Assessment Of Drinking Water Quality Research Articles

Assessment of drinking-water quality in Indigenous Communities of Santa Victoria Este, Argentina

Santa Victoria Este is in the north-east region of Argentina. Historically, socio-economic marginalization and poor governmental assistance have resulted in one of the poorest regions of the country. Over 60% of its population is estimated to belong to indigenous communities. Access to water is mainly through community wells, often lacking adequate infrastructure. With the main objective of empowering indigenous communities in relation to access to safe water, we: 1) established a local laboratory with capacity to analyze microbiological and physical and chemical parameters of water and transfer capabilities to the local community to ensure long-term monitoring; 2) assessed the water quality in 34 communal wells. Results (physical, chemical, metals, and microbiological parameters) show that 70.6% of the groundwater supplies are not safe for human consumption as they exceed the limits established by Argentinian regulation. Microbiological contamination was consistently found in water storage systems (tanks), highlighting the imperative need of water treatment and maintenance. A long-term monitoring program, which includes physicochemical and microbiological parameters, is crucial to ensure the quality of water in these communities and to take appropriate decisions and measures.

Ion-chromatographic determination of common anions in drinking water in some regions of the Republic of Armenia

The present study investigated the anion composition of drinking water from various cities and villages in Armenia, including spring water and tap water samples. The simultaneous separation was achieved for fluoride, chloride, bromide, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate anions with the correlation coefficients >0.998. Validation of the method was carried out in accordance with the requirements of guidelines in terms of selectivity, specificity, system suitability, linearity, accuracy, precision, lower limits of detection and quantitation, robustness, and stability. The method was suitable for routine drinking water quality assessment in line with the national or World Health Organization (WHO) regulations. The validated method was further used to analyze drinking water samples from different regions of Armenia. The observed concentrations for the anions in drinking water complied with the WHO limits for drinking water with some exceptions. The test method can be submitted to quality control laboratories as a convenient and practical tool for routine analysis and monitoring studies.

Assessment of Animal Drinking Water Quality in Livestock Farms in Galapagos Islands

The purpose of this research was to determine the quality of water for bovine consumption on livestock farms in the El Progreso parish - Galapagos by applying a quality index following the Brown methodology proposed by the National Sanitation Foundation of the United States. Information was collected from the livestock farms through a socio-environmental diagnosis of the area, where five localities were considered: San Joaquín, Las Goteras, Cerro Verde, Puerto Chino and El Progreso from which fifteen livestock farms were selected for the respective sampling of the sources. of water. Therefore, nine parameters were considered for the analysis of the respective water sources: pH, TDS, Fecal Coliforms, electrical conductivity, hardness, nitrites, phosphates, temperature and turbidity. Of the total livestock farms monitored, three of them presented a rating of Good quality in a range of 70 to 90, while the remaining farms recorded values with a Medium classification, which are those that recorded AQI values between 51 to 70 according to the criteria established by the NSF. This research highlights the importance of frequently carrying out analyzes of the water sources from which cattle drink to determine the quality of the resource, and also provide technical advice to ranchers in the area on the management and cleaning of the reservoirs.

Comparative Physiochemical Appraisal of Groundwater and Drinking Water Quality Assessment in Hisar District

Having access to clean drinking water is crucial, especially in rural areas where groundwater is the main water supply. This study has assessed the physicochemical quality of the groundwater in hisar District, Haryana, India. The following physiochemical parameters were determined on 30 samples samples that were gathered from thirty different locations: pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, alkalinity, electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, nitrate, fluoride, and sulfate. These findings were compared to the standards set by the Indian Council of Medical Research, the Bureau of Indian Standards, the World Health Organization, and other regulatory authorities. The majority of the required parameters were found to be within allowable bounds; but, total hardness, calcium, and magnesium were shown to be higher than advised in several locations. According to the Water Quality Index, groundwater in certain regions is becoming unsafe for human consumption due to its diminishing quality. This study emphasizes the need of routine monitoring in addition to providing vital information to support mitigation efforts and guarantee the supply of sustainable and clean water resources for the residents of the hisar district in the state of Haryana

Expanding access to water quality monitoring with the open-source WaterScope testing platform

Increasing access to water quality tests in low-income communities is a crucial strategy toward achieving global water equality. Recent studies in the Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) sector underscore the importance of addressing practical concerns in water testing, such as robustness and results communication. In response, we present the WaterScope testing kit; an open-source, validated platform for drinking water quality assessment. It modernises the testing process with the inclusion of a unique cartridge/slider mechanism, machine-learning-enhanced classification and full digitalisation of results. WaterScope’s equivalency to conventional methods for quantifying E. coli is established through extensive validation experiments in both laboratory and field environments. This versatile platform provides potential to expand its applications to test other bacteria, perform colorimetric assays, and analyse clinical samples such as blood/urine samples. We anticipate that the system’s ease-of-use, portability, affordability, robustness, and digital nature will accelerate progress toward global water equality.

Groundwater Chemistry in Jind District: Physiochemical Appraisal and Drinking Water Quality Assessment

It is essential to have access to safe drinking water, particularly in rural regions where groundwater is the primary water source. The physicochemical quality of the groundwater in Jind District, Haryana, India, has been evaluated in this research. Six hundred samples were collected from thirty different places, and the following physiochemical characteristics were measured: pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, alkalinity, electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, nitrate, fluoride, and sulfate. The World Health Organization, the Bureau of Indian Standards, the Indian Council of Medical Research, and other regulatory bodies' standards were compared to these results. Most of the necessary criteria were found to be within acceptable levels; however, total hardness, calcium, and magnesium were found to be greater than recommended in certain areas. The Water Quality Index states that the declining quality of the groundwater in certain areas makes it unfit for human consumption. In addition to providing critical information to assist mitigation measures and ensure the provision of sustainable and clean water resources for the population of the Jind district in the state of Haryana, this research highlights the need of regular monitoring

Assessment of Bottled Drinking Water Quality, Safety and Community Perceptions in Dodoma City, Tanzania

Assessment of Bottled Drinking Water Quality, Safety and Community Perceptions in Dodoma City, Tanzania

Drinking-water Quality Assessment in Selective Schools from the Mount Lebanon

The present study aims to assess and compare the quality of drinking water according to WHO Standards and then illustrate the resulting diseases. Eight samples have been taken from selective different schools in the Mount Lebanon Region. The laboratory tests of the collected samples were performed to determine various physical (e.g., temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, etc.), chemical (Ca+2, Cl-, Fe, Mg2+, NO3, Na+, SO2-4), and microbial such as E. coli, coliform, and non-coliform. Several techniques were used for the analysis including Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Flame Photometer, and Total Organic Carbon (TOC). The resulting water quality was compared with the standard limits. Each school has different defects according to specific contamination that existed. To save local residents and according to the results of this study, regular monitoring for water quality was proposed; besides more water filtration plants should be installed to provide safe drinking for children’s health.

Assessment of drinking-water quality in the Dibamba watershed (Douala-Cameroon

Background: Residents of Douala including Dibamba watershed collect water from various points to fulfill their freshwater needs. However, it is known that many microorganisms, including parasites, bacteria, viruses, and even alga, are present in water where they form a complex ecosystem. These microorganisms are held responsible for most of the contamination in drinking water and related diseases that threaten health of many individuals. Objectives: This study aims to determine the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of drinking water used by city dwellers in the Dibamba watershed. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in different communities living in the watershed. A total of 58 drinking water samples were randomly collected from a variety of water resources. The analyses were performed for temperature, Ph, and conductivity; and for bacterial parameters, namely, to trace the presence of organisms and opportunistic pathogens indicative of fecal contamination. Results: Water used for consumption purposes have an acidic pH, low dissolved oxygen content, and shows high levels of microorganisms, testifying water pollution due to domestic wastewater discharged without any prior treatment, and coming from domestic, livestock and agricultural activities carried out in the watershed. These contaminated waters contain pathogenic species (Shigella, Salmonella, E.Coli, etc.) suspected of being the cause of waterborne infectious diseases in the watershed.. Conclusion: The results of our study show that 95% of tested drinking water samples are of low microbiological quality. They neither fulfill requirements of World Health Organization standards, nor fit for human consumption. Therefore, Decision-makers and Stake holders should implement practical actions to facilitate access to safe and sufficient drinking water in the watershed.

Characterization of Na and K Level in Ujjaini River Water in Amethi, UP, India

Abstract: Ujjaini River is the main source of water for aquatic life and household things related to human beings. The traditional living drinking water quality assessment can evaluate wholly the impact of river water quality on human body. Drinking water safety is an important part in water scientific field. In the presented study a number of water samples were collected from selected sites of Ujjaini River in Amethi, UP India in the month of August-2020. The collected water samples were carried out to the laboratory to analyze the Na and K level to check the suitability of water for drinking and cooking purposes, by using standard procedures. People usually identify River water pollution when people start getting sick while drinking it, once discovered River water pollution needs to be addressed, both to clean the contaminated water and to prevent its spread. At result it was found that these parameters were present in permissible limits according to the BIS and WHO standards yet we should check the quality of River water time to time. People can help to prevent the River water pollution by disposing of hazardous materials like oil, paints, unused prescriptions and solvents responsible in a facility which is certified to handle such materials.

Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Springs in Gokand Valley District Buner Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Background: The quality of spring water in Gokand Valley, District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, is a matter of public health importance due to its use as a primary source of drinking water. This study was initiated in response to concerns about potential environmental and anthropogenic contaminations that could affect the water quality. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the drinking water quality from six different springs in Gokand Valley, assessing their compliance with the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pakistan Standard and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA). Methods: Conducted from October 2019 to October 2020, the study involved the collection and subsequent chemical analysis of water samples from six springs in the valley. The parameters analyzed included Total Hardness as CaCO₃, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Chloride as Cl, Sulphate as SO₄, pH, Sodium as Na, Nitrite as NO₂, Total Alkalinity as CaCO₃, Calcium as CaCO₃, Magnesium as MgCO₃, Potassium as K, and Conductivity. Results: The results indicated a variation in water quality across the springs. Total Hardness as CaCO₃ ranged from 96.45 mg/L to 286.36 mg/L, and TDS values varied between 132.33 mg/L and 367.33 mg/L. Chloride levels were found to be between 5.36 mg/L and 14.28 mg/L. Sulphate concentrations ranged from 9.54 mg/L to 17.96 mg/L. The pH levels of all samples were close to neutral, ranging from 6.98 to 7.30. Sodium levels varied from 5.67 mg/L to 17.47 mg/L. Nitrite was not detected in any of the samples. Total Alkalinity as CaCO₃ ranged from 93.66 mg/L to 240.39 mg/L, Calcium as CaCO₃ from 53.73 mg/L to 200.68 mg/L, Magnesium as MgCO₃ from 41.42 mg/L to 109.40 mg/L, Potassium as K from 1.30 mg/L to 3.50 mg/L, and Conductivity values varied from 210.00 µS/cm to 596.67 µS/cm. Conclusion: The study concludes that the water from the six springs in Gokand Valley generally meets the WHO and PSQCA standards for drinking water. This finding underscores the importance of these natural springs as a viable source of potable water for the local population. However, continuous monitoring is recommended to ensure sustained water quality in the face of potential environmental changes and anthropogenic activities.

Drinking Water Quality Assessment Using a Fuzzy Inference System Method: A Case Study of Rome (Italy).

Drinking water quality assessment is a major issue today, as it is crucial to supply safe drinking water to ensure the well-being of society. Predicting drinking water quality helps strengthen water management and fight water pollution; technologies and practices for drinking water quality assessment are continuously improving; artificial intelligence methods prove their efficiency in this domain. This research effort seeks a hierarchical fuzzy model for predicting drinking water quality in Rome (Italy). The Mamdani fuzzy inference system is applied with different defuzzification methods. The proposed model includes three fuzzy intermediate models and one fuzzy final model. Each model consists of three input parameters and 27 fuzzy rules. A water quality assessment model is developed with a dataset that considers nine parameters (alkalinity, hardness, pH, Ca, Mg, fluoride, sulphate, nitrates, and iron). These nine parameters of drinking water are anticipated to be within the acceptable limits set to protect human health. Fuzzy-logic-based methods have been demonstrated to be appropriate to address uncertainty and subjectivity in drinking water quality assessment; they are an effective method for managing complicated, uncertain water systems and predicting drinking water quality. The proposed method can provide an effective solution for complex systems; this method can be modified easily to improve performance.

Scientific substantiation to updating drinking water quality monitoring programs

Introduction. The results of systematic drinking water quality laboratory tests are the most informative sources. Recommendations on the managing of drinking water quality monitoring were developed in 2020. 
 The purpose of the study was to substantiate methodological approaches to updating drinking water quality monitoring programs.
 Materials and methods. The results of drinking water quality laboratory tests in the Murmansk region, conducted in 2021 in accordance with the monitoring program, were used. The results were analyzed for compliance with the recommendations of the drinking water quality monitoring program. An assessment of the compliance of the results of laboratory studies with hygienic standards and public health risk.
 Results. In Monchegorsk, the drinking water quality was studied at nine control points according to sanitary-chemical, microbiological, and parasitological indicators. The multiplicity of studies per year ranged from 1 to 12 studies. The quality of drinking water in Monchegorsk corresponded to hygienic standards, with the exception of single excesses in the content of chlorine residual free and colour.
 Limitations. When conducting the study, the results of the monitoring were used only for 2021, the results of drinking water quality production control were not taken into account.
 Conclusion. To carry out an objective drinking water quality assessment, it is necessary to update the existing programs of monitoring its quality in the settlements of the Murmansk region carried out within the framework of the social hygienic monitoring (SHM). The authors propose an algorithm for updating monitoring programs

The Business Model as a technique for problem identification and scoping: a case study of Brazilian drinking water quality assessment sector

Abstract In this case study, a Business Model Canvas (BMC) was used as a technique for problem identification and scoping for the introduction of a new technology or methodology for water quality assessment. Therefore, information about the Brazilian water supply sector was used for the application of a BMC based on technological innovations for coliform analysis. The innovations proposed in the study include faster results, internet connection, and portability. To populate the model, data regarding the drinking water quality from Brazil were used from public data banks and reports. Also, a group of accountable representatives from diverse water supply systems and water quality laboratories reported their experience with the new coliform analysis and their perception of its technological improvement. The major gaps identified in this study were simplicity and faster results. These may be associated with technological improvements such as portability and internet connection. It was possible to conclude that the segment is diverse, and the BMC highlighted that value might differ for different niches. The results emphasized that the application of a BMC may be more than a business tool. It can also be used by developers or scientists to understand and improve both technology concepts and applications.

Spatial variation in groundwater quality and health risk assessment for fluoride and nitrate in Chhotanagpur Plateau, India.

The evaluation of groundwater quality is vital to assess the risk to human health. The present study assesses groundwater quality for drinking purposes and human health risks due to ingestion of fluoride and nitrate through drinking water in Chhotanagpur Plateau, India, using geoinformation techniques. For drinking water quality assessment, analyzed parameters were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards, and water quality index (WQI) was used. Results reveal that most of the samples come within the desired limit suggested by WHO. In a few samples, conductivity, hardness, chloride, sulfate, and calcium are higher than the desirable limit, whereas fluoride and nitrate are beyond the permissible limit in 70% and 27% of the samples, respectively. WQI highlights that poor to very poor water is present in 25% of the samples. Anthropogenic activities have played a critical role in deteriorating groundwater quality, resulting in harmful impacts on human health. To assess non-carcinogenic health risks, the hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard index (THI) were computed. THI ranges from 0.01 to 7.46, 0.01 to 7.05, and 0.01 to 9.05 for males, females, and children, respectively. THI is greater than the allowable limit in 84%, 78%, and 89% of the samples for males, females, and children, respectively, indicating high risk to human health, particularly children. The study advocates properwater management strategies. Knowledge of spatial variation and anomalous concentration is vital for groundwater management as well as health risk assessment. The findings of this study will be helpful to government officials, policy planners, and local communities.

Drinking Water Quality Assessment in the Suhareka Municipality

Drinking Water Quality Assessment in the Suhareka Municipality

In vitro bioassays for monitoring drinking water quality of tap water, domestic filtration and bottled water

BackgroundLocation-specific patterns of regulated and non-regulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) were detected in tap water samples of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. However, it remains unclear if the detected DBPs together with undetected DPBs and organic micropollutants can lead to mixture effects in drinking water.ObjectiveTo evaluate the neurotoxicity, oxidative stress response and cytotoxicity of 42 tap water samples, 6 treated with activated carbon filters, 5 with reverse osmosis and 9 bottled waters. To compare the measured effects of the extracts with the mixture effects predicted from the detected concentrations and the relative effect potencies of the detected DBPs using the mixture model of concentration addition.MethodsMixtures of organic chemicals in water samples were enriched by solid phase extraction and tested for cytotoxicity and neurite outgrowth inhibition in the neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y and for cytotoxicity and oxidative stress response in the AREc32 assay.ResultsUnenriched water did not trigger neurotoxicity or cytotoxicity. After up to 500-fold enrichment, few extracts showed cytotoxicity. Disinfected water showed low neurotoxicity at 20- to 300-fold enrichment and oxidative stress response at 8- to 140-fold enrichment. Non-regulated non-volatile DBPs, particularly (brominated) haloacetonitriles dominated the predicted mixture effects of the detected chemicals and predicted effects agreed with the measured effects. By hierarchical clustering we identified strong geographical patterns in the types of DPBs and their association with effects. Activated carbon filters did not show a consistent reduction of effects but domestic reverse osmosis filters decreased the effect to that of bottled water.Impact statementBioassays are an important complement to chemical analysis of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. Comparison of the measured oxidative stress response and mixture effects predicted from the detected chemicals and their relative effect potencies allowed the identification of the forcing agents for the mixture effects, which differed by location but were mainly non-regulated DBPs. This study demonstrates the relevance of non-regulated DBPs from a toxicological perspective. In vitro bioassays, in particular reporter gene assays for oxidative stress response that integrate different reactive toxicity pathways including genotoxicity, may therefore serve as sum parameters for drinking water quality assessment.

Drinking Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring in Morena District, Madhya Pradesh, India

Over extraction of ground water through borehole caused to reduction of water quality in city areas. An assessment of drinking water quality was undertaken at selected sites in the district of Morena, Madhya Pradesh, India. Some of the selected water parameters were observed at the time of sampling while other selected parameters were observed in laboratory. Water sample were collected in polyethylene coated wide mouth bottle in early hours of the day and sent to laboratory as soon as possible for further analysis. The areas selected have access to drinking water from borehole only located in their respective areas. Standard methods were followed for the analysis of selected water parameters. Basic water quality measures such as pH, EC, TDS, Cl, Total Hardness, Calcium, magnesium, etc. were varied, with high levels in certain regions of the study area. The majority of the samples are drinkable water; however some had high TDS, Ca and Mg, indicating the possibility of contamination. Presented study revealed that some of the water parameters are beyond permissible limit of world health organization (WHO). Study clearly indicated that proper monitoring should be applied at a regular interval in study area.

Geogenic and anthropogenic contamination in river water and groundwater of the lower Cauvery Basin, India

Degradation of water quality is a major challenge in both developed and developing countries since it poses a great risk to ecological health. The Cauvery river is one of the most important rivers of southern India, where the effect of seasonal variation on the quality of river water and its adjoining groundwater on the lower part of the basin has not yet been studied. Hence, the present study was carried out to evaluate the river water and adjacent groundwater for drinking and irrigational purposes, and also to identify the sources affecting the water quality. About 118 river water and 131 groundwater samples were collected over 4 months from May 2018 to August 2019. The water samples were analyzed for electrical conductivity (EC), pH, major and minor ions, and trace elements. The major, minor, and trace elements were then compared with the Bureau of Indian Standards and World Health Organization for drinking water quality assessment. The drinking water quality was assessed, indicating that both river water and groundwater were unsuitable in the coastal regions, especially during dry seasons. Irrigation water quality was also assessed, which indicates that most of the river water and groundwater samples were unsuitable near the coastal region. The quality of river water and groundwater in the lower Cauvery Basin was found to be better during wet periods compared to the dry season. It was observed that the rock–water interactions was the major factor controlling the water quality for groundwater and surface water, followed by anthropogenic activities such as disposal of domestic sewage and effluents into the river, as runoff from irrigated lands. The study emphasizes the development of a finer observational network for water quality, along with stringent monitoring of the disposal of contaminants in the rivers and groundwater.

Digital water: artificial intelligence and soft computing applications for drinking water quality assessment

Digital water: artificial intelligence and soft computing applications for drinking water quality assessment