Assessment Of Chromium Research Articles

Assessment of Chromium, Cadmium and Lead Concentrations in Former Quarries Substrates Using Spectrophotometer and Pollution Indices

ABSTRACT Quarries are regarded as crucial cornerstones of national economic development in Palestine. But they also have detrimental effects on the ecosystem and biological resources. Determination of the amount of heavy metals (chromium, cadmium, and lead) in quarries stumps is the main objective of the current research study. To accomplish this, 20 quarry stump samples were collected from four distinct regions of the Hebron Governorate in Palestine, using the quadrat method, and they were afterward calorimetrically assessed using a UV-visible spectrophotometer and pollution indices. The results reveal that the stumps possess Cr and Pb concentration below the international declared levels (1–1000 mg/l and 15–40 mg/l, respectively), while the Cd is above the declared level (0.2 mg/kg). The Cr and Pb content ranges from 0.128 to 0.611 mg/L and 0.125 to 0.779 mg/L, respectively. On contrary, the Cd contents varies from 0.362 to 8.572 mg/L in Hebron governorate. This level of Cd content, somehow, locate above their declared level by the international standards. In addition, the heavy metals content seems to be site-specific in the selected regions in Hebron governorate. The risk of cadmium is due to its high concentration, while the risk of Pb is because of its high toxicity. Moreover, the four regions are considered as uncontaminated and are clean based on PI Nemerow for Cr and Pb, but not for Cd. In conclusion, working on quarries in Hebron governorate is still safe from the levels of heavy metals point of view. However, more control and restriction must be implanted in order to mitigate its environmental and health consequences. Moreover, more research is needed to assess the occurrence of other heavy metals and their consequences on biological life and environmental issues.

Assessment of chromium and nickel in agricultural soil: implications for sustainable agriculture

Fertilizers in soil management can alter soil physical, chemical and biological compositions, and introduce trace elements such as chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) into the agricultural soils. The carcinogenic tendencies of these trace elements at elevated concentrations in plants, animals and humans make it a serious concern. Soil samples from a farm in Ota, Southwest Nigeria wereanalysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results indicate that the farm's nickel (Ni) is within the permissible limits, while chromium (Cr) concentrationsexceeded the WHO/FAO allowable limits. Nickel has a mean value of 47.12 mg/kg in the soil, while chromium has a mean value of 152.20 mg/kg. These toxic elements' contamination assessment result has shown the descending order of Ni>Cd in the studied farm. The toxicity of nickel and chromiumin soils causes chlorosis, stunted rootsand inhibits plants growth.

Systematic review of biomonitoring data on occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium.

Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) can cause serious adverse health effects such as lung cancer and irritation of the skin and airways. Although assessment of chromium (Cr) in urine is not specific for Cr(VI) exposure, the total amount of Cr in urine is the most used marker of exposure for biomonitoring of Cr(VI). The purpose of this systematic review was fourfold: (1) to assess current and recent biomonitoring levels in subjects occupationally exposed to Cr(VI), with a focus on urinary Cr levels at the end of a working week, (2) to identify variables influencing these biomonitoring levels, (3) to identify how urinary Cr levels correlate with other Cr(VI) exposure markers and (4) to identify gaps in the current research. To address these purposes, unpublished and published biomonitoring data were consulted: (i) unpublished biomonitoring data comprised urinary Cr levels (n=3799) of workers from different industries in Belgium collected during 1998-2018, in combination with expert scores indicating jobs with Cr exposure and (ii) published biomonitoring data was extracted by conducting a systematic literature review. A linear mixed effect model was applied on the unpublished biomonitoring data, showing a decreasing time trend of 30% in urinary Cr levels. Considering the observed decreasing time trend, only articles published between January 1, 2010 and September 30, 2020 were included in the systematic literature search to assess current and recent biomonitoring levels. Twenty-five studies focusing on human biomonitoring of exposure to Cr(VI) in occupational settings were included. Overall, the results showed a decreasing time trend in urinary Cr levels and the need for more specific Cr(VI) biomarkers. Furthermore, this review indicated the importance of improved working conditions, efficient use of personal protective equipment, better exposure control and increased risk awareness to reduce Cr levels in biological matrices. Further investigation of the contribution of the different exposure routes is needed, so that better guidance on the use of control measures can be provided. In addition, this review support the call for more harmonization of human biomonitoring.

Assessment of chromium, lead and mercury in seawater and some fish species from the Gulf of Urabá, Colombian Caribbean: a baseline study.

The coastline of the department of Antioquia, in Colombia, exhibits a wide variety of aquatic and land ecosystems rich in both diversity and abundance. However, it is exposed to a variety of human activities, including industry, tourism, and mining. Banana cultivation is the main activity carried out in this region, which offers large economic benefits. In addition, there are diverse fishery resources that are main basis of the economy and nutrition for the population. Over the years, the Gulf of Urabá has been affected by serious pollution problems due to elevated contents toxic compounds that deteriorate the aquatic ecosystem, even our laboratory has conducted previous studies in heavy metals in fish from this same area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contents of chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) in seawater and fish muscle in three fish species from the Gulf of Urabá that are commercialized and consumed by the population of the municipality of Turbo, using microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES). The occurrence of toxic metals in seawater in this area has not been reported, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study. Cr and Pb concentrations in seawater from several sampling points were detected ranged from 0.025 to 0.369 mg/L and 0.012-0.165 mg/L, respectively, while Hg levels were below detection limit. Regarding fish samples, Pb and Hg levels range 0.64-1.91 mg/kg and 0.11-1.09 mg/kg, respectively. Sea catfish species exhibited the highest content of metals, followed by stone head catfish and anchovy, it which showed the lowest contamination by metals. In this study, levels that exceed the limits in Colombian regulations regarding metal contents in discharge points to surface water and fishery products for human consumption were found.

Assessment of chromium and nickel levels in surface sea waters and sediments from industrial marine area in Tuzla Aydinli Bay, Istanbul Turkey

The determination and evaluation of nickel and chromium in Tuzla Aydinli Bay is an important subject since it is an industrial marine area for decades and it is crucial to protect aquatic life which are toxic for the aqueous environment. In this study, 32 samples were collected both from near the coastal shipyard activity to far of the activity areas in Tuzla Aydinli Bay, Istanbul (Turkey) according to the standard guidance. Nickel and chromium were determined in the sea water and sediment samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The contamination factors and geoaccumulation indices with respect to nickel and chromium were calculated and evaluated. Based on the modified ecological risk assessments, variable results were obtained depending on the selection of control (blank) points.

Assessment of chromium, nickel, cobalt and zinc in edible flesh of two tilapia fish species found in Bodo River, Rivers State, Nigeria

Oil exploration, exploitation, oil well fires and pipe-line vandalism are often reported to lead to high levels of pollution of the environment affecting water, land and air. As a result, the safety of specific fish species for human consumption is constantly in doubt and needs assessment. Guinean tilapia ( Tilapia guineensis ) and Blackchin tilapia ( Sarotherondon melanotheron ) are two of the highly consumed fish species in Bodo River. The level of chromium, nickel, cobalt and zinc in the flesh of Tilapia guineensis and Sarotherondon melanotheron found in Bodo River were studied using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The amount of chromium found in the two fish species ranged between 10.3-10.5mg/kg, nickel 8.7-10.2mg/kg, cobalt 3.0-4mg/kg and zinc 71.2-74.5mg/kg. The levels of Cr, Ni, Co and Zn found in these two species of fish were compared to WHO maximum permissible levels of fish for consumption. The results showed that, fish from the study area contain amount of these metals investigated. This result will serve as a baseline for Food Agencies in Nigeria to certify safety of fishes from various rivers before they are sold for consumption to the public is hereby highlighted. Keywords: X-ray fluorescence, Chromium, nickel, cobalt, zinc, Guinean tilapia ( Tilapia guineensis ), Blackchin tilapia ( Sarotherodon melanotheron ), Bodo River

Assessment of chromium(VI) release from 848 jewellery items by use of a diphenylcarbazide spot test.

Keywords: allergic chromium dermatitis; chromium; chromium allergy; dermatitis; metals; potassium dichromate; screening; spot test

UK concentrations of chromium and chromium (VI), measured as water soluble chromium, in PM10

As a toxic metal found in respirable ambient particulate matter (PM10) chromium is being increasing recognised as an important environmental pollutant and its emissions from industrial facilities are controlled by legislation. Total chromium concentrations in ambient air are monitored by air quality monitoring stations across the UK and this work summarises for the first time the data recorded at these locations over the last 30 years. In addition, a novel assessment of chromium (VI) concentrations – measured as water soluble chromium, with the selectively of this technique being benchmarked against a more robust solid phase extraction procedure – across the UK, is presented. The results for soluble chromium concentrations typically lay within 5–15 % of the total chromium concentrations determined by the UK network, agreeing with ranges found in previous studies. The percentage of chromium (VI) as total chromium shows some correlation with proximity to industrial sources.

Pollution Level and Assessment of Chromium in Agricultural Soil around Chromate Plant

Based on the environmental standard and environmental quality risk assessment criteria for soil of China, the pollution level and assessment of chromium in agricultural soil samples around chromate plant were analyzed. The 176 agricultural soil samples were collected according to radial distribution method near chromium slag disposal site and a radius of 150m in 11 areas at 10cm interval from the surface layer to the underground 150cm vertically on each monitoring point. The results showed that the concentration of Cr (VI) and total chromium decreased with the increase of the chromium slag disposal site distance. The content of Cr (VI) in the soil near pile of chromium slag was significantly higher than the background value and the surface soil Cr (VI) content is up to 30.54 mg/kg that the pollution index was 5.7. The content of Cr (VI) decrease with increase of the soil depth. The total chromium pollution index in surface soil near Chromium slag heap is highest for 4.61. The Cr (VI) content in soil is less than the standard value proposed by Environmental quality risk assessment criteria for soil at manufacturing facilities.

Assessment of chromium and nickel levels in maternal blood, placenta and cord blood by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Assessment of chromium and nickel levels in maternal blood, placenta and cord blood by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Safety assessment of chromium by exposure from cosmetic products

Low level impurities often reside in cosmetic products. The aim of the present study was to estimate the human exposure to chromium from cosmetic products purchased at a local market in South Korea, and to assess the risk on public health. Hexavalent chromium is an impurity substance that contaminates cosmetic products during manufacture. The potential for chromium to induce and elicit allergic contact dermatitis, as well as the degree of chromium exposure from cosmetic products, were assessed. Chromium exposure was estimated using the chromium concentrations found in cosmetic samples taken from the local market along with the expected user pattern data that was taken from the literature. Of the cosmetics we tested and available for purchase on the Korean market, seven had chromium contents above the detection limit of 0.1 ppm (0.1 microg/mL), ranging from 0.2 to 3.15 ppm. In risk assessment, scientifically defensible dose-response relationships must be established for the end points of concern. In the case of chromium contaminated cosmetic products, this includes conducting dose-response assessments for allergic contact dermatitis following dermal exposure. This dose-response information can then be integrated with site-specific exposure assessments to regulate consumer safety by use of these products. We found that dermal exposure to chromium concentrations ranging from 0.0002 to 0.003 microg/cm(2) does not appear to cause concern for eliciting allergic contact dermatitis.

Cadmium and its compounds: Evaluation of risks to health from environmental exposure in Canada

Abstract In this assessment of chromium as a Priority Substance under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, available data on both hexavalent and trivalent chromium were evaluated to determine if levels of either form of this element present in the Canadian environment pose a risk to human health. Hexavalent chromium has been classified as “carcinogenic to humans”, based on the sufficient weight of evidence of carcinogenicity in occupationally exposed populations. Based on the comparison of estimated exposure in Canada to the potency of inhaled hexavalent chromium to induce lung tumours, the priority for analysis of options to reduce exposure in the general environment is considered to be moderate to high compared to that of other substances assessed under CEPA. In addition, hexavalent chromium may induce skin sensitivity in a small portion of the general population. On the basis of the inadequate database on carcinogenicity in animals and the limited epidemiological database, trivalent chromium has ...

Chromium and its compounds: Evaluation of risks to health from environmental exposure in Canada

Abstract In this assessment of chromium as a Priority Substance under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, available data on both hexavalent and trivalent chromium were evaluated to determine if levels of either form of this element present in the Canadian environment pose a risk to human health. Hexavalent chromium has been classified as “carcinogenic to humans”, based on the sufficient weight of evidence of carcinogenicity in occupationally exposed populations. Based on the comparison of estimated exposure in Canada to the potency of inhaled hexavalent chromium to induce lung tumours, the priority for analysis of options to reduce exposure in the general environment is considered to be moderate to high compared to that of other substances assessed under CEPA. In addition, hexavalent chromium may induce skin sensitivity in a small portion of the general population. On the basis of the inadequate database on carcinogenicity in animals and the limited epidemiological database, trivalent chromium has been classified as “unclassifiable with respect to carcinogenicity in humans”. Trivalent chromium is considered to be an essential element in human nutrition for which estimated intake does not exceed the recommended intake. Moreover, based on the limited available database, effects in animals or humans occur only at concentrations several orders of magnitude greater than those in the general environment.