Assessed Risk Of Bias Research Articles

Interview and interrogation methods and their effects on true and false confessions: A systematic review update and extension.

False confessions are often the product of an interrogation process, and the method by which an interrogation is conducted likely affects both the rate of truthful confessions and false confessions. An optimal interrogation method will maximize the former and minimize the latter. The current study was a partial update and extension of Meissner and colleagues' (2012) prior Campbell systematic review titled Interview and Interrogation Methods and their Effects on True and False Confessions. Our objective was to assess the effects of interrogation approach on the rates of true and false confessions for criminal (mock) suspects. PsycINFO, Criminal Justice Abstracts, and 15 other databases were searched starting October 20, 2022, with the final search conducted on May 23, 2023; together with reference checking, citation searching, and contact with authors to identify additional studies. All eligible studies experimentally manipulated interrogation approach (i.e., accusatorial, information-gathering, or direct questioning) were conducted with mock suspects accused of wrongdoing where ground truth was known, and included information about confession rates. We used standard methodological procedures expected by The Campbell Collaboration for our selection of studies and data collection. However, we developed our own risk of bias items and analyzed our data using network meta-analysis methods. Data were synthesized via random-effects network meta-analysis based on the logged odds ratio. Across the 27 research articles that provided statistical information sufficient to calculate an effect size, 29 individual studies provided a total of 81 effect sizes. Most studies were conducted with college students in the United States. Overall, our risk of bias assessment indicated that authors generally adhered to double-blind procedures and avoided selective reporting of outcomes. Of note, however, it was often unclear how violations of the randomization process were dealt with.For true confessions, there were 12 studies estimating the effect between accusatorial and direct questioning, five estimating the effect between information-gathering and direct questioning, and another five estimating the effect between accusatorial and information-gathering. Compared to information-gathering, on average, the accusatorial conditions observed fewer true confessions, although not statistically significant (combined OR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.29, 1.05). The largest effects were between information-gathering and direct questioning, with the former producing significantly more true confessions on average (combined OR = 2.43, 95% CI 1.29, 4.59). This model showed good consistency between the direct and indirect effects.For false confessions, there were 20 studies estimating the effect between accusatorial and direct questioning, 4 studies estimating the effect between information-gathering and direct questioning, and 7 estimating the effect between accusatorial and information-gathering. On average, accusatorial conditions yielded more false confessions than direct questioning (combined OR = 3.03, 95% CI 1.83, 5.02) or information-gathering (combined OR = 4.41, 95% CI 1.77, 10.97), both of which are statistically significant. In contrast, direct questioning and information-gathering had roughly similar rates of false confessions with nonsignificant and small effects that slightly favored information-gathering (combined OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.27, 1.78). This model showed good consistency between the direct and indirect effects.For true confessions under a six-node model, most of the direct, indirect, and combined network estimated mean odds ratios were not statistically significant. The only significant effects were for (1) information-gathering versus direct questioning, with the former resulting in more true confessions (combined OR = 2.57, 95% CI 1.38, 4.78); and (2) accusatorial-evidence ploy versus information-gathering with the former resulting in fewer true confessions (combined OR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.16, 0.84).For false confessions under a six-node model, we found significant effects for (1) accusatorial-evidence ploys versus direct questioning, with the former resulting in more false confessions (combined OR = 2.98, 95% CI 1.59, 5.59); (2) accusatorial-evidence ploys versus information-gathering, with the former resulting in more false confessions (combined OR = 4.47, 95% CI 1.46, 13.68); (3) accusatorial-other versus direct questioning, with the former resulting in more false confessions (combined OR = 3.12, 95% CI 1.37, 7.10); (4) accusatorial-other versus information-gathering, with the former resulting in more false confessions (combined OR = 4.67, 95% CI 1.61, 13.55); and (5) information-gathering versus minimization, with the latter resulting in more false confessions (combined OR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.08, 0.83). No other combined effects were significant. This model should be interpreted cautiously, however, as the Q statistics raised concerns regarding model consistency. Overall, results support calls for reforming policies related to interviewing and interrogation practices to prohibit the use of accusatorial approaches and require the adoption of approaches that are science-based.

An Overview of Randomized Controlled Trials Examining Prescription and Nonprescription Pharmacological Interventions for Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Objective: To characterize randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of pharmacological interventions (prescription medications, nonprescription medications, and supplements) for the management of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (MSTBI). Data sources: Systematic searches were conducted in MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO for RCTs up to December 2022 inclusive in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Study selection and data extraction: Inclusion criteria were RCT study design; participants’ mean age ≥ 18 years and ≥ 50% had MSTBI; examined ≥ 1 pharmacological intervention(s), either alone or in combination with other interventions. Two independent reviewers conducted Cochrane risk of bias assessment. Data synthesis: Three hundred thirteen RCTs (1978-2022) met inclusion criteria. A total of 146 unique pharmacotherapies and supplements were studied. The most frequently studied intervention was mannitol ( n = 20 RCTs). Mean sample size was 230.4 (4-12 737) and 195 studies (62.3%) were conducted in the acute phase post-MSTBI. Four hundred thirty-five unique outcome measures (OMs) were studied; the most common OMs used were Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) (29.4%), mortality (25.2%), and intracranial pressure (25.2%), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) (19.5%), and mean arterial pressure (17.3%), and heart rate (10%). Of the included studies, only 7% ( n = 22) had low risk of bias. Conclusion: The paucity of high-quality studies, variability in RCT methodology, sample sizes, and OMs utilization, as well as the low number of RCTs conducted in the subacute- and chronic-phase after injury pose a challenge for conducting meta-analyses to provide strong recommendations for informed decision-making in clinical practice.

Effectiveness of coatings in reducing biofilm adhesion on arch wires: A systematic review

To evaluate the Effectiveness of coatings in reducing biofilm adhesion on arch wire. A literature search was performed on PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and Science Direct to examine studies that compared the uncoated group of arch wires to those with nano coatings and assessed the anti-adherent property. After extracting the data from each study, two risk of bias assessment tools were employed and tabulated data was obtained. 8 Studies met the requirements for inclusion. For majority of the included articles, the risk of bias assessment indicated a low to moderate risk. The antibacterial properties of various nanoparticle coatings were examined and evaluated.Regardless of patient compliance, a proper application of each type of coated arch-wire can help prevent white spot lesions and reduce bacterial aggregation around orthodontic attachments. Majority of the studies that made up this systematic review have a risk of bias grade of "fair." A meta-analysis was not feasible because of heterogeneity in the different coating techniques used to test the antibacterial property.

Social Determinants of Health and Language and Academic Outcomes in Pediatric Cochlear Implantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Cochlear implants can restore sound and enable speech and language development for children with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. Long-term outcomes of pediatric cochlear implant recipients are variable. Although the association between social determinants of health (SDH) and pediatric cochlear implant outcomes has been explored, the strength of this association has not been quantitatively synthesized in the literature. To determine the association of SDH with language and academic outcomes in pediatric cochlear implant recipients. In August 2023, the following databases were searched: Embase.com, Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature Plus, APA PsycINFO, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Following duplicate exclusion of 8687 results, 5326 records were finalized. Abstract screening, full-text review, and risk of bias assessment was performed by 1 to 2 reviewers. Articles were included if an effect size for an SDH variable that was associated with measures of language, communication, reading, academics, and quality of life was reported. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed, with standardized regression coefficients measuring the relative direction and magnitude of a variable association with the outcome of interest. Of 5326 articles, 40 articles that included a total of 3809 children were included in the systematic review; 20 articles that included a total of 1905 children were included in the meta-analysis. Parental involvement, education level, and low socioeconomic status were moderately to strongly associated with language outcomes (β = 0.30; 95% CI, 0.13-0.48; β = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.29-0.62; β = -0.47; 95% CI, -0.83 to -0.10, respectively). Known determinants of language outcomes, such as the age of cochlear implantation and duration of cochlear implant use, demonstrated moderate to no associations with language outcomes (β = -0.30; 95% CI, -0.43 to -0.17; β = 0.19; 95% CI, -0.26 to 0.63, respectively). The results of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that SDH are associated with childhood language development and academic achievement. In addition to efforts to expedite cochlear implant placement in eligible children, optimal outcomes may be achieved with interventions centered on the child's home, primary medical care, and school environment.

The unrevealed links: periodontal health, human milk composition, and infant gut microbiome dynamics.

This review aims to identify the mechanistic relationships related to periodontal diseases and its possible association with changes in human milk composition and the composition and function of infants' gut microbiome. Maternal health conditions, especially inflammatory, are associated with altered human milk composition. It is not known whether maternal oral inflammatory diseases, including periodontal diseases, deleteriously affect human milk composition. A narrative review was conducted according to SANRA, the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles, guidelines. PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane database of systematic reviews were searched from September 2019 up to December 2023 using keywords such as breast/human milk, maternal health/infections, and periodontal diseases. Reference lists of relevant articles were also screened. Our primary outcome of interest was human milk composition (i.e., any changes in macronutrients, immunological components, etc.). Secondary outcomes included changes in human milk microbiome and subsequent changes in the infant gut microbiome. Outcomes were synthesized using a narrative approach where the existing evidence and current literature were summarized. No risk of bias assessment of the studies was performed in this review. The search yielded no studies investigating the relationship between periodontal diseases in nursing mothers and changes in human milk composition. However, a dose-response relationship exists between the severity of periodontal diseases and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth. Mastitis and diabetes affected milk lipids. Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) was increased in mastitis, whereas reduced concentrations were reported in diabetes. Potential biological pathways through which periodontal diseases can negatively affect human milk composition include the systemic dissemination of inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, PGE2, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-β that can be up-regulated by bacterial by-products. This biological plausibility needs to be investigated, given the potentially negative impact on the quality of human milk that could be caused by periodontal inflammation.

Predictors of outcomes after gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy for refractory gastroparesis: a systematic review

Background: Gastroparesis is a debilitating gastroduodenal disorder for which gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy (GPOEM) has emerged as an efficacious treatment option. However, response to GPOEM varies between 50-80%, such that preoperative predictors of treatment success are needed to guide patient selection. Methods: We performed a systematic review to identify predictors of clinical and functional response to GPOEM among adult patients with gastroparesis (PROSPERO: CRD42023457359). MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL databases were searched systematically for studies reporting outcomes after GPOEM in September 2023. A narrative synthesis of predictive factors on univariable and multivariable analysis was performed with consideration of response rates via meta-analysis, and evaluation of discrimination if prognostic models were developed. ROBINS-E was used for risk of bias assessment. Results: Of 1899 articles reviewed, 30 were included. The GPOEM response rate was 63.1% (95% confidence interval 56.3%-69.5%) with most studies defining clinical success on the basis of improvement in gastroparesis cardinal symptom index (87%, 26/30). Older age, shorter duration of gastroparesis, non-diabetic etiology, lower body mass index, and response to intrapyloric botulinum toxin were associated with positive response to GPOEM on multivariable analyses. Predictors on physiological tests such as EndoFLIP or gastric emptying scintigraphy were inconsistent. No prognostic models underwent external validation. Conclusion: Currently, there are limited reproducible predictors of response to GPOEM among patients with refractory gastroparesis. Robust prospective studies investigating scalable, reproducible, and actionable biomarkers of treatment response are required.

The impact of cyberbullying on mental health outcomes amongst university students: A systematic review

Cyberbullying is increasingly prevalent globally, particularly among young individuals. Cybervictims may be at an increased risk of adverse psychological outcomes. This systematic review aims to summarize the mental health effects of cyberbullying among college and university students. A systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases was performed to identify studies reporting mental health effects of cybervictimization among college/university students until April 15, 2023. Risk of bias assessment was conducted using the National Institute of Health (NIH) tool. The review is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023429187). Thirty-two studies involving 29,593 students were included. Depression showed a significant association with cyber-victimization in 16/20 studies (prevalence: 15–73%). Anxiety was significant in 12/15 studies (27–84.1%), stress in 3/3 studies (32–75.2%), and suicidal behavior in 4/9 studies (2–29.9%). Cybervictimization weakly but significantly correlated with lower self-esteem in 4 out of 6 studies (r = -0.152 to -0.399). Fear of perpetrators was reported in 2 out of 2 studies (12.8–16%), while decreased academic concentration/productivity was found in two studies (9–18%). Cybervictims were more likely to engage in substance abuse (adjusted odds ratio: 2.37 [95% confidence interval: 1.02–5.49]; p = 0.044). The majority of articles were of good quality (22/32). This review demonstrates a high prevalence of adverse mental health outcomes among cybervictims, including depression, anxiety, stress, and suicidal behavior. Based on these findings, we recommend that institutions of higher education worldwide introduce zero tolerance policies against cyberbullying, implement screening processes to identify affected students, and provide psychological therapy within their institutions.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Interventions Targeted to Parents for Improving the Oral Health of Children from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) Backgrounds.

A high prevalence of dental caries is a significant health problem, especially in the pediatric population. Low-income minority groups, including the refugee and immigrant populations, are at higher risk of compromised oral health. It has been suggested that migrant parents do not have enough understanding of oral health, risk factors associated with dental caries, or the progress of dental decay. This systematic review aims to study quantitative literature on oral health interventions, health promotion programs, or behaviour change interventions targeting the parents/ caregivers of culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) children. A systematic search of electronic databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, PUBMED, CINAHL, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, COCHRANE, and PROQUEST, was conducted until August 2023. Randomised (RCT) or non-randomised controlled trials (NRCTs) were included. Two reviewers independently assessed the quality of the included studies using the Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB) 2.0 and ROBINS-I tools. Meta-analysis was performed as appropriate. The initial search from the databases retrieved 2073 articles. After the removal of duplicates, 1683 articles remained. Finally, 69 articles were reviewed in full text, and 15 articles were considered eligible in this review. The RoB assessment for RCTs rated three as low-risk and three as high-risk. The serious RoB in these NRCTs mostly pertained to measurement bias based on self-reporting oral health behaviours. The meta-analysis pooling of results (for RCTs and NRCTs) favoured interventions for CALD parents' oral health knowledge [0.73 (95% CI, 0.08 to 1.38) for RCTs, 1.73 (95% CI; 1.45 to 2.02) for NRCTs] and attitudes [0.86 (95% CI, 0.31 to 1.42)]. Relatively high heterogeneity was observed. Oral health educational interventions can be effective in improving the oral health literacy of CALD parents' oral health knowledge and attitudes, especially when facilitated by lay health advisors. However, the low quality of evidence due to high heterogeneity and high RoB further highlighted the need for well-designed RCTs targeting CALD parents.

Abstract 4138494: Remote Blood Pressure Monitoring and Intervention as a better and cost-effective method of Hypertension control compared to Usual care: A Systematic Review

Introduction/Background: Hypertension is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite treatment recommendations and encouragement of lifestyle changes, the actual rate of blood pressure control is still not at par. Remote intervention methods have been shown to achieve better rates of blood pressure control utilising lesser resources and lower healthcare costs. We conducted a systematic review by qualitatively evaluating the potential impact of remote monitoring and interventions compared to usual care in controlling Hypertension. Research Question: Are remote monitoring techniques and interventions better than usual in-person blood pressure checks for hypertension control? Methods: We did a comprehensive literature search of Pubmed/MEDLINE, Google scholar, Cochrane central Library, PLOS ONE, ScienceDirect and Clinicaltrials.gov to identify eligible randomised control trials and clinical trials published between July 2013 and May 2025. A Risk of Bias assessment was conducted using Cochrane Risk of Bias tools such as ROB-2 for randomised control trials and ROBINS-1 for cohort studies. This study follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: Of the 5,185 records analysed, 10 randomised control trials, 1 cohort study and 1 implementation study satisfied our inclusion criteria. Compared to usual care, remote monitoring methods showed significant difference in systolic blood pressure control at 6-12 months in 9 out of 12 studies, while 3 studies did not show any significant difference. Quality of life, physical health, mental health and drug compliance have also shown a significant positive difference in patients. Remote self monitoring interventions were found to be more cost-effective than usual care. They also reduced the load of patients seeking appointments for hypertension control thereby improving the quality of patient care. Conclusion: The management of clinical hypertension is a challenging entity. Conventional methods of regular in-office blood pressure checks are both tedious and resource consuming. Using remote monitoring methods have shown to significantly improve blood pressure control compared to routine methods. It also eliminates white-coat hypertension during follow-up blood pressure checks which leads to more appropriate interventions. Remote monitoring and intervention for hypertension control is time-effective, cost-effective and improves quality of life.

Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation on upper limb motor function after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS) on upper limb motor dysfunction after stroke.MethodsWe systematically searched databases up to May 2024, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, and CBM. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the application of rTMS combined rPMS on upper limb motor dysfunction after stroke were included based on predefined inclusion criteria. We used Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool to assess bias risk of the included RCTs. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 17.0 software.ResultsA total of 9 RCTs involving 483 participants were included in this study. Compared with the control groups that used either conventional therapy or rTMS alone, the experimental group that used rTMS combined rPMS showed significant improvements in stroke patients' upper limb motor function [MD = 3.65, 95% CI (2.75, 4.54), P < 0.05], ability of daily living [MD = 4.50, 95% CI (3.50, 5.50), P < 0.05], and spasticity [MD = –0.34, 95% CI (−0.48, −0.20), P < 0.05]. Meanwhile, in terms of neurophysiological indicators, significant differences were found both for motor evoked potential latency [MD = −1.77, 95% CI (−3.19, −0.35), P < 0.05] and motor evoked potential amplitude [MD = 0.25, 95% CI (0.01, 0.49), P < 0.05].ConclusionThis study provides low-level evidence that the therapy of LF-rTMS or HF-rTMS combined with rPMS can improve the upper limb motor function and daily living ability of stroke patients. However, given that the low quality of the evidence for the evaluation results, further evidence from high-quality studies is needed to substantiate this conclusion.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024539195, PROSPERO Platform [CRD42024539195].

Rituximab Treatment in Adult Patients With Idiopathic Inflammatory Myositis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis assess the efficacy and safety of rituximab (RTX) in treating idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIM). PubMed and Embase were systematically searched for trials and observational studies involving RTX use in IIM. Data were analyzed using a random-effects model to generate pooled estimates for overall response, complete remission, partial response, and adverse events, with subgroup analyses by myositis type and RTX dosage (PROSPERO registered number CRD42022353740). Risk of bias assessments were done using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies and risk of bias 1 tool for trials. Seventeen studies (1 randomized controlled trial and 16 observational studies), encompassing 362 patients, were included. The overall pooled response rate was 70% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 57%-82%; I2 = 74%, p < 0.001). Complete remission occurred in 13% (95% CI: 3%-25%; I2 = 79%, p < 0.001) and partial response in 48% (95% CI: 30%-67%; I2 = 87%, p < 0.001), both with significant heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis revealed high response rates across all myositis types: polymyositis 69%, dermatomyositis 67%, antisynthetase syndrome 70%, juvenile dermatomyositis 60%, and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy 86%. Response rates were similar between RTX induction doses of 1 g IV on days 0 and 14 (68%) and 375 mg/m2 weekly for 4 weeks (71%). Reported adverse events totaled 120, including infusion reactions (18.5%) and infections (12.4%). RTX shows a favorable clinical response in IIM treatment, though response rates vary. There was a significant heterogeneity in treatment effect estimates that are based on a small number of patients. The incidence of infusion reactions and infections highlights the need for careful monitoring. Further controlled trials are essential to refine treatment protocols and evaluate long-term outcomes for RTX's role in IIM.

Australian link worker social prescribing programs: An integrative review.

Link worker social prescribing programs are gaining recognition in Australia for addressing health and social needs outside routine medical care. The evaluation of these programs is essential for informing future social prescribing programs, research and evolving policy. However, diverse outcome evaluation measures present challenges for benchmarking across link worker social prescribing programs. An integrative review was conducted to identify and describe outcome domains and measures, and the methodological approaches and evaluation designs of link worker social prescribing programs in Australia. Comprehensive searches of the literature on link worker social prescribing programs in Australia were conducted across 14 electronic databases. In order to reduce the risk of bias, study selection and data extraction were conducted independently by multiple authors, and included studies underwent quality and risk of bias assessment using the standardised Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Six studies met the inclusion criteria. Outcome domains were categorised into 'person-level', 'system-level' and 'program implementation' domains. Despite the variation in participant groups, the 'person-level' domains of global well-being and social well-being were consistently evaluated. While measurement tools varied significantly, the WHO Quality of Life Brief Assessment and short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale were most commonly applied. At the system level, health service utilisation was primarily evaluated. This integrative review reports on the current state of evidence in Australia, with the potential to track changes and trends over time. Developing a core outcome set, incorporating stakeholder and consumer contributions for benchmarking aligned with the healthcare landscape is recommended. The findings may guide the refining of social prescribing initiatives and future research, ensuring methodological robustness and alignment with individual and community needs.

Radiomics-Based Diagnosis in Dentomaxillofacial Radiology: A Systematic Review.

Radiomics is a quantitative tool for digital image analysis. This systematic review aims to investigate the scientific articles to evaluate the potential implications of Radiomics analysis in Dentomaxillofacial Radiology (DMFR). Studies regarding Radiomics applications in DMFR and human samples, in vivo study, a case reports/series if ≧5 samples were included, while case reports/series if < 5 samples, articles other than in English, abstracts without full text, and studies published before 2015 were excluded. Fifty-one articles were selected from 3789 literatures. The QUADAS-2 tool was used for risk of bias assessment. The accuracy of predicting dentomaxillofacial pathologies was considered as the primary outcome, and the modeling type of Radiomics was considered as the secondary outcome. A meta-analysis could not be performed due to the lack of information and standardization among the reported accuracies. The reported accuracies were found between 0.66 and 99.65%. Logistic regression (n = 6) was found to be the most common Radiomics modeling type, followed by Support Vector Machine and Decision Tree (n = 5). Second-order statistics (n = 38) was the most common type of Radiomics application, followed by first-order (n = 26), higher-order (n = 20), and shape-based (n = 15) statistics. Further work is needed to increase standardization in the Radiomics workflow. Quantitative image analysis is an alternative tool for conventional visual radiographic evaluation. Radiomics systems depend on elements such as imaging modality, feature type, data mining, or statistical method. Radiomics applications do not justify digital transformation on their own, but the potential of its integration into the digital workflow is considerable.

Accuracy of immunological tests on serum and urine for diagnosis of Taenia solium neurocysticercosis: A systematic review.

Taenia solium neurocysticercosis is a zoonotic neglected tropical disease, for which adequate diagnostic management is paramount, especially in patients with active cysts for whom improved and timely management could prove beneficial. Immunodiagnosis can potentially partially mitigate the necessity for neuroimaging, shortening the diagnostic -and treatment- pathway. An up-to-date review of immunological test performance is however lacking. Searches were performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus (up to January 2024), with included records fitting the review scope, i.e. accuracy evaluation of an antibody-/or antigen-detecting immunological test, using serum or urine of humans confirmed via reference standard (i.e. neuroimaging or surgery/biopsy). Record data was assessed, with classification of descriptive data on cyst localization and stage according to a developed confidence scale, and with selection of tests evaluated on a sufficiently high sample size. A QUADAS-2 risk of bias assessment was performed. After screening, 169 records were included for data collection, with 53 records-corresponding to 123 tests- selected for analysis. Absence of data and large data heterogeneity complicated result interpretation. The lentil lectin-bound glycoprotein enzyme-linked immunoelectrotranfser blot seems to fulfill high accuracy standards regarding detection of parenchymal active multiple cysts; also antigen-detecting tests on serum and urine performed well, additionally in detection of extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis. A novel multi-antigen print immunoassay is highly promising, with sensitivity for detection of extraparenchymal and parenchymal active single and multiple cysts of 100.0%, and specificity of 98.5%. Point-of-care tests showed promising results, however require further evaluation in targeted resource-poor settings. The review highlights the importance of transparent and unambiguous data reporting. With promising immunological tests in development, the challenge before usage in targeted settings will be to perform large-scale evaluations whilst holding into account both optimized test performance and ease of use. Accessibility to validated tests and feasibility of implementation should also be considered.

Risk-Prediction Model of Restenosis after Endovascular Treatment for Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients after endovascular treatment (EVT) have a relatively high restenosis rate. However, this risk can be mitigated through precise risk assessment and individualized self-management intervention plans. Moreover, the number of predictive models for restenosis risk in PAD patients after EVT is gradually increasing, yet these results of study exhibit certain discrepancies, raising uncertainties regarding the quality and applicability in clinical practice and future research. The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate risk-predictive models for restenosis in patients with PAD after EVT. A systematic review and meta-analysis of predictive model construction and validation using observational studies was undertaken. The China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Science and Technology Journal Database, Wanfang Database, SinoMed, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to January 1, 2024. Two researchers independently conducted literature screening and data extraction, encompassing study design, data sources, outcome definition, sample size, predictive factors, model development, and performance. The Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST) was used for risk of bias and applicability assessment of the models. A total of 4275 studies were retrieved, ultimately resulting in the inclusion of 7 articles comprising 7 predictive models for restenosis in PAD patients after EVT, with a restenosis incidence ranging from 21.8% to 39.7%. The total sample size of the included models ranged from 137 to 1578 cases, with logistic regression analysis being the most commonly used modeling method. All models were built using R software. Only 2 models underwent external validation, and the reported area under the curve ranged from 0.728 to 0.864. The summary area-under-the-curve statistic was 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74-0.86), with an approximate prediction interval of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.62-0.91) . The number of included predictive factors ranged from 3 to 10, with the most common factors being age, Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus Ⅱ classification, hypertension, diabetes, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and surgical approach. All studies exhibited high risk of bias, primarily attributed to inappropriate sources of data and poor reporting of the analysis domain. Predictive models for restenosis after EVT in PAD patients demonstrate overall good predictive performance but are still in the developmental stage with higher risk of bias. Future studies should follow the TRIPOD statement, focusing on the development of new models with larger samples, rigorous study designs, and multicenter external validation. This systematic review adheres to the PRISMA 2020 statement, offering the most recent systematic assessment of risk prediction models for restenosis following endovascular treatment in peripheral arterial disease.The newly developed PROBAST tool was employed to assess the risk of bias and the applicability of the existing evidence.This review emphasizes the practical utility, limitations of the current evidence, and recommendations for future research, with the goal of providing valuable information for clinicians and patients in their decision-making process, while also supporting the advancement of future research endeavors.

Optimal Timing for Intraocular Pressure Measurement Following Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis

Post-operative increases in intraocular pressure (IOP) are a frequent complication following phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Assessment of IOP is an essential element in post-operative checks. Despite this, guidance regarding the optimal timing remains vague. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the current status of evidence that may help guide best practice regarding the optimal time following phacoemulsification cataract surgery to measure IOP. A comprehensive literature search was performed on MEDLINE and EMBASE. In two stages, independent reviewers screened articles that reported IOP measurements following uncomplicated cataract surgery. Risk of Bias Assessment was conducted following data extraction. The meta-analysis incorporated 57 randomized clinical studies involving a total of 6318 participants and 7089 eyes. Post-operative hour one had a significant decrease in IOP from baseline, while hour two had a non-significant increase. Post-operative hours four, six, and eight were the only timepoints to have a significant increase in IOP. Finally, post-operative day one had no significant change in IOP, while day two had a non-significant decrease. These results suggest that the optimal time to measure IOP is within the first 4–8 h following phacoemulsification cataract extraction. Taking measurements too soon or too late could result in missed IOP spikes.

Effectiveness of Nurse-Led Psychological Interventions on Diabetes Distress, Depression, and Glycemic Control in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To explore the effect of nurse-led psychological interventions on diabetes distress, depression, and glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Seven databases were systematically searched. Outcome measures were diabetes distress, depression, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level. RoB 2.0 was used for risk of bias assessment. Data were synthesized using Review Manager 5.4 software. Fourteen studies were included from 2,837 articles. Five studies pooled in the meta-analysis demonstrated reduction in diabetes distress (standard mean difference = -0.36, 95% confidence interval [-0.49, -0.24], p < 0.001), favoring nurse-led psychological interventions over controls. Effects of the interventions on depression and HbA1c level were inconsistent across studies. Nurse-led psychological interventions demonstrated the effect of reducing diabetes distress and some promising benefits for depression and glycemic control. Integrating nurse-led psychological interventions into usual care will be beneficial for individuals with T2DM in the future. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, xx(x), xx-xx.].

Gender-specific differences in recurrence and progression following BCG instillation for NMIBC.

To assess gender-specific differences in recurrence-free (RFS), progression-free (PFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) among patients with intermediate or high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) receiving BCG is the primary aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis. In July 2023, we performed a literature search using MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library. This study was prospectively registered at PROSPERO (CRD 2023443269). The detailed review protocol is accessible via CRD. The systematic literature search identified 6,723 studies, of which 38 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Random effect meta-analysis for RFS, based on data from 24 studies, revealed no statistically significant gender-specific difference (HR comparing males to females=0.9618, 95% CI: 0.8408-1.1003, p=0.5707). Similarly, for PFS, incorporating data from 14 studies, no statistically significant difference (HR =0.9540, 95% CI: 0.7709- 1.1805, p=0.6648), for CSS, analysis of data from three studies yielded no statistically significant difference (HR =0.9228, 95% CI: 0.6196-1.3743, p=0.6925), and for OS, based on data from two studies, no statistically significant difference was observed (HR = 1.1436, 95% CI: 0.5092-2.5684, p=0.7452). The risk of bias assessment indicated an overall moderate to high risk of bias. The findings indicate no association between gender and oncologic outcomes following BCG.

A Systematic Review of Case Series and Clinical Trials Investigating Regenerative Medicine for the Treatment of Vitiligo.

The aim of this study is to examine the efficacy and safety of various regenerative medicine treatments, such as cell therapy, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), plasma-poor platelet (PPP), plasma-rich fibrin (PRF), mesenchymal stem cells, stromal vascular fraction (SVF), exosomes, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC), and stem cell-conditioned media (SC-CM), for treating vitiligo. We conducted a thorough search of major databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, and selected 48 articles based on specific criteria. We used EndNote X8 and Google Sheets to review and extract data from the articles. After analyzing the studies, we categorized them accordingly. This systematic review analyzed 48 articles involving 2186 patients with vitiligo to assess the effectiveness of regenerative medicine treatments. Key findings revealed that methods such as autologous non-cultured melanocyte-keratinocyte transplantation and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection exhibited significant repigmentation, particularly when combined with modalities like NB-UVB phototherapy and laser treatments. Notably, the autologous melanocyte-keratinocyte transplantation achieved over 50% repigmentation within 9 months, while PRP demonstrated an average repigmentation of 58.7%, especially effective with CO2 laser treatment. Hair follicle-derived cell transplantation also showed impressive response rates, achieving good to excellent results in up to 93.8% of patients. Side effects were noted in 21 of 28 studies, primarily involving pain, with no serious adverse events reported. The risk of bias assessment indicated that 37.21% of studies were low risk, while 48.84% had high risks overall. These findings suggest that while regenerative medicine holds promise for vitiligo treatment, further clinical trials are necessary to explore additional methods like stromal vascular fraction and exosomes. We have concluded that regenerative medicine plays an effective role in the treatment of vitiligo lesions. Furthermore, this treatment method is safe and does not cause serious complications. It can be used alone or in combination with other methods for treating vitiligo. To advance the treatment of vitiligo, we recommend conducting clinical trials on the unexplored branches of regenerative medicine.

Cognitive bias modification for social anxiety: protocol for a living systematic review of human studies and meta-analysis

Background Social anxiety is a heightened fear and discomfort in social situations which can be experienced in varying degrees of severity. Cases of elevated distress and impaired functioning and quality of life can lead to a clinical diagnosis of social anxiety disorder. Altering cognitive biases associated with social anxiety has been suggested as potentially beneficial; however, little is known about the comparative effectiveness of such interventions. The aim of this living systematic review is to examine the efficacy of cognitive bias modification for reducing social anxiety, including in people who have not been diagnosed with the disorder. Methods We will search multiple electronic databases for randomised controlled trials evaluating the efficacy of cognitive bias modification for people diagnosed with social anxiety and people exposed to a simulated social stressor. The primary outcome will be change in social anxiety related symptoms; secondary outcomes will be changes in social functioning and quality of life and adverse events. Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment will be done by at least two reviewers using pre-defined tools. We will synthesise data from people with social anxiety diagnosis and those subjected to a simulated social stressor separately using random effects meta-analyses. Heterogeneity will be evaluated by investigating characteristics of included studies. We will appraise the strength of the evidence for each outcome by reviewing the overall association, internal and external validity, and reporting biases. Where data allows, we will triangulate the evidence from both sources with a multidisciplinary group of experts. The review will begin in living mode and the database search will be rerun every three months to identify and integrate potential new evidence. We will co-produce this review with members of a global lived experience advisory board. This protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024601380) on 15.10.2024.