Assessment Of Foot Research Articles

Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Education to Support Older Adults with Diabetic Foot Ulcers to Age-in-Place: A Case Series.

The objective of this article is to demonstrate the added value of foot care provided by an RN with foot care training to older adults in their home by focusing on four older adults with diabetic foot ulcers. The RN used a mobile multispectral near-infrared spectroscopy device to enhance the assessment of the diabetic foot ulcers. The Mobile Seniors Wellness Network methodically engaged with English-speaking adults 55 years and older living within a 90-minute radius of the city's community health center. Older adults were referred to the research project through various sources. The participation group included 366 participants with varying holistic healthcare concerns and financial stressors that impacted their ability to age well in place. Over the course of visits by the RN and registered social worker, positive outcomes were facilitated through the collaboration of the participant and the multidisciplinary team, thus enhancing the individual's confidence to remain at home longer. In a time of ongoing provincial health crisis, it may be cost-effective to provide in-home support to those who want to age well in their communities by deploying a Mobile Seniors Wellness Network system throughout the province and enhancing the RN's assessment of feet with a portable and innovative technology tool.

Assessment of Foot In Female Kathak Dancers

Background: Kathak is the art of storytelling and conveying it to the audience in a different way. Now a days kathak is spreading worldwide, and people are learning and chasing the challenges at top level for this the kathak dancers are focusing more and more over the riyaz followed by intense practice. Tatkar is an important component of this dance form which is performed by foot of dancer, commonly called as footwork. The population increasingly demand the repetitive rhythmic movements at ankle joint and to maintain the ankle stability there is requirement of heavy muscle work. This study examines postural deviations in the foot of female kathak dancers. Methods: The design was quantitative descriptive study utilizing Self Made Questionnaire developed specially for the research and foot posture index scale with the navicular drop test. The questionnaire contained questions related years of practice and frequency of practice with the pain associated to lower limb. Results: Percentage of people with normal and supinated conditions for both right and left feet across the different variables. It's notable that the categories for Pronated, Highly Pronated, and Highly Supinated feet were not observed in the datasets. Conclusion: In the present study it is found out that about 80% of total population have no postural changes found out in the foot the reason behind that can be the regular warm up cool down sessions, stretching and much more postural awareness. To avoid the foot problems and postural deviation now a days institutes are taking great warm up and cool down sessions with stretching for at least 1 hour and then startup with the forceful riyaz. Further research is warranted to make standardized warm up and cool down protocols for kathak dancers. KEYWORDS: Tatkar, kathak, Riyaz, Postural changes, footwork.

Comparison between ZOOMit DWI and conventional DWI in the assessment of foot and ankle infection: a prospective study.

The study aimed to compare ZOOMit diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) MRI with conventional DWI MRI for visualizing small bones in the foot, soft tissue abscesses, and osteomyelitis. The cohort consisted of a consecutive series of patients with potential foot and ankle infections referred for MR imaging. Patients were imaged using both conventional and ZOOMit DWI in the same setting. Blinded reads were then conducted in separate settings and independent of known clinical diagnosis by two expert radiologists. The results from the reads were compared statistically using paired t-tests and with biopsy specimen analysis, both anatomopathological and microbiological. There was improvement in fat suppression using ZOOMit sequence compared to conventional DWI (p = .001) with no significant difference in motion artifacts (p = .278). ZOOMit had a higher rate of concordance with pathology findings for osteomyelitis (72%, 31/43 cases) compared with conventional DWI (60%, 26/43 cases). ZOOMit also identified 46 additional small bones of the foot and ankle (405/596, 68.0%) than conventional DWI (359/596, 60.2%). Conventional DWI however exhibited a more negative contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) than ZOOMit (p = 0.001). ZOOMit DWI improves distal extremity proton diffusion assessment and helps visualize more bones in the foot, with less image distortion and improved fat saturation at the expense of reduced CNR. This makes it a viable option for assessing lower extremity infections. This study highlights the novel utilization of ZOOMit diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for the assessment of lower extremity lesions compared to conventional DWI. • Distal extremity diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is often limited. • ZOOMit DWI displayed improved fat suppression with less motion artifacts and better visualization of the lower extremity bones than conventional DWI. • ZOOMit shows decreased contrast-to-noise ratio than conventional DWI.

Footprint analysis in flatfoot assessment

BACKGROUND: A flatfoot is the most common condition in the practice of a pediatric orthopedist. A flatfoot is primarily diagnosed based on the assessment of the degree of the foot flattening. Along with clinical examination, footprint analysis is often used in practice due to the safety of this study and convenience and ease of implementation.
 AIM: This study aimed to determine how much footprints can correlate with the clinical assessment of flatfoot in children and which footprint indices are the most valuable in flatfoot assessment.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included the survey results of 76 children aged 715 years of the St. Petersburg 49th school School of Health for 20212022. In this study, anthropometric data, clinical parameters (value of the heel valgus, arch angle, and Friedland index) and footprint indices and angles (Schwartz and Clarke angle, ChippauxSmirak index, Staheli index, Cavanagh and Rodgers index, and Irwin index) were analyzed. In the study, the average values were calculated, and correlation and regression analyses were performed.
 RESULTS: The footprint parameters did not have moderate and strong correlations with clinical parameters. Footprint parameters that assessed the area of the barefoot zone on the footprints (Irwin index and Cavanagh and Rodgers index) showed statistically significant moderate and strong correlations among plantographic parameters. Among linear and angular footprint parameters, the ChippauxSmirak index showed statistically significant moderate and strong correlations.
 CONCLUSIONS: The footprint criteria weakly correlated with the foot shape criteria in a clinical assessment, which does not allow us to interpolate the footprints data to the clinical evaluation data of the foot. The Cavanagh and Rodgers index, Irwin index, and ChippauxSmirak index had statistically significant moderate and strong correlations with other indices, which makes them more valuable in the assessment of feet according to the footprint analysis.

Reliability of foot posture index (FPI-6) for evaluating foot posture in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Objective: To determine the reliability of FPI-6 in the assessment of foot posture in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Methods: Thirty volunteers with KOA (23 females, 7 males) were included in this study, assessed by two raters and at three different moments. Inter-rater and test-retest reliability were assessed with Cohen's Weighted Kappa (Kw) and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Bland-Altman plots and respective 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were used to assess both inter-rater and test-retest agreement and identify systematic bias. Moreover, the internal consistency of FPI-6 was assessed by Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results: FPI-6 total score showed a substantial inter-rater (Kw = .66) and test-retest reliability (Kw = .72). The six items of FPI-6 demonstrated inter-rater and test-retest reliability varying from fair to substantial (Kw = .33 to .76 and Kw = .40 to .78, respectively). Bland-Altman plots and respective 95% LOA indicated that there appeared no systematic bias and the acceptable agreement of FPI-6 total score for inter-rater and test-retest was excellent. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between each item and the total score of FPI-6, which indicated that FPI-6 had good internal consistency. Conclusion: In conclusion, the reliability of FPI-6 total score and the six items of FPI-6 were fair to substantial. The results can provide a reliable way for clinicians and researchers to implement the assessment of foot posture in patients with KOA.

Reliability and validity of Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) for evaluating foot posture in participants with low back pain

Previous studies have demonstrated that Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) is a valid and moderately reliable tool to evaluate foot posture. However, data about reliability and validity of FPI-6 in the assessment of foot posture in people with low back pain (LBP) is lacking. To investigate reliability and validity of FPI-6 in the assessment of foot posture in people with LBP. Thirty volunteers with LBP, aged 20–64 years, were recruited for the research and assessed by two raters. The data measured by different raters on the same day were used to calculate the inter-rater reliability. The data measured by the same rater on different dates were used to calculate the test–retest reliability. The reliability of FPI-6 was tested with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and absolute reliability with standard error of measurement (SEM), minimal detectable change (MDC) and Bland–Altman analysis. The validity of FPI-6 was tested with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Spearman's correlation coefficients. The FPI-6 indicated excellent inter-rater and test–retest reliability in the evaluation of foot posture in people with LBP (ICC = 0.97 and 0.95). The agreement for inter-rater and test–retest was excellent based on the SEM (SEM = 0.12) and MDC value (MDC = 0.33). Bland–Altman plots showed that there was no significant systematic bias for the agreement on the ground of low mean difference (< 1). The EFA suggested that the fit indices were considered acceptable according to the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) value (KMO = 0.620) and Bartlett's sphericity test (P < 0.01). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between each item and total score of FPI-6 because the Spearman’s correlation coefficient of six items were all > 0.3 (P < 0.01). The inter-rater and test–retest reliability and validity of FPI-6 on people with LBP were proved reliable. It might be considered a reliable and valid adjunctive tool to detect possible changes of foot posture after interventions in patients with LBP.

PERFORMANCE AND DIFFICULTIES OF FAMILY NURSES IN THE PREVENTION OF DIABETIC FOOT

Objectives: To investigate the preventive assessment of the foot in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) performed by nurses from the Family Health Strategy. Method: A descriptive-exploratory study, with a qualitative approach, carried out in Basic Health Units in the urban area of Floriano, state of Piauí, Brazil, with ten nurses from the Family Health Strategy. Data were obtained through remote interviews using a semi-structured script. For data analysis, the content analysis technique proposed by Deslandes et al. was used. Results: From this, the categories “Nurses’ actions in the prevention of diabetic foot” and “Factors that interfere in the preventive assessment of the feet” emerged. The preventive assessment of the feet in diabetic patients is partial, superficial and fragmented. Conclusion: It is necessary to train professionals for the development of preventive assessment of the diabetic foot, as well as the provision of necessary resources for this purpose.

Positron emission tomography: a horse in the musculoskeletal imaging race.

Positron emission tomography (PET) has established itself as a pertinent tool in equine musculoskeletal imaging in the last few years. With the ability to provide functional information regarding both bone and soft tissues, PET has found several clinical applications in horses. PET is currently used in horses as an enhanced bone scan, providing high-resolution 3-dimensional information, in particular for imaging of the racehorse fetlock. Combined with CT and MRI, PET is particularly pertinent in horses for the assessment of subchondral bone and enthesis. The development of a dedicated PET scanner to image the distal limb of horses with standing sedation led to new applications, where PET is used as a first-line advanced imaging tool, in particular for foot, fetlock, and tarsal imaging. A complimentary clinical review of when to seek advanced imaging in equine athletes can be found in the companion Currents in One Health by Garrett in the July 2022 issue of the Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association. The clinical use of PET in human medicine remains mainly focused on oncological imaging; however, numerous small-scale clinical studies have demonstrated valuable applications for musculoskeletal imaging. These include assessment of foot and ankle pain, osteoarthritis of the knee and hip, osteoporosis, response to bisphosphonates, and chronic osteomyelitis. The use of musculoskeletal PET in dogs remains quite limited, but a few studies have recently been published and clinical interest is growing. The available research data and clinical applications between horses, humans, and dogs are currently quite disparate, but all suggest great promises for earlier and more accurate clinical diagnosis, as well as better understanding of pathophysiology and response to treatment. Translating knowledge from a species to another will undoubtedly help further growth of musculoskeletal PET.

Assessment of foot posture changes

The structural complexity of the foot emerges from its varied and precise characteristics. This small structure can adapt to different situations, walking on uneven terrain such as mountainous areas or running on flat ground while keeping the body in balance on small surfaces. For humans, the foot is the basis of support and propulsion during walking and is also involved in providing the support and flexibility needed to achieve efficient weight transfer. Therefore, the correct distribution of loads and pressures on the surface of the foot is crucial to ensure lower limb function and proper gait and balance under static and dynamic conditions. A major limitation of studies investigating the relationship between foot posture and lower-limb muscle function is that there is currently no universally accepted method of classifying foot posture. There is a need for a dynamic way of classifying foot posture, which can be achieved by providing a reliable assessment process for foot posture changes. In clinical practice, the assessment of static foot posture is a common approach to classifying the type of foot to identify possible change-related aetiological factors and recommend therapeutic intervention. This approach involves examining the structural alignment or posture of the foot and the characteristics of its dynamic function to theoretically establish the mechanisms predisposing to pathological changes. In this context, this paper highlights the need for a reliable assessment of changes in foot posture, so our purpose is to present modern assessment and classification methods commonly used in clinical practice and research.

Weightbearing Computed Tomography for Assessment of Foot and Ankle Deformities: The Iowa Experience

Category:Ankle; Ankle Arthritis; OtherIntroduction/Purpose:Weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) is a reliable and precise modality for the measurement and analysis of bone position in the foot and ankle, as well as associated deformities. WBCT to assess three dimensional relationships among bones allowed the development of new measurements, as the Foot and Ankle Offset (FAO), which has high inter-rater and intra-rater reliability. This study reports our institution's experience utilizing WBCT for the care of foot and ankle patients by describing its utility across different orthopedic diseases in improving diagnostic assessment, aiding surgical planning, and expanding the use for objective clinical follow-up.Methods:The medical records of consecutive patients with various foot and ankle disorders that underwent WBCT examination as part of the standard of care at a single institution between November 2014 and August 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient factors, including body mass index (BMI), sex, and patient comorbidities were collected. 3D coordinates for calculation of FAO were harvested using the Multiplanar Reconstruction (MPR) views were calculated from the obtained exams. Descriptive statistics were performed with Shapiro-Wilk test and the Anderson-Darling tests.Results:1175 feet and ankles (820 patients) had a WBCT performed over the studied 68 months. 53% of the subjects were male and 47% female. 588 of the acquisitions were from the right side (50.04%) and 587 from the left side (49.96%). Diabetes was present in 15.47% of, Rheumatic diagnoses in 4.52% and smoking habits in 44.10% of patients. Mean BMI of the sample was found to be 32.47 (32.03-32.90, 95% CI). The mean Foot and Ankle Offset (FAO) encountered in the study's population was 2.43 (2.05- 2.82, 95% CI; min -30.8, max 37.65; median 2.39).Conclusion:This study contains the largest cohort of WBCTs with accompanied FAO measurements to date, which can aid with establishing a new baseline FAO measurement for multiple pathological conditions. Acquiring WBCTs resulted in more specific diagnoses for patients with foot and ankle complaints. The ability to utilize WBCT for presurgical planning, its capability to provide a 3D reconstruction of patient anatomy, and use for assessment of advanced relational foot and ankle measurements, like FAO, demonstrate how WBCT may serve as a remarkable utility in clinical practice and has become a standard of care in our practice at the University of Iowa.

Weightbearing CT Assessment of Foot and Ankle Joints in Pes Planovalgus Using Distance Mapping

Category:Hindfoot; Ankle; OtherIntroduction/Purpose:The goal of this study was to describe the abnormal joint surface interaction at the ankle, hindfoot and midfoot joints in patients presenting with Pes Planovalgus (PP) using three-dimensional (3D) distance mapping on weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) images by comparing a series of PPs to a series of normally-aligned feet. We hypothesized that in PPs joint interactions would reveal significantly increased spaces in the medial side of the ankle, hindfoot and midfoot joints.Methods:In this case-control study, ten feet (10 patients) with asymptomatic PP (cases; N=10) were compared to 10 matched- paired (by age, gender and body mass index) normally-aligned feet (10 patients) (controls; N=10). Three-dimensional models were produced from the images and distance maps representing joint surface configuration were generated for the ankle, hindfoot and midfoot joints. The distance maps for each joint were then compared between the two groups and between regions in the same group.Results:In PP patients there was a significantly increased surface-to-surface distance anteromedially at the ankle joint (+46.3%, p<0.001) along with an increased distance on the anterior halves of both the medial (+21.3%, p=0.098) and lateral malleoli (+22.7%, p=0.038). At the posterolateral corner of the posterior facet of the subtalar joint we found an increased surface-to- surface distance (by 57.1%, p< 0.001), while at the talonavicular joint there was a reduction of the distance at the superomedial corner (-20%, p=0.097) along with a significant increase in the upper central (+20%, p=0.039) and lateral (+30.7%, p=0.015) zones. A reduction of the surface-to-surface distance was also observed in three of the four zones of the calcaneocuboid joint. Finally, a statistically significant increase in the mean distance was observed at the naviculocuneiform and tarsometatarsal joints in a range between 38% and 93.4% (p<0.001 in all cases).Conclusion:We found significant differences in surface-to-surface interaction at the foot and ankle joints between Pes Planovalgus and normally-aligned controls. Distance mapping on WBCT images could be used in clinical practice as a diagnostic support to gauge the morphological changes of articular spaces occurring in Pes Planovalgus.

Comparative Analysis of Assessment Systems of Foot Function

Summary. The assessment of foot and ankle function still remains an actual issue of the modern orthopedics.&#x0D; Objective: comparative qualitative analysis of the most common assessment systems of foot and ankle function.&#x0D; Materials and Methods. The search from PubMed databases from 1946 to 2021 was done. 8898 publications were detected in which assessment systems of foot and ankle function have been used. 12 assessment systems presented in 5705 publications were selected for analysis (inclusion criterion – no less than 40 publications): AOFAS scale, VAS, SF-36 EQL, FFI, FAOS, FAAM, FADI, BFS, MOFAQ, FFI-R, Roles&amp;Maudsley scale, VAS FA. The analysis predicted the assessment system philosophy: numerical estimate, VAS, Likert scale, patient- or investigatororiented, and reliability evidence.&#x0D; Results. Most of the analized assessment systems meet criteria of reliability (r&gt;0.8; Kronbach’s α≥0.9). For Roles&amp;Maudsley scale and VAS, FA reliability has not been established. The validity fluctuates widely.&#x0D; Conclusions. The choice of an assessment system must meet the research tasks. The consideration of strong and weak sides of assessment systems promotes their adequate combinations to avoid the bias effect.

Weightbearing CT assessment of foot and ankle joints in Pes Planovalgus using distance mapping

IntroductionThe goal of this study was to describe the abnormal joint surface interaction at the ankle, hindfoot and midfoot joints in patients presenting with Pes Planovalgus (PPV) using three-dimensional (3D) distance mapping on weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) images by comparing a series of PPVs to a series of normally-aligned feet. We hypothesized that in PPVs joint interactions would reveal significantly increased spaces in the medial side of the ankle, hindfoot and midfoot joints. MethodsIn this case-control study, ten feet (10 patients) with asymptomatic PPV were compared to 10 matched-paired (by age, gender and body mass index) normally-aligned feet (10 patients). Three-dimensional models were produced from the images and distance maps representing joint surface configuration were generated for the ankle, hindfoot and midfoot joints. The distance maps for each joint were then compared between the two groups and between regions in the same group. ResultsIn PPV patients there was a significantly increased surface-to-surface distance anteromedially at the ankle joint (+46.3%, p < 0.001) along with an increased distance on the anterior halves of both the medial (+21.3%, p = 0.098) and lateral malleoli (+22.7%, p = 0.038). At the posterolateral corner of the posterior facet of the subtalar joint we found an increased surface-to-surface distance (by 57.1%, p < 0.001), while at the talonavicular joint there was a reduction of the distance at the superomedial corner (−20%, p = 0.097) along with a significant increase in the upper central (+20%, p = 0.039) and lateral (+30.7%, p = 0.015) zones. A reduction of the surface-to-surface distance was also observed in three of the four zones of the calcaneocuboid joint. Finally, a statistically significant increase in the mean distance was observed at the naviculocuneiform and tarsometatarsal joints in a range between 38% and 93.4% (p < 0.001 in all cases). ConclusionWe found significant differences in surface-to-surface interaction at the foot and ankle joints between Pes Planovalgus and normally-aligned controls. Distance mapping on WBCT images could be used in clinical practice as a diagnostic support to gauge the morphological changes of articular spaces occurring in Pes Planovalgus. Level of evidenceLevel III, case-control study.

Functional assessment of foot and ankle tendinopathies treated with tendoscopy

Objective: To assess postoperative clinical functional outcomes, based on the American Orthopaedic Foot &amp; Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, of tendoscopies performed in the treatment of foot and ankle pathologies. Methods: Our comparative assessment used AOFAS scores obtained preoperatively and at early and late postoperative stages - 1 month and 6 to 12 months after surgery - of 14 patients with foot and ankle tendinopathies. These included peroneal tendon dislocation, peroneal tendonitis, and tearing of the peroneus longus or brevis, all treated with tendoscopy for peroneal reconstruction and tenorrhaphy. The AOFAS score was obtained by functional assessment during outpatient physical examination. We presented a descriptive analysis of cases, comparing scores over time through the Friedman test followed by Dunn’s test. The relationship between score variations and sex was assessed using the Mann-Whitney test; their comparison with age used Spearman’s linear correlation coefficient. Significance levels were 5%.Results: The AOFAS score showed important improvements such as preoperative scores of 56 and 67 followed by postoperative scores of 100 both in the early and late stages, supporting the efficacy and persistence of this treatment strategy. The p-value obtained after statistical analysis was &lt;0.0001. Conclusion: We concluded that the treatment of foot and ankle comorbidities with tendoscopy, in addition to being less invasive, shows consistency and efficacy as demonstrated by the AOFAS score and functional assessment via postoperative physical examinations. AOFAS scores were increased and maintained at high levels in the postoperative period, demonstrating the efficacy of this procedure and the duration of treatment results. Level of Evidence IV; Case Series; Therapeutic Studies - Investigation of Treatment Results.

Assessment of Foot Using Foot Function Index in Taxi Drivers

Aim: To assess foot using foot function index in taxi drivers.Background: Many taxi drivers with foot pain. Very few studies are been done in assesement of foot painin taxi drivers. There is a significant difference in left and right foot.Methodlogy: Primary data collection was done using convenient sampling. 90 male taxi drivers betweenage group 40-50 year were selected with pain complain. Assessment was done by using foot function indexscale.Results: Taxi drivers showed differences in bilateral foot.Conclusion: The study concluded that there was significant difference between left and right foot of taxidrivers

A systematic evaluation of cutaneous microcirculation in the foot using post-occlusive reactive hyperemia.

Cutaneous microcirculatory impairments are associated with skin injury to the foot. Post-Occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) is one of the quick and easy methods to assess microcirculatory function. However, there are variations in the protocols currently used. Hence, this study aimed to systematically investigate the reproducibility of PORH protocols with minimal occlusion time in the foot. Post-Occlusive reactive hyperemia was measured using 12 different protocols (three occlusion times, two occlusion sites and with or without temperature control) in 25 healthy adults. Each of the 12 different protocols was repeated three times, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated. Intraclass correlation coefficient showed that that ankle level occlusion produced moderate to excellent reproducibility for most PORH measures. In the right foot, 30- and 60-s ankle level occlusion without temperature control showed ICC of >0.40 for all parameters except the area of hyperemia (ICC=-0.36) and biological zero to peak flow percent change (ICC=-0.46). In the left foot, 30-s ankle level occlusion without temperature control showed ICC of >0.40 for all parameters except time to latency (ICC=0.29), after hyperemia (ICC=0.37), and max (ICC=-0.01), and area of hyperemia (ICC=-0.36). But the 60-s protocol showed ICC>0.40 for all except time to max (ICC=0.38). In the hallux protocols, all three 10-, 30-, and 60-s protocols without temperature control showed moderate to excellent reproducibility (ICC>0.40). In most cases, the temporal and area under the perfusion-time curve parameters showed poor reproducibility. Post-Occlusive reactive hyperemia can be tested efficiently with a minimal occlusion time of 10s with hallux occlusion and 30s with ankle occlusion in the foot. This can suggest that microcirculatory assessment is feasible in routine practice and can potentially be included for routine assessment of foot in people with diabetes.

Weight-bearing CT for Knee Osteoarthritis Assessment: A Story Unfolds

Weight-bearing CT for Knee Osteoarthritis Assessment: A Story Unfolds

Gross and radiographic assessment of foot with claw disorders in culled cattle at Nsukka abattoir

Claw disorders are either infectious or non-infectious which have been found to be the cause of more than 90% of all lameness cases observed in dairy cattle. Against this background, descriptive and cross-sectional study was to determine the common radiographic features of claws with gross disorders using abattoir samples. A total of 40 claws were collected from Nsukka abattoir. The claws were examined for identification of different types of gross lesions. Two radiographic exposures, dorso-plantar and lateral views of each of the claws were taken and evaluated for radiographic changes. White line degeneration (WLD), sole erosion and horn heel erosion were the most prevalent gross lesions with 35%, 30% and 20% prevalent rates respectively. Bulb erosion and claw wall fissure were the least occurred claw disorders with 5% and 5% occurrence. Infectious claw disorders (55%) had a relatively higher occurrence than the non-infectious disorders (45%). The most prominent radiographic abnormalities were noted in the second (PII) and third phalanxes (PIII) region. The radiographic changes were sinking of PIII (10%) subluxation of PII (5%), foreign body penetration (15%), exostoses (5%) of the pastern (PII) bone. Laminitis occurred in 30% of the sampled claws. Concurrent appearance of more than one radiographic feature in a single claw was noted in the claw samples. In conclusion, radiographic examination revealed that typical changes of chronic laminitis were among the most common pathological features recorded. Les troubles des griffes sont soit infectieux, soit non infectieux, ce qui s'est avéré être la cause de plus de 90% de tous les cas de boiterie observés chez les bovins laitiers. Dans ce contexte, une étude descriptive et transversale visait à déterminer les caractéristiques radiographiques communes des griffes présentant des troubles macroscopiques à l'aide d'échantillons d'abattoir. Au total, 40 griffes ont été collectées à l'abattoir de Nsukka. Les griffes ont été examinées pour identifier différents types de lésions macroscopiques. Deux expositions radiographiques, vues dorso-plantaire et latérale de chacune des griffes ont été prises et évaluées pour les changements radiographiques. La dégénérescence de la ligne blanche (le 'WLD'), l'érosion de la sole et l'érosion du talon de la corne étaient les lesions macroscopiques les plus fréquentes avec respectivement 35%, 30% et 20% de taux de prévalence. L'érosion des bulbes et la fissure de la paroi des griffes ont été les moins affectées des griffes avec 5% et 5% d'occurrence. Les troubles infectieux des griffes (55%) avaient une fréquence relativement plus élevée que les troubles non infectieux (45%). Les anomalies radiographiques les plus importantes ont été notées dans la région de la deuxième (le 'PII') et de la troisième phalange (le 'PIII'). Les changements radiographiques étaient la descente de la subluxation 'PIII' (10%) du 'PII' (5%), la pénétration de corps étrangers (15%), les exostoses (5%) du paturon (le 'PII'). Une laminite est survenue dans 30% des griffes échantillonnées. L'apparition simultanée de plus d'une caractéristique radiographique dans une seule griffe a été notée dans les échantillons de griffe. En conclusion, l'examen radiographique a révélé que les changements typiques de la fourbure chronique faisaient partie des caractéristiques pathologiques les plus courantes enregistrées.

Functional characterization of plantar pressure patterns in gait of typically developing children using dynamic pedobarography

BackgroundAbnormal foot posture is a common complaint presented in pediatric and pediatric orthopedic clinics. Functional, objective assessment of foot posture, with the potential for early identification of pathologic foot deformities, has, however, been lacking to date. While quantifying functional and regional impulses via dynamic pedobarography can improve the clinical assessment of children’s feet, normative values have not yet been reported or characterized. Research QuestionThe objectives of this study were to: (1) quantify and characterize the pattern and spectrum of foot impulses in walking-aged, typically developing children; and (2) compare these to impulses from non-disabled adults. MethodsFoot impulses of 102 participants (52 female) in five pre-determined age groups (2−3, 4–6, 7–10, 11−14, 15−17 years) were examined using dynamic pedobarography. Each pressure map (3 per foot per child) was divided according to anatomical foot regions: the hallux, heel, medial forefoot, lateral forefoot, lesser toes (D2 to D5), and midfoot. The impulse was calculated for each region and used to generate regional percent impulses and impulse ratios to assess anteroposterior and mediolateral balance within the foot. ResultsThe impulse through the midfoot was highest in the youngest age group, with a corresponding lower impulse through the medial forefoot. As age advanced, the midfoot impulse decreased (p = 0.001), and the forefoot balance shifted slightly more medially (%Medial Forefoot: p = 0.004; Medial-Lateral Forefoot Balance: p = 0.019). When compared to adults, there were no significant differences between 15−17 year old children and adults in any of the regional percent impulses and impulse ratios. This indicates that skeletal maturity of the foot by late adolescence results in functional characteristics seen in adults. SignificanceThe age-standardized norms of functional and regional impulse measures in children reported in this study can be used as a comparative benchmark in the clinical assessment of children presenting with various foot deformities.

Desenvolvimento do aplicativo móvel KnowFoot para a avaliação da postura dos pés

O KnowFoot é um aplicativo desenvolvido com o intuito de transformar a avaliação da postura do pé um processo rápido, dinâmico e permitindo em tempo real obter o resultado da classificação do pé. Durante a construção da ferramenta foi levado em consideração o seu baixo custo, a facilidade de acesso do público, a facilidade no uso, além da interface intuitiva. O KnowFoot baseou-se nos instrumentos de avaliação clínica Foot Posture Indexe Navicular Drop Test. O objetivo do estudo foi apresentar o processo de criação da ferramenta, as tecnologias aplicadas, a descrição do método usado para avaliar a postura do pé e o resultado dessas aplicações através da apresentação do aplicativo desenvolvido.&#x0D;