Assessment Of Fees Research Articles

An assessment of court fees, surcharges, andpenalties for alcohol-impaired driving in five midwestern U.S.states: implications for exacerbating poverty and health inequalities.

Driving under the influence (DUI) remains an important threat to public health in the United States, and a substantial literature has evaluated the effectiveness of state-mandated penalties. Researchers have overlooked accelerated use of obscured fees and surcharges levied by local and state court systems added to penalties in the past 15years. We present data regarding DUI penalties for offenders with a blood alcohol content (BAC of 0.08) and the fees and surcharges attached to them in Minnesota, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Iowa, and variation in these within Wisconsin at four BAC levels. In all states, surcharges and fees exceed penalty fines substantially. Variation within Wisconsin is also meaningful. Our data suggest that opaque costs in state court systems add a substantial financial burden to DUI penalties, particularly for those with lower incomes. An appraisal of the deterrent role of these added costs is warranted.

Assessment of Trauma Team Activation Fees by US Region and Hospital Ownership

Trauma centers must be readily equipped to handle a variety of life-threatening injuries and consequently may charge a fee for the activation of their trauma team. Regional and hospital-related variations in trauma activation fees across the US have not been formally assessed. To evaluate the variability of trauma activation fees from trauma centers across the US and examine whether certain hospital characteristics are associated with higher activation fees. This cross-sectional study used data from the American College of Surgeons website to identify all trauma centers in the US that were listed as verified from inception of the verification database through March 4, 2022 (N = 546). Five military hospitals were excluded, and trauma activation fees could not be found for 18 trauma centers; the remaining 523 hospitals were included in the analysis. Each hospital's publicly available chargemaster (a comprehensive list of a hospital's products, procedures, and services) was searched to obtain its trauma activation fees. Two levels of trauma activation fees were recorded: tier 1 (full activation) and tier 2 (partial activation). Hospital-specific data were obtained from the American Hospital Association website. All data were collected between January 2 and March 11, 2022. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess potential associations between hospital characteristics (type of control [for profit, government, church, or other nonprofit], hospital system [owner], number of staffed beds, and academic vs nonacademic status) and trauma activation fees. Median and mean trauma activation fees nationally and stratified by location, hospital system, and other hospital characteristics. Of 523 trauma centers included in the analysis, most were located in the Midwest (180 centers) and West (129 centers). There were 176 adult level I trauma centers and 200 adult level II trauma centers; 69 centers had for-profit status, and 415 were academic. Overall, the median (IQR) tier 1 trauma activation fee was $9500 ($5601-$17 805), and the mean (SD) tier 1 trauma activation fee was $13 349 ($11 034); these fees ranged from $1000 to $61 734. Median (IQR) trauma activation fees were highest in the West ($18 099 [$10 741-$$27 607]), especially in California, where the median (IQR) activation fee was $24 057 ($15 979-$33 618). Trauma activation fees were also higher at for-profit hospitals, most of which were owned by the HCA Healthcare system, which had 43 trauma centers and a median (IQR) tier 1 trauma activation fee of $29 999 ($20 196-$37 589). In this study, trauma activation fees varied widely among hospitals in the US. Regional variation in these fees was substantial, with hospitals in the West charging substantially more than those in other locations. In addition, for-profit hospitals charged more than other types of hospitals. These findings suggest that some patients with serious traumatic injuries will incur disproportionately high trauma activation fees depending on the trauma center to which they are brought. Therefore, standardization of trauma activation fees is warranted.

Probation Officer Viewpoints on the Assessment, Collection, and Enforcement of Fees

Monetary sanctions exist in every part of the criminal legal system, including community corrections. Fines, fees, restitution, surcharges, and other court costs are included as monetary sanctions. Prior research has highlighted the types of monetary sanctions, their correctional goals, and the effects of monetary sanctions on individuals paying them. For fees, Texas relies on them for partial support of their probation departments’ operations. In this study, we focus on two probation jurisdictions in Texas to explore officers’ attitudes and beliefs around monetary sanctions. Specifically, we use survey data to examine officers’ belief in fairness around fees assessment and their views on the collection and enforcement of fees. The findings find overall support among the officers for fees within probation. Sixty-one percent of the surveyed officers believed asking clients to pay fees was fair. Officers also had more punitive attitudes around collections and thought that consequences were appropriate responses to late or nonpayment of fees. This study provides insight into how officers view monetary sanctions and how these views might shape enforcement.

Assessment of Notarial Fees ─ Focus on the Analysis of the Objected ＆ Disciplined Notarial Cases

Assessment of Notarial Fees ─ Focus on the Analysis of the Objected ＆ Disciplined Notarial Cases

Proliferation of Punishment: The Centrality of Legal Fines and Fees in the Landscape of Contemporary Penology.

Decades of significant crime declines and recent reductions in the number of people confined in prisons and jails in the United States have been accompanied by the emergence of new, and the resurgence of old, forms of punishment. One of these resurgent forms is the assessment of fines, fees, and costs to those who encounter the criminal legal system. Legal financial obligations (LFOs) have become widespread across the United States and are levied for offenses from alleged traffic violations in some states to felony convictions in others. Their emergence has been heralded by some as a less punitive alternative to spending time in prison or jail but recognized by others as uniquely consequential for people without the means to pay. Drawing on data from 254 counties in Texas, this article explores the emergence and enforcement of LFOs in Texas, where LFOs play a particularly prominent role in sanctions for alleged misdemeanor offenses and serve as an important source of revenue. Enforcement of LFOs varies geographically and is related to conservative politics and racial threat. We argue that LFOs are a defining feature of a contemporary punishment regime where racial injustice is fueled by economic inequality.

Assessing the State of Mandatory Fees in America's Public Colleges and Universities: Causes and Consequences

ObjectivesMandatory fees in American's public universities and colleges are ubiquitous. While many of these fees provide for essential university functions, others provide particularized benefits for small groups of students. Despite importance of the topic, we know very little about how universities assess fees.MethodsIn this article, we catalog every university fee at every U.S. public college and university during academic year 2014–2015 and conduct multivariate analysis to determine the conditions under which institutions assess more and higher fees.ResultsWe discover considerable disparity in how fees are assessed. Both university characteristics and state policy affect the amount of fees that colleges and universities assess.ConclusionsThe heterogeneous assessment of university fees raises important questions about equity and responsiveness of public institutions.

Mobilising sustainable local government revenue in Ghana: modelling property rates and business taxes

Property rates and business operating license fees constitute the major revenue sources for local government authorities. Accurate assessment of these revenues enhances the revenue base and effectiveness of their generation. Assessment of property rates and business operating license fees have been identified as one of the limiting factors that inhibit the revenue potential of local government authorities. Assessment must obey the principles of taxation such as efficiency, equity and fairness, adequacy, administrative feasibility and political acceptability. Over the years, the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly (STMA) acknowledges that, it has had problems in ensuring equity and fairness in the assessment of property rates and business operating license fees. The paper reports on a computer modelling study carried out to introduce measure to ensure equity and fairness in assessing tax objects. A computer application has been developed with quantitative measures to evaluate and assess equity in tax assessment. A test run of the system has been successful and a pilot test is currently being implemented by STMA.

Moving Forward

This is my fourth editorial letter to you in 2011, since being elected as Editor-in-Chief of International Surgery by the governance of the International College of Surgeons in late 2010.In my initial personal letter to you in the first quarter issue of International Surgery, I emphasized that we have the highest goals for our Journal and that we have much work to do in this reference. Clearly, I requested then, and repeat here, that I and my team need all of your enthusiastic, dedicated support to accomplish the lofty goals that we so rightly have set for International Surgery. In the second quarter issue, I emphasized the importance of peer review, which leads to overall quality improvement and our eventual achievement of our goals. In the third quarter issue, I addressed the analysis and plans being developed to electronically distribute International Surgery to all Fellows of the International College of Surgeons, and to all institutional subscribers, by electronic means only, beginning in 2012. In all of these communications, I have requested your questions and thoughts, as we value you, our readers, very highly.I am delighted to report to you that the International College of Surgeons governance formally approved, last month, the implementation of our plans for electronic publishing and electronic distribution of International Surgery beginning in 2012. This means, in brief, that every dues paying Fellow in the International College of Surgeons will receive every issue of International Surgery without a separate assessment of fees in payment for receiving International Surgery.While the case has already been made for implementing the above actions, it might be worthwhile to briefly communicate what is happening in our segment of the scientific/medical publishing industry. A review of the major seventeen general surgery titles, with impact factors (reported in the Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports), indicates that sixteen of the these titles are available in full online text to their readers. Clearly, given the decisions taken by the ICS governance, International Surgery may now be included in this group of leading surgery publications.The International College of Surgeons has the vision of improving the lives of patients through the education and development of the field of surgery in over 100 countries of the world where the International College of Surgeons has member Fellows. Our education, communications, and leadership missions will be significantly enhanced. For those persons conducting research and writing research papers, our electronic publishing system will serve them well. Our Journal, International Surgery, via online electronic publishing, will increasingly serve as the key modality to fulfill our vision and missions, as the College progresses into the future. Online publishing allows us to provide more value to our Fellows per dollar expended, and will greatly expand our Journal audience.We are also very pleased that International Surgery will continue to provide the opportunity to establish and enhance professional relationships, and provide the opportunity for every reader and Fellow to enhance their professional identity and responsibility.We look forward to implementing these exciting plans in 2012.Thank you.

On cash and conviction

On cash and conviction

On cash and conviction

On cash and conviction

Entrance Fees as a Subjective Barrier to Visiting Museums

In a 1995 representative survey, 1,080 Germans were asked by standardized questionnaire to assess the subjective significance of 23 motives and barriers to visiting art museums, history museums and technology museums on a scale from 1 (very unimportant motive/barrier) to 5 (very important motive/barrier). An analysis of the results of the survey revealed entrance fees to be the only significant subjective barrier. In contrast to recent price elasticity studies of cultural demand, this study uses a micro-level approach – comparing individual socioeconomic and geographic characteristics with individual and subjective assessments of museum entrance fees as a barrier. The results of an ordered-probit analysis suggest income to be the only significant individual characteristic which can explain this subjective assessment. However, using correspondence analysis, several other individual characteristics such as education and professional status also appear to have a relative impact on the subjective assessment of entrance fees.

The Assessment of Fees by Federal Agencies for Services to Individuals

The Assessment of Fees by Federal Agencies for Services to Individuals

The Assessment Of Forest Fees (O.D.C. 6)

The Assessment Of Forest Fees (O.D.C. 6)