Assessment Of Convergent Validity Research Articles

Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Smart Tools Proneness Questionnaire (STP-Q).

This study elucidates the cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the Turkish version of the Smart Tools Proneness Questionnaire (STP-Q), designed to probe into individuals' engagement with smart tools within the Turkish cultural milieu. Undertaking a rigorous adaptation process, this investigation aimed to ensure the questionnaire's relevance and intelligibility, subsequently, assessing its psychometric properties within a cohort of 387 participants. The exploratory factor analysis revealed a tripartite structure that reflects the original instrument, covering utilitarian use, hedonic and social use, and the inclination to delegate tasks. This congruity underscores the STP-Q's adeptness in capturing the complex dimensions of smart tool interaction across various contexts. Demonstrated by a Cronbach's alpha of 0.954 and a test-retest reliability index of 0.851, the results affirm the questionnaire's exceptional internal consistency and significant temporal stability. Further, the execution of convergent validity assessments alongside the E-Learning Readiness Scale and the Nomophobia Questionnaire augmented the STP-Q's validity, unveiling correlations that delineate the intricate interrelations among smart tool proneness, e-learning readiness, and nomophobia. Conclusively, the STP-Q distinguishes itself as a reliable and valid instrument for gauging tendencies towards smart tool use among the Turkish populace, providing profound insights into digital behavior across different cultural backgrounds. Its confirmed three-factor structure and robust psychometric attributes render it an indispensable resource for both individual assessments and expansive digital behavior investigations, enabling cross-cultural comparisons and enhancing our understanding of technology engagement dynamics.

Development and initial validation of a new self-report measure to assess perceived dependence on tobacco and nicotine products

How nicotine is administered has evolved from cigarettes to various delivery systems. Assessing perceived dependence on nicotine-containing products now requires accounting for product specificity while allowing comparisons across products and users. This study aims to develop a new self-report measure to assess perceived dependence on tobacco and nicotine products (TNPs) among exclusive and poly-TNP users. A draft version of the new measure, the ABOUT-Dependence, was constructed based on literature review, qualitative research, and expert opinion. Data for scale formation and psychometric assessment was obtained through a US-based web survey (n = 2334) that included additional dependence measures for convergent validity assessment. Qualitative research confirmed a preliminary conceptual framework with seven sub-concepts. Following a cognitive debriefing, 19 items were considered to best represent the different sub-concepts. Psychometric findings supported a three-domain structure [i.e., behavioral impact (five items), signs and symptoms (five items), and extent/timing of use (two items)] and an overall total composite score. The data confirmed convergent and known-group validity, as well as test–retest reliability. The ABOUT-Dependence is a 12-item, psychometrically sound, self-report measure that may be used as a tool for research and further understanding of perceived dependence across the spectrum of TNP and TNP users.

Development and psychometric evaluation of a tool to assess oncology nurses' occupational health needs.

Oncology nurses are confronted with various occupational hazards; consequently, it is of great importance to identify and measure their occupational health needs. Due to the fact that standard tools are not available to assess these needs, this study was conducted to develop a tool for assessing oncology nurses' occupational health needs. This study consisted of two phases from 2020 to 2021. The first phase was item generation and tool design. The initial development of the item pool was based on the result of the qualitative study and literature search. The second phase was item reduction and psychometric evaluation of the formulated tool including, face, content, and construct validity and reliability. Construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis and convergent validity with the participation of 300 oncology nurses. The reliability of the tool was assessed using internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest (intra-cluster correlation coefficient). The mean content validity index (CVI) of the tool was 0.95. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that this tool consisted of 69 items and four factors, explaining 65.88% of the variance. The results of the convergent validity assessment showed a significant positive correlation between the mean scores of occupational health needs and occupational stress (P < 0.0001 and r = 0.40). Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.98) and tool stability (0.98) confirmed the appropriate reliability of the tool. The developed tool is recommended as a valid and reliable tool for assessing oncology nurses' occupational health needs that can be used both in practice and in future studies.

Reliability and Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Adapted to Include Adults With Physical Disability.

People with physical disabilities (PWD) participate in less physical activity than people without physical disabilities (PWoD), which increases the risk for several negative health consequences. Comparing physical activity between PWD and PWoD remains a challenge since no reliable and valid survey exists to measure physical activity in both populations. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was adapted to be inclusive of PWD using a recently developed survey adaption framework; however, the adapted IPAQ has not been assessed for reliability and validity. The objective of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the adapted IPAQ. To assess test-retest reliability, the adapted IPAQ was completed twice within a 72-hour period by 172 individuals (PWD: n = 102, PWoD: n = 70) and compared using intraclass correlation coefficients. Using Spearman rho, convergent validity and construct validity were assessed in 62 individuals by comparing the adapted IPAQ against the original instrument and activity monitor measured step count, respectively. The adapted IPAQ demonstrated moderate test-retest reliability, with intraclass correlation coefficients of total scores for the total sample of .690 (95% confidence interval [CI] .581-.770) and among subgroup analysis (PWD, .640, 95% CI, .457-.761; PWoD, .758, 95% CI, .610-.850). Correlation coefficients were also good for the assessment of convergent validity of total score (.727; 95% CI, .579-.829;P < .001). Construct validity assessment yielded moderate coefficient (.406; 95% CI, .166-.596; P = .001). The adapted IPAQ demonstrated acceptable reliability and validity and is appropriate for use in PWD and PWoD.

Общие стили принятия решений: апробация русскоязычной модификации опросника GDMS

Background. Individual techniques, or decision-making styles, are included in the regulation of hierarchies of processes that mediate a person’s exit from situations of uncertainty. Diagnostics of these styles helps both to solve practical problems and to clarify theoretical issues — in particular, the issue of the generalization of styles and their connections with the intellectual and personal spheres. Objective. The aim is to test and adjust the General Decision-Making Style Inventory questionnaire to a Russian sample. Study Participants. 456 people aged 18 to 50 years (M = 24.80; SD = 7.61); of these, 74 were men (M = 22.96; SD = 4.88) and 358 were women (M = 25.25; SD = 8.08), 24 subjects did not indicate gender. 80% were university students, 20% were working employees. Methods. The study included 3 stages: translation, assessment of structural validity and reliability on a Russian sample, assessment of convergent validity. 4 questionnaires were used: the General Decision-Making Style, Rational-Experiential Inventory, Personal Factors of Decision Making (PFDM), Impulsivity-7. Results. A structural model of connections between the scales (factors) of the General Decision-Making Style Questionnaire has been constructed. The model demonstrated good fit to the data and Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients were acceptable (0.75 to 0.85). The convergent validity of the questionnaire scales was confirmed. Analysis of differences by gender revealed significantly higher scores for Intuitive and Dependent styles in women. Conclusions. The General Decision-Making Styles Questionnaire has a 5-factor structure and acceptable psychometric properties. Convergent validity has been demonstrated primarily for the Rational and Intuitive styles when identifying their connections with other similar constructs. Both styles are not related to each other, but are related in the opposite way to the Spontaneous (Impulsive) style.

Cervical Spine Instability Screening Tool Thai Version: Assessment of Convergent Validity and Rater Reliability.

Neck pain, dizziness, difficulty supporting the head for an extended period, and impaired movement are all symptoms of cervical spine instability, which may produce cervical spondylolisthesis in patients who have more severe symptoms. To avoid problems and consequences, early detection of cervical spine instability is required. A previous study created a Thai-language version of a cervical spine instability screening tool, named the CSI-TH, and evaluated its content validity. However, other characteristics of the CSI-TH still needed to be evaluated. The objective of the current study was to assess the rater reliability and convergent validity of the CSI-TH. A total of 160 participants with nonspecific chronic neck pain were included in the study. The Neck Disability Index Thai version (NDI-TH), the Visual Analog Scale Thai version (VAS-TH), and the Modified STarT Back Screening Tool Thai version (mSBST-TH) were used to evaluate the convergent validity of the CSI-TH. To determine inter- and intra-rater reliabilities, novice and experienced physical therapists were involved. The results showed that rater reliabilities were excellent: the intra-rater reliability was 0.992 (95% CI = 0.989 ± 0.994), and the inter-rater reliability was 0.987 (95% CI = 0.983 ± 0.991). The convergent validities of the VAS-TH, NDI-TH, and mSBST-TH when compared with the CSI-TH were 0.5446, 0.5545, and 0.5136, respectively (p < 0.01). The CSI-TH was developed for use by physical therapists and is reliable. It can be used by physical therapists, whether they are experienced or novices, and has an acceptable correlation to other neck-related questionnaires. The CSI-TH is concise, suitable for clinical use, and lower-priced when compared to the gold standard in diagnosis for patients with cervical spine instability.

A Parental-Report Questionnaire for Language Abilities and Pragmatics in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

The aim of this study was to test and validate a parental-report questionnaire, which assesses language abilities and pragmatics, in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). We report two experiments: The first served as the initial test and the second sought to provide the first assessment of convergent validity. In total, we recruited 230 parents, where approximately two-thirds had a child with ASD. Results of factor analyses showed a consistent factor structure within each subscale, and the internal consistency was excellent for both sub-scales (Cronbach's alpha >0.90). Convergent validity was assessed by correlating the results of the questionnaire with two sub-scales of the Autism Quotient questionnaire. The correlations were all greater than 0.60. The final version of the questionnaire (following exclusion of problematic items) contains 30 items (12 for language abilities and 18 for pragmatics). We conclude that the questionnaire is a concise and practical instrument for use in a variety of contexts for assessing language functioning and communication in children with ASD.

Russian-Language Version the Inventory of Attachment to Parents and Peers by G. Armsden and M. Greenberg

The article presents the results of validation of the Russian version of the G. Armsden and M. Greenberg’s Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA-Ru). The sample consisted of 747 students of Russian universities (n=747) aged 16–21 (M=18.72; SD=0.97), females – 71%. The factor structure of the Russian version was confirmed. The results of assessment of convergent validity and descriptive statistics (norms) are presented. The study demonstrated that the measure is suitable for use for research purposes in the Russian sample.

University Health Risk Behaviour (UniHRB) Inventory (Sinhala): a tool to assess common health risk behaviours among undergraduates in Sri Lanka

Introduction: The degree of health risk behaviour (HRB) among undergraduates has not been researched extensively in Sri Lanka and there is no tool available to assess common HRBs in a university setting. Objectives: To develop, translate and validate a tool to measure common HRBs in Sinhalese second-year undergraduates in Sri Lanka Methods: The UniHRB-Inventory (Sinhala) was developed using a seven-step design process for tool development. An extensive literature review, nine key informant interviews (KII), and five focus group discussions (FGD) were carried out. A combination of deductive and inductive methods was used to define the domain and identify the questions to assess. Content and consensual validity was assessed using the modified Delphi process. A validation study was conducted among 666 second-year undergraduates at the University of Kelaniya selected using stratified-cluster sampling. Construct-validity of UniHRB-Inventory-Sinhala was assessed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (n=333), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) (n=333), multi-trait scaling analysis and convergent validity assessment (n=80). Internal consistency and test-retest reliability was assessed in a sub-sample (n=25). Results: There has been a deficit of choices for adapting an HRB tool for undergraduates in Sri Lanka. Violence and injuries, sexual risk behaviours, addictions to mobile phones and the internet are common among undergraduates. Students’ dismissive attitude towards violence and neglecting health behaviours, such as sleep deprivation and poor hygienic practice, were highlighted as important aspects of HRBs. The UniHRB-Inventory (Sinhala) with 70 items showed good face, content and consensual validity. A seven-factor model was identified through PCA, which was confirmed through CFA. UniHRB-Inventory domains and sensation seeking scale (SSS) total score showed correlations between 0.39-0.67. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.77 and test-retest reliability coefficients of seven domains ranging between 0.74-0.82 indicated high reliability. Conclusions &amp; Recommendations: The newly developed UniHRB -Inventory (Sinhala) is a valid and reliable tool to assess common HRBs among undergraduates in Sri Lanka.

Measuring Using Disruptive Technology in the Supply Chain Context: Scale Development and Validation

The concept of disruptive technology has been in our lives for many years, and it is essential to measure their utilization levels to survive in the global competitive environment, to benefit from their contributions to supply chains, to examine their relations with supply chain operations and to compare them with average state of the industry. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a measurement instrument for supply chain management practices in the disruptive technology field. Accordingly, the study was carried out in five steps and the sample size consists of 47 companies as pilot data and 426 companies for the main data. These steps consist of item generation and purification, pilot test, initial identification of dimensionality, dimensionality confirmation and convergent validity assessment. As a result of the study, a new scale with a single factor structure was developed. The study ends with the evaluation of the findings. Correcting the lack of a measurement tool developed in this field in the literature is the theoretical contribution of the study. Furthermore, this study enables supply chain leaders to compare their utilization level of disruptive technology with the industries in which they operate, to associate it with operations and to enhance technology investments in practice.

Learning barriers at the workplace: Development and validation of a measurement instrument

While facilitating factors to learning at the workplace have been well investigated, throughout the past decade less has emerged about the barriers that occur when approaching a learning activity at the workplace. Barriers to learning at the workplace are factors that hinder the initiation of successful learning, interrupt learning possibilities, delay proceedings or end learning activities much earlier than intended. The aim of this study is to develop and validate an instrument that measures barriers to informal and formal learning at the workplace. An interview pre-study asked 26 consultants about their learning barriers based on existing instruments. Using this data as groundwork, a novel measuring instrument of barriers to informal and formal learning was developed. The instrument is comprised of five factors with items on individual barriers, organizational/structural barriers, technical barriers, change and uncertainty. To validate the scales, a cross-sectional questionnaire with 112 consultancy employees and freelancers was conducted. The validation included exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency assessment, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and convergent validity assessment. The results generated a three-factor scale barrier measurement for formal learning and a two-factor scale barrier measurement for informal learning. All scales featured Cronbach’s alpha values ranging between 0.80 and 0.86. With this developed and validated scales it is intended to help offer insights into factors that hinder individuals from learning at the workplace, and show organizations their potential for change.

The initial Polish adaptation of the Mind Wandering Questionnaire: translation and verification of the scale internal consistency

Abstract Introduction: The aim of the current study was to present the results of the first step of the Mind Wandering Questionnaire (MWQ) adaptation to the Polish sample. The adaptation involved performing translation of the scale, verification of the translated items’ accessibility and the analysis of the internal consistency. Material and methods: MWQ in original form is a single-factor short self-assessing questionnaire composed of five items with a 6-point Likert-type answering scale. The translation of items was performed by a professional language expert according to psychometric rules. The research group included 70 healthy young adults (students), aged 21.53, an equal number of males and females. Results: The adapted questionnaire exhibited a single-factorial structure and satisfactory parameters of internal consistency: Cronbach’s alpha was 0.78, all individual items were significantly correlated with MWQ total score, and the mean value of correlation reached 0.74. The mean value of the adopted MWQ total score reached 15.84 (SD = 4.11). The study showing the initial step of the questionnaire adaptation revealed that the scale in the Polish version has an internal structure comparable with the original one, and its internal consistency exhibited good parameters. Conclusions: In the next steps of the scale full adaptation, a convergent validity assessment should be carried out together with correlations with other scales assessing psychological constructs and dimensions of individual differences associated with Mind Wandering, such as neuroticism and impulsiveness.

Motherhood choice in multiple sclerosis (MoMS) development and piloting of patient-reported outcome measures

BackgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) particularly affects women between the age of 20 and 40. Therefore, pregnancy is often an important issue for women with MS (wwMS), but misunderstandings, misinformation, and uncertainties about MS and pregnancy are common. We developed and pilot-tested two questionnaires, one on knowledge (MCKQ), and one on attitudes, coping strategies and worries (MPWQ) of wwMS regarding pregnancy. MethodsThis mixed-methods study followed the MRC framework for the development and evaluation of complex interventions. Two questionnaires were developed based on an earlier questionnaire and a qualitative study, cognitively debriefed and pilot tested in a web-based survey. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. The psychometric analysis included item difficulty and reliability (for both questionnaires), convergent validity assessment and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (for MPWQ). ResultsThe qualitative study (three focus groups and interviews with 15 wwMS overall and interviews with 4 experts) revealed several topics requiring evidence-based decision support. A multidisciplinary panel produced the 16-item MCKQ and the 39-item MPWQ. The cognitive debriefing of both questionnaires went smoothly. Of 128 wwMS who approached the survey, 95 (74%) completed the MCKQ and 89 (70%) the MPWQ. The mean age of wwMS was 36.7 years, 88% had a relapsing MS, and 32% had no children. Item difficulty, reliability and convergent validity were acceptable for both questionnaires. The EFA did not confirm the three-scale structure (attitude, worries and coping). ConclusionThe developed questionnaires fill a gap in self-reported measures of knowledge (MCKQ) and attitudes, worries, and coping strategies (MPWQ) of wwMS regarding motherhood. Further refinement of the MPWQ and validation in a larger sample is warranted before its large-scale use.

Hartmann’s Boundaries Questionnaire: Measuring Psychometric Properties and the Structure in a Russian-speaking Sample

Psychological boundaries are defined as one's ability to distinguish various components of psychological life: conscious and subconscious, self and others. The Boundaries in the Mind concept by E. Hartmann belongs to the psychodynamic tradition and is implemented in the Boundaries Questionnaire, which assesses the thinness of one's psychological boundaries. Its shortest version (18 items) has been adapted in Russian but is a one-scale tool. The BQ-46 version, developed by D. Rawlings, consists of six subscales which allow for structural analysis. The objective of this study was to develop a Russian version of the questionnaire based on the BQ-46 and analyze its structure in a Russian-speaking sample. The BQ-46 was translated into Russian and back. Data collection was arranged online. Three hundred eighty-seven (387) participants filled in the Russian version of the questionnaire. Two hundred ninety-six (296) of them also filled out four additional questionnaires for convergent validity assessment, and one hundred and one (101) subjects completed a BQ-46 retest. The Russian version of the questionnaire (referred to as BQ-33) consists of 33 items and is a five-scale measurement tool. Its subscales are generally in line with the original BQ-46 version by D. Rawlings. The BQ-33 demonstrated acceptable-to-good reliability and good test-retest stability (r = 0.86). The convergent validity of the BQ-33 was supported by associations with the respective psychological concepts. My findings supported the idea of boundaries getting thicker with age, along with some tendency for gender differences for particular subscales. The study results supported the validity and reliability of the BQ-33 in a Russian-speaking sample. This tool can be used to measure psychological boundaries and assess their structure.

Measuring health-related quality of life in young children with physical illness: psychometric properties of the parent-reported KIDSCREEN-27.

This study examined whether the KIDSCREEN-27 was reliable and valid in young children 2-7years with chronic physical illnesses which included estimating inter-domain correlations and internal consistency; measurement invariance testing; and, discriminant and convergent validity assessments. Data come from the Multimorbidity in Children and Youth across the Life-course; a longitudinal study of individuals aged 2-16years with physical illness. The parent-reported KIDSCREEN-27 was administered. Children (2-7years; n = 106) were compared to adolescents (8-16years; n = 157). Reliability was estimated using Cronbach α for internal consistency. Multiple group confirmatory factor analysis tested for measurement invariance. Cohen's d and Pearson coefficient were used to assess discriminant validity by sex and age. Convergent validity was tested using Pearson coefficients with the WHODAS 2.0 (child functioning/impairment). Multiple regression examined associations between multimorbidity (co-occurring physical and mental illness) and HRQL. Internal consistency reliabilities were α = 0.74-0.88 (children) and α = 0.77-0.88 (adolescents). Inter-domain correlations were relatively low (children: r = 0.18-0.59; adolescents: r = 0.30-0.62) indicating that each KIDSCREEN-27 domain was measuring a unique aspect of health-related quality of life. Measurement invariance was demonstrated (scalar level). Parameter estimates of the invariant models were similar for children and adolescents. Small, non-significant correlations were found for sex and age for children and adolescents. Medium, significant correlations were found for both groups between the KIDSCREEN-27 and WHODAS 2.0. Children and adolescents with multimorbidity had significantly lower physical well-being, psychological well-being, and school environment scores compare to those without multimorbidity. Regression coefficients were similar between groups. Findings provide evidence of adequate psychometrics for the KIDSCREEN-27 in young children with chronic physical illness.

Listening to People with Misophonia: Exploring the Multiple Dimensions of Sound Intolerance Using a New Psychometric Tool, the S-Five, in a Large Sample of Individuals Identifying with the Condition

Misophonia involves a strong emotional response to certain sounds and can cause significant distress and functional impairment. The aim of this study was to present and psychometrically evaluate a new, multidimensional measure of misophonia, the S-Five. The study also aimed to present and test a supplementary tool, a checklist of triggers that measure the nature and intensity of reactions. The stages of development for the measure are described. Psychometric testing on the final version of the tool was conducted using a sample of 828 individuals who identified with having misophonia. Analyses included factor structure assessment, measurement invariance testing, reliability (test–retest and internal consistency), and (concurrent) convergent validity assessment. Five factors emerged in the S-Five as dimensions of the experience of misophonia: internalising appraisals, externalising appraisals, sense of emotional threat, outbursts, and impact. No measurement bias was identified with respect to gender and age. All reliability and validity indices were satisfactory. The S-Five is a multidimensional measurement scale with satisfactory psychometric properties and will be a valuable tool for improving understanding of misophonia in research and clinical settings.

Validity and Reliability of Adapted Self-Efficacy Scales in Malaysian Context Using PLS-SEM Approach

Self-efficacy scales have been used widely across curriculum and demographic structures, while retaining their objectivity in a specific domain. This pilot study aimed to test the validity and reliability of adapted scales that incorporated four sources of self-efficacy (mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and emotional and physiological states), as well as science self-efficacy in the Malaysian context. A total of 109 students participated in this study. Data were analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), by using the partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach. The reliability criteria were determined through outer loading and composite reliability (CR). The assessment of convergent validity was performed using the average variance extracted (AVE), while the discriminant validity of this instrument was confirmed using the heterotrait–monotrait criterion (HTMT), along with the bootstrapping procedure. The CR values were at a satisfactory level, and two indicators were eliminated (PM3 and PMPR6) to improve the AVE values of the construct. All the values were assessed in the HTMT criterion, along with the confidence intervals in the range recommended to prove discriminant validity. The assessment of validity and reliability, through PLS-SEM, indicated that the scales used in this study are valid and statistically reliable.

Cognitive Decline Is Closely Associated with Ataxia Severity in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2: a Validation Study of the Schmahmann Syndrome Scale

The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome scale (CCAS-S) was designed to detect specific cognitive dysfunctions in cerebellar patients but is scarcely validated in spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA). The objective of this study is to determine the usefulness of the CCAS-S in a Cuban cohort of SCA2 patients and the relationship of its scores with disease severity. The original scale underwent a forward and backward translation into Spanish language, followed by a pilot study to evaluate its comprehensibility. Reliability, discriminant, and convergent validity assessments were conducted in 64 SCA2 patients and 64 healthy controls matched for sex, age, and education. Fifty patients completed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test. The CCAS-S showed an acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.74) while its total raw score and the number of failed tests showed excellent (ICC = 0.94) and good (ICC = 0.89) test-retest reliability, respectively. Based on original cut-offs, the sensitivity of CCAS-S to detect possible/probable/definite CCAS was notably high (100%/100%/91%), but specificities were low (6%/30/64%) because the decreased specificity observed in four items. CCAS-S performance was significantly influenced by ataxia severity in patients and by education in both groups. CCAS-S scores correlated with MoCA scores, but showed higher sensitivity than MoCA to detect cognitive impairments in patients. The CCAS-S is particularly useful to detect cognitive impairments in SCA2 but some transcultural and/or age and education-dependent adaptations could be necessary to improve its diagnostic properties. Furthermore, this scale confirmed the parallelism between cognitive and motor deficits in SCA2, giving better insights into the disease pathophysiology and identifying novel outcomes for clinical trials.

Development and psychometric evaluation of the Spiritual Health Questionnaire among Iranian Muslim adults

Background: Spiritual health (SH) has received great attention from nurses and other health-care providers in recent years. The existing instruments for SH measurement measure either some aspects of SH or SH-related concepts, and there is no specific SH measurement instrument, particularly for Muslim adults in Iran. Objective: This study aimed at the development and psychometric evaluation of the Spiritual Health Questionnaire (SHQ). Methods: This exploratory sequential mixed methods study was conducted in a qualitative and a quantitative phase in 2014–2016. In the qualitative phase, a concept analysis was conducted using the hybrid model and its results were used to develop the primary SHQ. In the quantitative phase, the face, content, and construct validity and reliability of SHQ were assessed. Exploratory factor analysis and concurrent validity assessment were performed for construct validity assessment. Test–retest stability and internal consistency were also assessed for reliability assessment. Results: The qualitative phase of the study showed that the concept of SH had six main components. In the quantitative phase, the number of primary SHQ items was reduced from 88 to 59 after face and content validity assessments. In construct validity assessment, 12 more items were excluded and the remaining 47 items were loaded on six factors which explained 45.2% of the total variance. The Cronbach’s alpha values of the questionnaire and its six dimensions were 0.778 and 0.752–0.788, respectively. Convergent validity assessment showed that the mean scores of SHQ and the Spiritual Well-Being Index had a significant correlation with each other (r = 0.35; P = 0.032). Conclusion: The 47-item SHQ is a specific instrument for SH assessment with acceptable validity and reliability.

Validation study of the Italian version of Temporal Focus Scale: psychometric properties and convergent validity

BackgroundOver the last decade, international research has produced a large number of studies that have stressed the importance of temporal focus in various aspects of the lives of individuals, groups and organizations. This first Italian validation study of the Temporal Focus Scale (TFS) has shown a reliable measurement to assess the tendency of individuals to characteristically think about different periods of their lives.MethodsTFS/I was administered to a sample of 1458 participants, while three other convenience samples (N1 = 453; N2 = 544; N3 = 168) were used for convergent validity testing.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis confirmed a three-factor solution (including 10 items) with good indices of fit to data, e.g., χ2 = 49.533, CFI = 0.992, TLI = 0.986, RMSEA = 0.034, RMSEA 90% CI .018–.048. Convergent validity assessment confirmed predictive indications with variables such as life satisfaction, optimistic/pessimistic orientation, perceived general self-efficacy, self-regulatory modes, anxiety, depression.ConclusionThe temporal focus has proven to be a significant feature associated with various aspects of both well-being and personal discomfort. By virtue of its good psychometric properties, the TFS can be an integrative tool along with others for a better evaluation of the person’s profile in different contexts such as education, coaching, psychotherapy, counseling and career guidance.