Assessment Of Genetic Diversity Research Articles

Molecular assessment of genetic diversity of Tanzanian and aflatoxin-resistant maize (Zea mays. L) accessions

Molecular assessment of genetic diversity of Tanzanian and aflatoxin-resistant maize (Zea mays. L) accessions

Unlocking the potential of rice for thermotolerance using simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker-based assessment of genetic variability and population structure

Unlocking the potential of rice for thermotolerance using simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker-based assessment of genetic variability and population structure

Assessing Genetic Variability in Cowpea Yield Components and Seed Quality Parameters; A Comprehensive Review

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) is an important leguminous crop with significant economic and nutritional value. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the genetic diversity observed in cowpea populations with a focus on yield components and seed quality parameters. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a crucial legume crop known for its nutritional value and adaptability to various agroecological conditions. Understanding the genetic variability within cowpea populations is essential for crop improvement programs aimed at enhancing yield components and seed quality parameters. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the methods used to assess genetic variability in cowpea, focusing specifically on yield components such as plant height, pod length, and seed weight, as well as seed quality parameters including protein content, amino acid composition, and mineral nutrient levels. Various factors influencing genetic variability in cowpea, such as domestication history, breeding systems, and environmental factors, are discussed. The implications of genetic variability for cowpea breeding and the development of improved varieties with enhanced yield and nutritional quality are also examined. Overall, this review highlights the importance of genetic variability assessment in cowpea for sustainable agriculture and food security.

Genetic diversity assessment in medicinal herb Swertia Speciosa (Wall.Ex.D.Don) of higher himalayan region

Genetic diversity assessment in medicinal herb Swertia Speciosa (Wall.Ex.D.Don) of higher himalayan region

Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) in the coastal region of Karaikal, India

Genetic divergence among 25 brinjal genotypes for 13 characters was evaluated in a breeding programme aimed at improving yield potential by using Mahalanobis D2 statistics. The genotypes were grouped into six clusters suggesting considerable amount of genetic diversity in the study material. The cluster I had constituted maximum of 17 genotypes followed by cluster II which had three genotypes and cluster IV with two genotypes. The cluster III, cluster V and cluster VI each had one genotype. The intra-cluster D2 value ranged from 0.00 to 61.67 and the inter-cluster D2 value ranged from 89.49 to 343.51. The maximum intra-cluster distance of 61.67 was exhibited by the cluster I followed by cluster IV and cluster III, V, VI. The inter cluster distance was found to be high between cluster II and IV followed by cluster IV and V, cluster II and VI and cluster II and V. The contribution of different characters towards divergence indicated that, fruit yield per plant contributed the maximum percentage of 79.00 towards genetic divergence followed by individual fruit weight (8.00 percent) and number of fruits per cluster (3.00 percent). Thus, it indicated that the genotypes from cluster IV (fruit yield per plant), cluster VI (individual fruit weight) and cluster IV (number of fruits cluster-1) could be selected for crop improvement in brinjal as they recorded higher cluster mean values for traits contributing maximum towards genetic divergence.

Advances in Breeding for Oil Quality Enhancement in Indian Mustard (Brassica spp. L.): Achievements, Challenges, and Research Opportunities

Major objectives in oil crop improvement are enhancement of seed and oil yield, quality of oil according to its use, i.e. edible or industrial uses, breeding of varieties that fit in different cropping systems and breeding biotic and abiotic stress resistant/tolerant varieties. Despite traditional breeding approaches, including pure line breeding, yielding only modest gains in productivity, recent advancements in mustard breeding have led to significant breakthroughs in both productivity and oil quality. This review discusses the innovative breeding strategies that have contributed to these advancements, with a focus on hybrid development, oil quality enhancement, and biotechnological approaches. To enhance productivity, researchers at the University of Delhi have developed hybrid seed production techniques using transgenic Barnase-barstar systems and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems. These systems enable large-scale hybrid seed production, with field trials demonstrating significant yield heterosis ranging from 31% to 55% compared to national check varieties. In addition to productivity, improving oil and meal quality has been a key objective. By integrating genes from canola-quality mustard lines, breeders have achieved reductions in erucic acid and glucosinolates, enhancing the health profile and industrial applicability of mustard oil. A high-density linkage map developed using an F1 double haploid mapping population has facilitated the marker-assisted backcross breeding of desirable traits, enabling precise transfer of key quality traits. Transgenic approaches, such as antisense RNA technology, have led to the development of high-oleic, low-linoleic mustard lines with improved fatty acid profiles. These advancements reflect a strategic combination of conventional and biotechnological methods, demonstrating a clear pathway for boosting mustard yields while enhancing oil quality. Molecular markers reported for genetic diversity assessment, mapping and tagging genes/QTLs for different qualitative and quantitative traits and their use in marker-assisted selection have been presented. This progress not only addresses current challenges but also sets the stage for future research aimed at further optimizing productivity, oil quality, and resistance to pests and diseases in mustard cultivation.

Unlocking Genetic Diversity and Germplasm Characterization with Molecular Markers: Strategies for Crop Improvement

Molecular markers have emerged as the most useful tools in assessment of genetic diversity and characterizing germplasm, for crop improvement. This review paper comprehensively analyzes the applications of molecular markers in diversity analysis and germplasm characterization. It underscores the significance of genetic diversity as the bedrock for plant breeding programs, enabling the development of improved varieties with desirable attributes such as higher yields, stress tolerance, and enhanced nutritional profiles. The paper provides an overview of various types of molecular markers, including hybridization-based markers (e.g., RFLPs) and PCR-based markers (e.g., RAPDs, AFLPs, SSRs, and SNPs). It discusses marker selection strategies, emphasizing the consideration of factors like polymorphism, informativeness, and the potential for multiplexing and high-throughput genotyping. Diversity analysis techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis methods (UPGMA and Neighbor-Joining), and population structure analysis (model-based approaches like STRUCTURE), are detailed. These methods enable the assessment of genetic relationships, identification of subpopulations, and selection of diverse parents based on molecular marker data. The review further explores the applications of molecular markers in germplasm management, conservation, and utilization. It discusses the role of markers in targeted introgression of desirable traits from diverse sources, as well as the integration of genotypic and phenotypic data for association mapping, genomic prediction, and selection. Additionally, the paper addresses emerging technologies, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and the integration of molecular markers with other omics data. It also highlights the practical applications and impact of molecular markers in crop improvement programs, including marker-assisted selection (MAS), genomic selection, and the development of genetically modified crops. Finally, the review outlines challenges and future perspectives, including limitations0 of current technologies, the potential of emerging techniques like NGS, and the integration of molecular markers with other omics approaches for a comprehensive understanding of complex traits.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)

The present study on genetic divergence among 33 genotypes in mungbean was carried out using Mahalanobis D2 statistics for yield and its contributing traits, and a total of six clusters were formed. Cluster VI contains the highest number of genotypes (17), followed by clusters I, II, and V with 7, 4, and 3 genotypes, respectively, and clusters III and VI are monogenotypic. The inter-cluster distance was highest between clusters I and VI (250.89) and lowest between clusters I and III (57.74), whereas the intra-cluster distance was highest in cluster IV (63.97) and lowest for clusters III and VI (0.00), which have only one genotype. Cluster III records the highest mean for seed yield per plant, number of pods per plant, and lowest days to maturity, and Cluster VI also records the second highest mean for seed yield per plant, highest seed germination%, speed of germination, and seed viability. The maximum contribution towards genetic diversity was determined by the number of primary branches per plant (12.12%), followed by the number of secondary branches per plant. Genotypes belonging to clusters III and VI may be taken for a hybridization breeding program. Therefore, from the analysis, it was also concluded that genotypes belonging to different clusters separated by a high statistical distance may be used for developing new recombinants and desired traits.

Assessment of Genetic Variability for Nutrient Status in Grain and Leaves of Amaranthus Genotypes

In the present investigation 18 different genotypes of amaranthus were analyzed for nutrient status and noticeable range of major nutrients were reported in leaves and grains. The phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation was maximum for leaf color constituent b* i.e., 63.76 and 63.76 while, minimum in case of leaf moisture i.e., 6.62 and 3.03, respectively. High heritability was observed for all the traits, maximum was recorded for leaf color constituent b* (100%) and minimum was observed for leaf moisture (70.09%). High heritability (h2 = 99.19%) with high genetic advance (GA=73.90%) as percentage of mean was observed for leaf vitamin C, which indicated that additive gene effects were more important for that trait. High genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for leaf color constituent b* (131.34) however, lowest for days to leaf moisture (5.23) which indicates the preponderance of additive genes and selection will be effective for improvement of these traits having high heritability with genetic advance as percent of mean.

Genetic variation of English yew (Taxus baccata L.) in the Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany

AbstractTaxus baccata L. is a highly valuable species with wide distribution but scattered and locally rare occurrence. Human intervention, including forest management practices and fragmentation, can significantly impact the species’ genetic diversity, structure, and dynamics. In this study, we investigated these factors within T. baccata populations in the Bavarian Forest National Park (NP) in Germany and their implications for conservation. We used 13 EST-SSRs to assess the genetic diversity and structure of the population. Our analysis revealed a scarcity of small-diameter trees, indicating limited natural regeneration over time. However, conservation efforts, like selectively removing competitor species and using protective fencing, have improved growth conditions and promoted seedling emergence. The NP’s natural zone has no active management, which is confined to the development and management zones. Genetic diversity assessments revealed high genetic diversity (He: 0.612 and 0.614 for seedlings and adults, respectively) compared to other studies in Taxus baccata, dispelling concerns of significant inbreeding and showcasing a stable genetic structure. However, significant spatial clustering of related individuals (family structures) in both cohorts and low effective population size in the progeny hints at restricted gene flow, necessitating conservation efforts prioritizing safeguarding and promoting natural regeneration in development and management zones. Limited natural regeneration and the recent decrease in effective population size in the NP populations indicate habitat fragmentation and human interventions. Effective population size estimates emphasize the need for diverse conservation strategies. Conservation efforts should prioritize protecting natural regeneration and enhancing gene flow by actively promoting European yew, e.g., by shelterwood cutting, to ensure the long-term viability of T. baccata in the region outside the NP.

Genetic diversity assessment of Trichoderma spp. isolated from various Egyptian locations using its gene sequencing marker, rep-PCR, and their cellulolytic activity

BackgroundThe phylogenetic relationships and phylogeny of twenty-six Trichoderma species collected from various Egyptian locations were investigated. The genetic diversity among the examined isolates was tested using the rep-PCR marker. Trichoderma species were screened for their cellulase activities.ResultsThree isolates demonstrated highly significant FPase activities, namely MNF-MAS-Tricho 1, MNF-MAS-Tricho 2, and MNF-MAS-Tricho 3 (0.50, 0.39, and 0.49 IU ml−1, respectively). MNF-MAS-Tricho1 showed the highest significant CMCase activity (0.80 IU ml−1). Concerning β-glucosidase, MNF-MAS-Tricho 1 was the highest (0.78 IU ml−1), while MNF-MSH-Trich 11 and MNF-MAS-Tricho 15 were the lowest (0.36 IU mL−1). The percentage of polymorphism ranged from 46.15 to 83.33%. (GTG)5 marker produced the greatest number of polymorphic loci (13 loci out of 18 loci) with about 83.33% polymorphism, followed by rep-10 with 69.2% polymorphism. Furthermore, the polymorphism information content (PIC) estimates ranged between 0.285 for Rep-10 and 0.340 for (GTG) 5 with an average of 0.306. The tested primers exhibited high discriminating and resolving powers.ConclusionThe findings of this investigation were used to classify Trichoderma species, evaluate their genetic variability using ITS sequencing, rep-PCR, and measure their cellulase activities. These markers can facilitate more rapid and less complicated studies of Trichoderma population dynamics and evaluate their establishment after release into agricultural environments. The results will help to evaluate the genetic diversity of Trichoderma in future research.

Thymus algeriensis Boiss. et Reut., a north African endemic plant species: genetic diversity and population structure as assessed by molecular markers, a pioneer step for conservation implications.

Thymus algeriensis Boiss. et Reut. is one of the most widespread North African species of the genus Thymus L. The species is subshrub growing primarily in subtropical biome of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. In Tunisia, the plant species is under high pressure of anthropogenic activities including over-collecting. The assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of T. algeriensis is a pioneer step to retrace its evolutionary history and to perform appropriate conservation strategies of the plant species. Seven wild populations growing, widely, in different bioclimatic zones were selected and analysed using two molecular markers systems. Fifteen Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) and fifteen Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSRs) were used to characterize genetically 140 different genotypes. The results showed a high molecular variation within populations and among the studied genotypes. The intra-populations genetic diversity revealed by SSRs was higher (P = 80.95%, Na = 2.143 and He = 0.364) than that based on ISSRs (P = 78.12%, Na = 1.632, He = 0.265 and I = 0.398). As demonstrated by inbreeding coefficients, a significant level of differentiation and a low level of gene flow were detected among studied populations (FST = 0.161 for SSRs and ΦST = 0.197 for ISSRs). Furthermore, the results of ISSRs marker suggest land strips as barriers in population genetic structure. While SSRs marker reflects a relatively structured bioclimatic patterns of studied populations. The Bayesian analysis showed a specific adaptation of populations to local environments. The used molecular markers (ISSRs and SSRs) seem to be effective in deciphering genetic polymorphism of Tunisian genotypes of T. algeriensis. Therefore, the genetic structure of the studied genotypes could constitute a starting point for further conservation, characterization and breeding programs.

Genetic diversity assessment of Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf ex Holmes, a critically endangered and endemic medicinal plant of Kashmir Himalaya, using inter simple sequence repeat markers

Genetic diversity assessment of Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf ex Holmes, a critically endangered and endemic medicinal plant of Kashmir Himalaya, using inter simple sequence repeat markers

Genetic Variability Assessment of Growth Traits and Nutrient Uptake of Populus deltoides under Punjab Conditions

Genetic Variability Assessment of Growth Traits and Nutrient Uptake of Populus deltoides under Punjab Conditions

Assessment of Genetic Diversity among Quantitative Traits of Chickpea Genotypes

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the most important pulse crop providing the livelihood to farmers. India is one of the topmost countries in chickpea production followed by middle-east. Assessment of morphological traits and their genetic diversity will help in increasing production of chickpea. A comprehensive evaluation of 44 distinct chickpea genotypes was conducted during 2020-21 Rabi season at RLBCAU, Jhansi. Utilizing Tocher's method and D2 values, the studied genotypes were meticulously organized into nine non-overlapping clusters, with cluster (I) comprising the most, featuring 17 genotypes, followed by cluster (II) with 12 genotypes. Significant genetic diversity was evident, especially between clusters (IV) and (VI) (2710.13) followed by (V) and (VI) (2565.51), highlighting the diversity among these genotypes. Key contributors to this divergence were 100-seed weight (48.8%), number of secondary branches per plant (26.5%), and seed yield per plant (9%). Cluster (VIII) exhibited higher mean values for days to maturity (140.57), while cluster (VII) had elevated values for the number of pods per plant (84.61). Genotypes like Phule G 171105, RVSSG 81, RLBG 6, GL-16063, and RKG 19-2 emerged as potential contributors to future breeding programs, promising significant hybrid vigour and superior heterotic segregants to advance chickpea genetics.

Morphological Characterization and Assessment of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Genetic based knowledge of different growth traits including morphological, physiological and developmental play’s fundamental role in the improvement of wheat. Genetic divergence allows superior recombinants which are essential in any crop development project. The present investigation was involving forty-four genotypes were assessed for 13 morphological traits undertaken to study the genetic variability, heritability (bs), genetic advance, genetic advance as percent of mean analysis. Among the genotypes, almost all the traits exhibited highly significant variation. The higher extent of genotypic (GCV) as well as phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) were noticed for number of productive tillers per plant and grain yield per plant indicted high degree of variability in these quantitative traits and suggested the possibility of yield improvement through these traits. High heritability (in broad sense) estimates were obtained highest for biological yield per plant, spike length, grain yield per plant, protein content, 1000 grain weight, plant height, productive tillers per plant, days to maturity and spikelets per spike including that these traits are mainly controlled by the genetic factor and selection based on these factors will be rewarding. Moderate estimates of genetic advance were obtained for two traits viz., plant height and biological yield per plant. A suitable combination of these traits can be used for development of high yielding genotypes. For plant height and the number of grains per spike, there was a combination of high heritability and moderate genetic advance. As a result, these qualities are controlled by additive gene action and should be chosen for further development through the use of pedigree breeding.

Assessment of genetic diversity for yield, yield attributes and water use efficiency related traits in groundnut [Arachis hypogaea L.

Assessment of genetic diversity for yield, yield attributes and water use efficiency related traits in groundnut [Arachis hypogaea L.

The complete chloroplast genome assembly of Castanopsis orthacantha Franch. 1899 (Fagaceae) in Southwestern China

Castanopsis orthacantha Franch. 1899 is one representative tree species distributed in the evergreen broad-leaved forests of southwestern China. This species is an important source of timber for manufacturing furniture, floors, and paper. It also plays a significant role in maintaining ecological balance and stability. To help with the genetic diversity assessment of C. orthacantha, we sequenced and assembled the first complete chloroplast genome. The length of the chloroplast genome was 160,588 bp, with a typical quadripartite structure (GenBank accession no. OR900101). The large single-copy (LSC), small single-copy (SSC), and two inverted repeats (IRs) were 90,237 bp, 18,953 bp, and 25,699 bp in length, respectively. We annotated one hundred and thirty genes across the chloroplast genome, including 86 protein-coding genes (79 are unique), 37 tRNA genes (29 are unique), and eight rRNA genes (four are unique). Seventeen genes had one intron, and four were detected with two introns. The maximum likelihood phylogeny suggested that C. orthacantha, C. lamontii, C. sclerophylla, and C. hainanensis formed a clade with a high bootstrap value. This newly sequenced chloroplast genome assembly will aid in the population genetic and phylogenetic studies of Castanopsis species in the future.

Development of miRNA-SSR and target-SSR markers from yield-associate genes and their applicability in the assessment of genetic diversity and association mapping in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-024-01462-z.

Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of carrot accessions with DcSto Intron Length Polymorphism markers

Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure of carrot accessions with <i>DcSto</i> Intron Length Polymorphism markers