were dependent for oral hygiene. Of the 77 children who thoroughly answered the questionnaire about their quality of life, 64.9% had good quality of life, and 35.1% had scores below 48, that is, low quality of life. In general, the caregivers generally presented quality of life with a rate of 60.95 (good) points on the scale. It was observed that gingival bleeding greater than 30% is two (ASD 2 + ASD 3) to three (ASD 3) times more likely to occur in patients who have higher levels of ASD (P < .004). It was concluded that the quality of life of individuals with ASD was good, that most children are dependent for their daily activities and oral hygiene, and that they showed reasonable plaque control. On the other hand, the caregivers presented low quality of life and moderate burden.

Periodontal changes induced by fixed orthodontic therapy.

Orthodontic therapy is a complex process involving a series of specialists in the dental field: the oral-maxillo-facial surgeon, the periodontologist, sometimes even the prosthetist, implantologist, or general practitioners. The injuries of the oral mucosa induced by orthodontic therapy include gingival overgrowths, traumatic lesions of the oral mucosa, different degrees of periodontal damage manifested by gingival retraction, alveolar bone resorption. From a total of 327 subjects who came to the Dental Clinic in Craiova 74 subjects were selected, who presented with gingival overgrowth associated with fixed orthodontic therapy. Subjects' age ranged from 14 to 56 years and experienced bleeding and gingival discomfort as well as alterations in physiognomic function. None of the patients included in the study have systemic diseases and are not under medical treatment. The clinical and statistical study took place between May 2022 and December 2023. Each patient was given a personal record containing personal data as well as oral and systemic health status. The examination of the periodontal status aimed at the evaluation of the following indices: assessment of oral hygiene using the OHI-S index and the O'Leary plaque index, assessment of superficial periodontal status using the Löe/Silness gingival inflammation index, periodontometry was performed in order to determine the depth of periodontal pockets, the level of gingival insertion, and the McGaw gingival overgrowth index. OHI-S index comprises two elements: the Debris Index and the Calculus Index. The purpose of our study is to present the incidence of cases of gingival overgrowth induced by fixed orthodontic therapy and to highlight how certain irritating factors can exacerbate the symptoms of gingival overgrowth of orthodontic etiology. The majority of patients were female, aged between 30 and 55 years. Most clinically examined patients have presented with Grade II gingival hyperplasia. Factors that have exacerbated the symptoms of orthodontically induced gingival overgrowth include: incorrectly adapted prosthetic restorations, unpolished massive coronal fillings, root remnants, bacterial plaque, and tartar. Clinical examination of the oral cavity revealed the presence of gingival inflammation (localized or generalized), simple or complicated, treated and untreated odontal lesions, and coronal fillings made of light-curing composite material of significant size, being unfinished and unpolished, sometimes with sharp edges directly injuring the adjacent gingival mucosa, marginally incorrectly adapted prosthetic works. In the case of child and adolescent patients, significant amounts of bacterial plaque and tartar buildup were observed. In most of the cases examined, it was observed that the gingival overgrowth had a firm consistency, pinkish-reddish colour and gingival bleeding was evident during probing. Gingival overgrowth caused by orthodontics induces a number of important periodontal changes. It is worth noting that gingival overgrowth induced by fixed orthodontic therapy, in most of the cases examined, co-exists with favouring factors that amplify its severity. In our study, the favouring factors were bacterial plaque and calculus accumulation, sharp-edged odontal lesions, marginally ill-fitting prosthetic restorations or massive unfinished crown fillings. Therefore, removing the contributing factors can help improve the symptoms but also to reverse the inflammatory phenomena.

Assessment of Oral Hygiene and Gingival Health Condition and their Relationship with Some Salivary Variables among Boxers

Background: Background oral hygiene means the degree of cleanliness of the oral cavity. Good oral hygiene is necessary to prevent common oral diseases. Objectives: to evaluate the relation of some salivary variables to oral hygiene and gingival health conditions among Iraqi boxers. Subjects and Methods: There was a cross-sectional comparative study. The total sample consisted of 80 males, including 40 male boxing players with weights ranging from (46-60 kg) attending different sports clubs for boxers in Baghdad (study group). And 40 male school students from some schools in Baghdad (comparative groups), ages ranging from (15-16) years old. This study was conducted from January-2022 to the end of May -2022. The unstimulated salivary analysis included samples collected flow rate, pH, and Minerals (calcium and phosphate) and salivary immunoglobulin A. After that, the clinical Assessment of gingival disease, calculus and plaque were assessed. Results: The results demonstrate that plaque and calculus are higher in the study group than in the control with a significant difference in plaque index and no significant difference in calculus. Concerning correlations, a weak negative significant correlation between flow rate and plaque index in control weakens the negative significance between Gingival index and PH, while other results are insignificant. Also, Findings show a weak negative significant correlation between plaque index and salivary IgA and a weak negative significant correlation between Gingival index and calcium and phosphorous in control. Conclusions: In conclusion, boxer players were associated with high gingival index, calculus and plaque index compared to control groups.

INDEX ASSESSMENT OF PERIODONTAL TISSUE AND ORAL HYGIENE OF PATIENTS AT THE PREOPERATIVE STAGE OF TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS II-III DEGREE

A significant concern in modern dentistry is the increasing prevalence of periodontitis among the Ukrainian population. At present, there is a high frequency of diagnosis for initial-І degree and II-degree periodontitis in our country. However, a comprehensive comparative chronological analysis of index evaluation of periodontal tissues before the beginning of surgical treatment of generalized periodontitis of II and III degree of severity and after its completion has not yet been carried out, which determined the relevance of this study. Therefore, this study aims to address this gap in the literature.&#x0D; The aim of the study was to evaluate the state of periodontal tissues of patients at the preoperative stage of generalized periodontitis ІІ-ІІІІ degree treatment using periodontal and hygienic indices.&#x0D; Materials and Methods. Analysis of periodontal indices (PMA, PBI, Rtg-index, HEC, and tooth mobility&#x0D; score) was performed in 39 patients with GP II degree and 21 patients with GP III degree. Assessment of oral cavity hygiene by the OHI-S index was performed in patients with GP II-III degree and compared with data from 30 practically healthy people without dental diseases. The classification of M.F. Danilevsky (1994) with the additions of I.S. Mashchenko (2002) was used to evaluate the condition of periodontal tissues. Statistical processing of the research results was carried out using the software packages for statistical analysis of data from biomedical research “Microsoft Excel” and “Statistica”.&#x0D; Results and Discussion. As a result of the study, it was found that the values of periodontal indices: PMA ranged from 49.90±2.28% in patients with GP II degree to 64.25±3.22% in patients with GP III degree, p&lt;0.01; PBI in patients with GP III degree was 1.2 times lower than in patients with GP II degree (2.39±0.05 points vs. 2.86±0.07 points, p&lt;0.01; tooth mobility in patients with GP II degree was 2.00±0.10 points and was 1.5 times lower than in patients with GP III degree (2. 98±0.13 points), p&lt;0.01; the value of HEC in patients with GP III degree was 1.5 times higher than in patients with GP II degree (3.57±0.10 mm vs. 2.45±0.08 mm, p&lt;0.01); the values of Rtg-index in patients with GP ranged from 2.45±0.08 points in patients with GP II degree to 1.49±0.06 points in patients with GP III degree. According to the OHI-S index, in the control group and in patients with GP II degree, the values of the analyzed parameter were 1.82±0.13 points and 2.26±0.14 points, p&lt;0. 05, while in patients with GP III degree the value of OHI-S index (2.92±0.16 points) corresponded to poor hygiene of oral cavity and exceeded the value in the control group by 1.6 times, p&lt;0.01, and in patients with GP II degree by 1.3 times, p1&lt;0.01.&#x0D; Conclusions. Thus, the need for comprehensive treatment of GP II-III degree was emphasized by high index scores of periodontal indices, which in patients with GP III degree were significantly higher compared with similar data in patients with GP II degree, p&lt;0.01. The assessment of the hygienic state of the oral cavity in patients of both the comparison group and patients with advanced forms of GP degree the need to strengthen and improve individual, professional and motivational measures in this cohort of subjects.

Dental health in the adult population of Arkhangelsk: а study protocol

BACKGROUND: The Arkhangelsk region is characterized by a high prevalence and intensity of dental diseases among adults, but most of the studies were either hospital-based or used small samples with questionable representativeness.&#x0D; AIM: This article is a protocol of an original study, the purpose of which is to assess the dental status and its association with somatic health in a representative sample of the adult population of Arkhangelsk.&#x0D; MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 2022, a cross-sectional study “Prevalence of dental pathology among the population of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (using the example of Arkhangelsk) and associated characteristics of the microbiome of the intestine and the respiratory tract” (hereinafter referred to as the dental study) was conducted in Arkhangelsk. The dental study was a part of the study “Molecular and genetic markers of the response to coronavirus infection and changes in the human microbiota and metabolome during the COVID-19 pandemic” (hereinafter referred to as the study on the effects of COVID-19). Data collection for the study was carried out from October 3 to November 10, 2022 at the Northern State Medical University. The study involved 463 adults aged 42–76 years living in the city of Arkhangelsk, representing a random sample of the adult population who had previously taken part in the “Know Your Heart” project in 2015–2017. All participants were asked to undergo an additional dental examination. The response rate was 91.6%. The dental examination included a questionnaire, assessment of dental status as recommended by the World Health Organization (2013), assessment of oral hygiene and gum inflammation, dental aesthetic index (DAI), collection of gingival fluid, autofluorescence stomatoscopy (AFS), examination by an orthodontist with periotestometry, performing a photo protocol, conducting biometrics of plaster models. When indicated, participants were asked to undergo an in-depth diagnostic to identify orthodontic pathology, namely, teleradiography and a cone-beam computed tomography.&#x0D; EXPECTED RESULTS: The proposed study using validated instruments and a representative sample has a major strength in providing unbiased assessment of the prevalence of oral health conditions in Arkhangelsk in the studied age group. Moreover, the material collected in this study has a potential to provide a unique opportunity to assess the associations between dental health and somatic health, lifestyle, microbiota, and metabolome since the data on the abovementioned characteristics were collected during the other projects and stored in a biobank.

Clinical evaluation of Artificial Intelligence Driven Remote Monitoring technology for assessment of patient oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment

This study aimed to clinically evaluate the accuracy of Dental Monitoring's (DM) artificial intelligence (AI) image analysis and oral hygiene notification algorithm in identifying oral hygiene and mucogingival conditions. Twenty-four patients seeking orthodontic therapy were monitored by DM oral hygiene protocol during their orthodontic treatment. During the bonding appointment and at each of 10 subsequent adjustment visits, a total of 232 clinical oral examinations were performed to assess the presence of the 3 oral hygiene parameters that DM monitors. In each clinical timepoint, the subjects took an oral DM scan and received a notification regarding their current oral status at that moment in time. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, andnegative predictive value were calculated to evaluate AI and clinical assessment of plaque, gingivitis, and recession. A total of 232 clinical time points have been evaluated clinically and by the DM AI algorithm. For DM's AI detection of plaque and calculus, gingivitis, and recession, the sensitivity was 0.53, 0.35, and 0.22; the specificity was 0.94, 0.96, and 0.99; and the accuracy was 0.60, 0.49, and 0.72, respectively. DM's oral hygiene notification algorithm has low sensitivity, high specificity, and moderate accuracy. This indicates a tendency of DM to underreport the presence of plaque, gingivitis, and recession.

Assessment Of Oral Hygiene In Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Treatment

Assessment Of Oral Hygiene In Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Treatment

Evaluation of Periodontal Status in Female Patients with Endometriosis: A Protocol for a Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Periodontal medicine indicates a strong relationship between Periodontal Health (PH) or disease and ‘systemic health.’ Although Periodontal Disease (PD) is quite distant from the area affected by endometriosis, both conditions share a similar pathogenesis. Both endometriosis and PD are chronic inflammatory diseases that occur more commonly in patients with systemic disorders. Moreover, significant alterations in immune modulators have been shown to occur in both diseases. Need for the Study: The research is to evaluate the correlation between endometriosis and PH for early diagnosis, treatment planning, and prevention of long-term sequelae. Aim: To evaluate the PH status in female patients with endometriosis. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study will be carried out in the Department of Periodontics, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Sawangi (M), Wardha, Maharashtra, India from September 2023 to March 2024, involving 384 participants (192 patients diagnosed with endometriosis and 192 controls). Assessment of oral hygiene, plaque accumulation, gingival status, Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), Gingival Recession (GR), and other factors will be measured to evaluate the PH of the patients.

Perceptions of care-dependent older people in nursing homes about their oral health and oral care

Background: Oral health is associated with general health but often remains neglected in residential care settings. Integration of oral care into general care is necessary, but literature shows that appropriate oral care is hampered by multiple barriers. Among older people, attitudes towards oral health and oral care are poor, as they are often unaware of the importance of oral health. The lack of ability to perform their own oral care, due to ageing, is also a perceived barrier. This study is part of research on the implementation of the new Oral Health Section (OHS) in the interRAI assessment of general care needs of nursing home residents. The aim of the study is to identify older people’s experiences with their own oral health, with the oral care performed, their perception of the importance of oral care, as well as their meaning about the assessment of their oral health using. &#x0D; Setting and participants: Care-dependent older people living in 3 Flemish nursing homes. &#x0D; Methods: In-depth interviews were performed and the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life 14 (OHIP-14) instrument was completed. This validated instrument measures the degree of self-rated oral health and satisfaction with the oral health status. The OHS was also filled out, which assesses whether they need assistance with daily oral hygiene care (Oral Hygiene CAP) and whether they need to be referred to a dentist (Dentist CAP). Interviews were coded, validated and discussed by 2 researchers and analysed in the software Nvivo1.7.&#x0D; Results: A total of 22 care-dependent older people were interviewed. The mean age of the sample was 84.5 (± 8.2 SD) and 63.6% were female. A total of 11 participants (50%) had no teeth but wore dentures; the others still had their natural teeth. The mean score of the OHIP-14 was 3.9 (range 0-56), indicating good scores for oral health-related quality of life. All older people who still had their natural teeth found it important to keep them in the future. Most older people were satisfied with their own oral health (81.8%), although, according to the results of the CAPs, 86.4% of them scored poorly on the assessment of oral hygiene and 68.2% needed immediate referral to a dentist. This shows that older people tend to overestimate their own oral health and are often satisfied, despite having several oral health problems.&#x0D; Conclusions/implications: The study provided information about the perceptions and experiences of older people regarding their oral health and oral care. Learning about their experiences and perceptions can help to identify their wishes and needs, making it possible to improve daily oral care and proactively develop strategies to provide effective dental care for the future older population. Policy makers can use these results to foster the integration of oral care guidelines into care protocols within nursing homes, as well as support collaboration with dentists and dental hygienists within care facilities.

Oral Hygiene Habits and Dental Caries Status in Thalassaemic Patients of Larkana: A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Thalassemia, a prevalent blood disorder in Larkana, poses significant challenges to oral health. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the dental caries status and oral hygiene habits in thalassemia patients, addressing a crucial aspect of their overall health management. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the status of dental caries and oral hygiene habits among thalassemia patients in Larkana. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Fatmid Foundation Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Thalassaemia Centre, Larkana, from October 2020 to May 2022. Oral examinations were performed using a mouth mirror and a blunt ball-ended probe with a 0.5 mm end diameter. Dental caries were diagnosed following World Health Organization criteria, and Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) was employed for oral hygiene assessment. Data collection included demographic details and oral hygiene practices, analyzed using SPSS Version 24. Results: The study comprised 52% male and 48% female participants, with a mean age of 11.61±4.561 years. Dental caries were observed in 73% of the patients. The Oral Hygiene Index score (p = .112) and DMFT Score (p = .837) revealed no significant gender differences. Conclusion: The study concludes that thalassemia patients in Larkana exhibit poor oral hygiene, with a high prevalence of dental caries. These findings underscore the need for targeted oral hygiene education and caries prevention strategies in this patient population.

Стан гігієни порожнини рота, тканин пародонта та оцінка дрібної моторики рук у дітей, хворих на дитячий церебральний параліч

Children with cerebral palsy often face difficulties in controlling their own movements and coordinating muscle activities, making even simple tasks such as individual oral hygiene challenging to perform. Purpose - to assess the index of individual oral hygiene and periodontal tissue condition, development of fine motor skills in children with cerebral palsy to determine the quality of tooth brushing. Materials and methods. The study included 34 children aged 8-12 years with cerebral palsy. The oral hygiene status was determined clinically and using the Fedorov-Volodkina oral hygiene index. The periodontal tissue condition was assessed using the PMA index, the bleeding index by Muhlleman, and the periodontal index. The level of fine motor skills development was assessed using the Motor Giftedness Scale by N.I. Ozeretskyi and special techniques with tasks of different content. Results. The indicators of the level of development and individual components of motor functions, including fine motor skills of the hands in children with cerebral palsy according to the Motor Giftedness Scale by N.I. Ozeretskyi, were 6.67±1.16 points, and 3.12±1.10 and 2.10±0.03 points according to special techniques with tasks of different content. The assessment of oral hygiene using the Fedorov-Volodkina index showed that only 8.82% of cases were rated as «good» «satisfactory» in 26.47% of cases, and «unsatisfactory» in 64.71% of cases. The qualitative assessment of the oral hygiene index showed an average score of 2.5±0.02 points. The PMA index in children with cerebral palsy was 41.67%, bleeding index was 1.47±0.01, and periodontal index was 1.21±0.09. Conclusions. The results of the study showed that due to the impaired development of fine motor skills of the hands in children with cerebral palsy, mechanical cleaning of teeth from dental plaque is complicated, which negatively affects oral hygiene and periodontal tissue condition. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the institution mentioned in the work. Informed consent from the children’s parents was obtained for the research. No conflict of interests was declared by the author.

Oral hygiene condition in middle-aged patients with colonic diseases before surgery

Relevance. An increasing number of patients with colonic diseases requiring hospitalization and surgical treatment, late presentation to specialists, and the gradual ageing of the population are factors, which adversely affect the treatment outcome. In this regard, intensification is necessary yet at the disease prevention stage.Materials and methods. The study included 45 patients with colonic diseases (CD) aged 46 to 59 years (26 men and 19 women) and the control group (CG) - 20 patients (10 men and 10 women) of the same age without gastrointestinal comorbidities. After the principal dental examination of the patient, we assessed the oral hygiene condition using the Oral Hygiene Index – Green – Vermillion Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) (1964).Results. Our analysis of the oral hygiene level, determined using the OHI-s (Green-Vermillion index), showed a higher index score among patients with colon problems than in CG. The oral hygiene assessment showed poor oral hygiene condition on average, according to the Green-Vermillion index, in the group of middle-aged patients with large-intestine diseases.Conclusion. Patients with large-intestine diseases are recommended to strengthen the complex of oral care and regularly visit a dentist to avoid untimely detection and progression of oral diseases in these patients.

Effects of perceived vs actual frequency of rewards on orthodontic patient attitudes and compliance.

To examine the longitudinal association of different reward schedules on patient compliance (as measured by oral hygiene assessments). The cross-sectional associations of actual vs perceived rewards frequency on patient attitudes were also examined. 138 patients undergoing treatment at a university orthodontic clinic were surveyed to collect information on perceived frequency of rewards, likelihood of making patient referrals, and attitudes toward reward programs and orthodontic treatment. Oral hygiene assessment from the most recent appointment and actual frequency of rewards were obtained from patient charts. Among participants, 44.9% were male, age ranged from 11 to 18 (mean = 14.9 ± 1.7) years; treatment time ranged from 9 to 56 (mean = 23.2 ± 9.8) months. Mean perceived frequency of rewards was 48% while actual frequency of rewards was 19.6%. There were no significant differences in attitudes by actual reward frequency (P > .10). However, those who perceived always receiving rewards were significantly more likely to have more positive opinions of reward programs (P = .004 and P = .024). Age- and treatment-time adjusted analyses showed that always receiving actual rewards was associated with odds of good oral hygiene 3.8 times (95% CI = 1.13, 13.09) higher than those never/rarely receiving actual rewards, but there was no association between perceived rewards and odds of good oral hygiene. Actual and perceived reward frequencies were significantly and positively correlated (r = 0.40, P < .001). It is beneficial to give rewards to patients as often as possible to maximize compliance (as shown by hygiene ratings) and foster positive attitudes.

Assessment of Oral Hygiene, Gingival, and Periodontal Health, and Teeth Eruption among Type 1 Diabetic Saudi Children.

To determine the differences between type 1 diabetic children and healthy children regarding oral hygiene, gingival and periodontal health, and permanent teeth eruption.Materials and methods: A case-control study was conducted on 80 children (40 type 1 diabetic children and 40 healthy children) aged 6-12-year-old. The groups were further divided into subgroups (early and late mixed dentition). All study aspects were examined clinically using the simplified oral hygiene index, Löe and Silness gingival index, clinical attachment loss (CAL), and Logan and Kronfeld stages for tooth eruption. The data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test, chi-squared test, and logistic regression models. A p-value of ≤0.05 was the threshold for statistical significance. No significant difference was found between diabetic and healthy children regarding oral hygiene and gingival health. Most children had poor oral hygiene (52.5% in the case group and 60% in the control group), with fair gingival health (70% in the case group and 55% in the control group). Diabetic children had significantly (p = 0.05) more periodontitis than healthy children. Teeth in the advanced stage of the eruption were significantly higher in diabetic than control subjects (p = 0.048 in stage V and p = 0.003 in stage VI). Older diabetic children in late mixed dentition exhibited accelerated eruption. Periodontitis was significantly more common in diabetic than in healthy children. The advanced stage of the eruption was significantly higher in diabetic than in control subjects. Type 1 diabetic children had more periodontal disease and advanced stage of permanent teeth eruption compared to healthy children. Therefore, periodic dental evaluation and a strong preventive plan for diabetic children is crucial. Mandura RA, El Meligy OA, Attar MH, et al. Assessment of Oral Hygiene, Gingival, and Periodontal Health, and Teeth Eruption among Type 1 Diabetic Saudi Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(6):711-716.

The Effectiveness of Electric Toothbrushes and Conventional Toothbrushes in Reducing Plaque Scores on School-Aged Children with Mental Impairment: Pilot Study

Introduction: Improving the quality of life of children is one of the goals of the health development program. The growth of children’s health is not discriminated against in this scenario. All children with special needs or impairments are covered by child health services, whether at Special Schools (SS), other institutions, or in the community. This study aimed to evaluated the effectiveness of using an electric toothbrushes, compared to conventional toothbrushes, in the reduction of dental plaque score. Methods: This study was designed as a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. All school-aged children with mental impairment in SS Jambi City, Indonesia were included in this study. Overall, 20 children were assigned to the intervention group (n=10) and to the control group (n=10). The Personal Hygiene Performance-Modified (PHP-M) was used to examine plaque index for the assessment of dental and oral hygiene. Results: In the pretest-posttest, mean difference values in plaque scores were statistically significant in both the intervention (19.50±3.89, p&lt;0.009) and control (17.90±1.61, p&lt;0.001) groups. A statistically significant reductions was showed in mean post-test plaque index (p&lt;0.001) in the intervention group compared to the control group (14.50 ±7.83; 32.80± 13.14, respectively). Conclusion: When compared to conventional toothbrushes, electric toothbrushes are more effective in reducing plaque scores in mentally retarded children at SS Jambi City.