Safety Climate Assessment Research Articles

Patient safety climate research in primary care dentistry: A systematic scoping review.

Patient safety climate constitutes an important element for quality improvement. Its current evidence base has been generated in hospital settings in developed countries. Studies in dentistry are limited. To systematically explore the evidence regarding assessing patient safety climate in dentistry. We developed a search strategy to explore MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases from January 1st, 2002, to December 31st, 2022, to include observational studies on patient safety culture or patient safety climate assessment. Methodological features and item data concerning the dimensions employed for assessment were extracted and thematically analyzed. Reported scores were also collected. Nine articles out of 5584 were included in this study. Most studies were generated from high-income economies. Our analysis revealed methodological variations. Non-randomized samples were employed (ranging from 139 to 656 participants), and response rates varied from 28% to 93.7%. Three types of measurement instruments have been adapted to assess patient safety climate. These mainly consisted of replacing words or rewording sentences. Only one study employed an instrument previously validated through psychometric methods. In general, patient safety climate levels were either low or neutral. Only one study reported scores equal to or greater than 75. Despite diverse assessment tools, our two-decade analysis reveals a lag compared with medicine, resulting in methodological variations for assessing patient safety climate. Collaboration is vital to elevate standards, prioritize patient safety across oral healthcare services, and advocate for integrating safety climate into local and national quality and patient safety strategies.

The safety climate, hierarchical levels and resilience assessment in transport and mining companies

ABSTRACT Transport and mining companies are vulnerable to a variety of hazards, and this paper offers a novel conceptual framework for organisational resilience assessment at different organisational levels. It is based on a safety climate and performances assessment in companies in the transport and mining sector. The framework contains factor and reliability analysis and continues by applying the SMART method from the perspective of resilience corners: anticipate, monitor, react and learn. The highest resilience coefficients at all organisational levels are obtained regarding safety awareness, safety training and safety communication areas, while the lowest values are observed for risk assessment and the organisational environment. The obtained results indicate that the ‘monitor’ resilience corner must be improved at all organisational levels, employees trained and procedures changed, since employees do not sufficiently use experience from previous events. The very high values at all organisational levels of the coefficients regarding the ‘anticipate’ and ‘learn’ resilience corners indicate organisational adaptation to changes through corrective activities, rather than planned preventive ones. All hierarchical levels have good resilience indicators, except for middle management, which expressed an adequate resilience index, due to the lower ratings of the safety training, organisational commitment, risk assessment and management support areas.

Effects of a behavior-based safety observation program: Promoting safe behaviors and safety climate at work.

Behavior-based safety (BBS) programs promote coworkers observing and correcting each other's at-risk behaviors on site; the idea behind BBS programs is to create a cultural shift in a company where it is acceptable for coworkers to stop anyone, at any time, from working in an unsafe manner. The main objective of this study is to examine the impacts of a BBS observation program in the construction industry. The subject, an electrical contracting company, implemented the BBS program in January 2019. This study utilized multiple data sources: the company's incident data, BBS program report data, and surveys, including the Safety Climate Assessment Tool for Small Contractors. A total of 3,891 at-risk behaviors from the BBS reports, including 600 comments, and 141 survey responses were analyzed. The most frequently reported at-risk behavior was the line of fire, and the at-risk behaviors were often observed when workers conducted tasks, such as running or pulling wires, installing devices, and installing lights. The overall perception of safety climate was high, and the respondents reported that the safety climate had improved since the adoption of the BBS program. Overall, implementing the BBS program benefited in cultivating the company's collective safety climate. As a result of the BBS program, the company implemented better communication strategies for their safety meetings on the most frequently reported at-risk behaviors, replacing safety gears with higher quality ones, and redesigning online safety training to better reflect the identified tasks that were associated with more at-risk behaviors.

Laboratory Safety Climate Assessment and its Correlation with Safety Procedures Amongst Staff of a Reference Clinical Laboratory

Laboratory Safety Climate Assessment and its Correlation with Safety Procedures Amongst Staff of a Reference Clinical Laboratory

Influence of Safety Climate on Safety Performance in Gas Stations in Indonesia

Accidents in gas stations may cause injury or even death to people. Moreover, an accident in a gas station might halt its operation for some time. When an accident takes place in a region with scant amount of gas stations, it may lead to fuel scarcity in the area, affecting the economy and sparking other issues. Therefore, safety climate and safety performance in gas stations need to be evaluated. Safety climate has been used as a tool to assess the safety performance of an organization at a given time. The aim of this study was to understand the influence of safety climate on safety performance in gas stations in Indonesia. A total of 129 gas stations were selected. To assess safety climate, a safety climate questionnaire was used, while the safety performance was captured by conducting on site structured observations. The assessment shows that gas stations have a good level of safety climate, especially when it is compared with other industrial sectors in Indonesia, such as construction. The study findings also show that safety climate has a significant positive impact on safety performance. Three safety climate dimensions with significant positive influence on safety performance are management commitment, communication, and personal accountability. Therefore, improvement efforts should focus more on these dimensions to boost safety performance in gas stations.

Comparative Analysis Research of Safety Climate Assessment in the Jababeka Manufacturing Industry

Introduction: The manufacturing industry transforms various materials, substances, or components into new products using mechanical, physical, or chemical forces. Safety climate refers to the perception of workers of prioritizing safety over organizational goals in the workplace. PT A, B, and C are manufacturing companies located in the Jababeka area. This study aims to identify the main factors that influence the perception of workers of safety climate in PT A, B, and C. Methods: A quantitative study with a cross-sectional design was conducted in August 2021 to analyze the safety climate of three companies. This study focused on various factors, such as leadership, risk management, implementation of occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS), regulation, management commitment, worker engagement, and worker competence. The sample size consisted of 330 workers selected from the three companies using the Lemeshow formula from a total of 1500 workers using the cluster sampling technique with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Results: The results showed that risk management had the lowest score among the safety climate sub-variable for the three companies. Conclusion: The ANOVA test revealed a significant relationship among the safety climate variables. Furthermore, it is necessary to prioritize management in terms of policy and administration by involving all departments.

Safety Climate Assessment in Fuel Stations in the West Java Region

Fuel station accidents still happen frequently all around the world. Accidents in fuel stations may cause harm to many. Fuel station environments must thus be managed well to maintain a high safety climate level. However, our literature review shows that research on the safety climate in fuel stations is scarce. This study attempts to assess the safety climate level in fuel stations in the West Java region, Indonesia. The aims of this research are to acquire the safety climate level of fuel stations, review safety climate dimensions which need serious improvement, and discover key aspects that impact the safety climate level. To achieve these goals, the Bahasa Indonesia version of the NOSACQ-50 questionnaire was used to assess the safety climate in 240 fuel stations; 678 responses were collected. The findings show that the safety climate level of fuel stations was, on average, 3.07, which is a fairly good score. Among all seven dimensions, workers’ safety priority and risk non-acceptance need the most improvement. Moreover, safety training is found to be the most influential aspect on safety climate because workers with training experience have higher safety climate perceptions. Ironically, more than 28% of respondents reported that they had not been properly trained. Therefore, fuel stations need to make sure that all employees have attended appropriate safety training. In this way, higher safety climate ratings can be achieved, hence moving forward to a safer working environment.

Sleep deficiency, operational fatigue and the interplay of compromising factors: Analysis to aid in fatigue management.

The United States Navy is a high-reliability organization that must maintain optimum performance under challenging conditions. One key challenge for sailors is obtaining sufficient sleep, which can lead to fatigue and other outcomes that compromise operational readiness. Identifying sleep issues and their causes is critical for military leaders to care for their personnel, and to make informed, risk-based operational decisions. Though previous studies in shipboard environments have implicated factors responsible for insufficient sleep (e.g. poor sleep environment and work demands), there has been less research into characterizing the complex interplay among such factors in relation to sleep and work-related fatigue outcomes. This study seeks to address this gap. Data were drawn from the Afloat Safety Climate Assessment Survey of 7617 sailors from 73 ships. The survey included demographic characteristics and measures of crew endurance (e.g. sleep, occupational impairment due to fatigue). Descriptive analyses characterized the presence and severity of sleep issues across subpopulations and operational settings (e.g. the type of ship); structural equation modelling techniques characterized and quantified the statistical associations among factors. The results indicate that sleep deficits are widespread, holding across subpopulations and operational settings. Though sleep deficits varied across subpopulations, no group obtained an average of more than 7 hr of sleep per night. Fatigue-induced occupational functional impairment was directly related to sleep deficiency, and sleep environment and job-related factors were contributors to sleep deficiency. Moreover, job-related factors emerged as potentially more consequential. Lastly, factors may exist aboard a ship that could help promote better sleep.

Assessing the Perception of Risk and Safety Climate of the Employees of Andishmandan Jonoob Company in 2020

Introduction: Safety climate and risk perception are two very important factors in safety studies that by examining and analyzing them, appropriate results can be obtained from the safety status of employees. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted randomly in 2020 on 388 employees of different departments of Andishmandan Jonoob Company project in Ahvaz.
 Methods: The Nordic Safety Atmosphere Questionnaire (NOSACQ-50) was used to assess the safety climate, the Flynn risk perception questionnaire was used to assess the risk perception, and the Likert method was used to assess the safety climate and risk perception assessment. Before distributing the questionnaire to the employees, a short educational class was held by the researcher on how to complete the questionnaire, and after distributing the questionnaire, the employees took 45 min to complete the questionnaire, and then the questionnaires were collected. To analyze the data, SPPS 24 software was used and to determine the differences between the studied variables, one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA) was utilized.
 Findings: In this study, the mean weight and height of the subjects were 81.57±18.45 kg and 176.32±24.68 cm, respectively. Among the employees, 43.81% had a diploma, 37.37% aged 30 to 40 years, 76.03% had 1 to 10 years of work experience, and 80.67% were workers. The mean scores of different dimensions of safety climate based on age, work experience, and education level showed that the mean safety commitment of employees for age, work experience, and education level were 0.76, 0.98, and 0.76, respectively. In this study, 14 workplace risks were considered that the risk of electric shock, back pain, and repetitive movements by employees did not have a score of 1 (very low risk). The risks of hitting the hot surface and falling objects on the foot by the employees did not have a score of 5 (high risk).
 Conclusion: The results of the mean scores of employees based on the safety climate questionnaire in the studied dimensions showed that the safety climate among the employees of the studied service jobs is relatively weak. Therefore, in order to reduce the potential risks in service jobs and reduce accidents, safety and health issues should be trained with proper and codified planning, and the safety culture of employees should be increased with new methods and new technologies. Regarding the perception of risk, it can be concluded that some risks were not felt by employees and were not observed by individuals; therefore, employees gave a low score to these risks.

Determinants of Work Safety Culture of Hasanuddin University Laboratory Officers

Safety culture regards the perceptions, beliefs, abilities and safe behavior of individuals or groups of people with respect to their activities, especially work, to achieve a level of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) performance. This study aims to determine the factors related to the work safety culture of the University of Hasanuddin laboratory employees. This study employs quantitative research using a cross-sectional design involving 73 participants from 64 laboratories of 10 faculties at the Hasanuddin University. The research instrument was adapted from Edgar Schein’s theory and the PRISM FGI Safety Culture Application Guide. The questionnaire used was adapted from the Loughborough Safety Climate Assessment Toolkit (LSCAT). Data analysis was done using the Spearman’s correlation test and the regression model residual test. The results show that management commitment, communication, safety rules and procedures, social environment support, involvement, safety as a priority and need, and personal appreciation for risks are significant (all p-value <0.05) in determining safety. In particular, social environment support, involvement, and safety as priorities and needs are the factors that determine the work safety culture of Hasanuddin University laboratory employees. Work Safety Culture Regression Model = 21.012 + 0.652 Social Environment Support – 0.274 Engagement + 1.616 Safety as Priority and Necessity. The most influential factor for the safety culture of university laboratory employees is the safety as priority and necessity. The work environment of each laboratory should be regulated according to ISO17025, for laboratory employees are more active in every activity related to OHS, especially for the activities of OHS laboratory.

0004 Sleep, Team and Social Processes, and Health, Performance, and Safety in Naval Operational Environments

Abstract Introduction Sleep disruption and teamwork are inherent features of 24/7 operational environments, yet little is known about how sleep and team/social processes interact to affect crew readiness and endurance. Methods We analyzed data of 3,434 active duty US sailors (80% male) from the Afloat Safety Climate Assessment Survey. Using structural equation modeling, we specified latent factors of Sleep Health (typical hours of sleep per day and sleep disturbances in shipboard environment); crew team and social factors of Team Transition Processes, Team Action Processes, Team Interpersonal Processes, Unit Cohesion, Psychological Safety, and Social Support; and operational outcome risks of Physical Health (no. days in previous 30 with physical illness or injury), Mental Health (no. days with stress, depression, or emotional problems), Performance (frequency of fatigue-induced functional impairments on duty), and Safety (individual and crew noncompliance, and rate of observed near misses). Results Higher Sleep Health reduced impairments in Physical Health, Mental Health, Performance, and Safety (standardized βs = −0.096 to −0.542, ps < 0.0001, CFI/TLI > 0.980, RMSEA = 0.033). Higher Sleep Health improved Team Transition, Action, and Interpersonal Processes, Unit Cohesion, Psychological Safety, and Social Support (βs = 0.178 to 0.380, ps < 0.0001, CFI/TLI > 0.982, RMSEA = 0.029). Social Support reduced risks to Physical Health, Mental Health, and Performance; Team Interpersonal Processes reduced Metal Health risk; Psychological Safety reduced Performance and Safety risks; Unit Cohesion reduced Safety risk (βs = −0.053 to −0.709, ps < 0.05, CFI/TLI > 0.979, RMSEA = 0.027). Mediation models indicated good Sleep Health enhances Social Support’s beneficial impact on Physical Health, Mental Health, and Performance; Psychological Safety’s impact on Performance and Safety; Team Interpersonal Processes’ impact on Physical Health; and Unit Cohesion’s impact on Safety (indirect effect βs = −0.032 to −0.127, ps < 0.0001, CFI/TLI > 0.967, RMSEAs < 0.051). Conclusion Sleep health improves team/social functioning, which serves an additive protective function and enhancement to crew operational health, performance, and safety. Future work should closely examine these interrelationships to identify mechanisms as targets for policy and procedures to help optimize crew readiness and endurance. Support (If Any) Military Operational Medicine Research Program under work unit N2010.

The effect of an embargo, sanctions and culture on safety climate: A qualitative view from aviation maintenance in the MENA region

Introduction: Safety climate assessment is a key measure of organizational safety. A strong safety climate is integral to the high safety performance in aviation. Most survey instruments that purport to measure safety climate are derived from evidence obtained in developed countries in the west. It is rare for these studies to examine the influence of macro-environmental factors on safety climate, and rarer still in countries found in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Method: The researchers conducted 28 semi-structured interviews with experienced aviation maintenance engineers from a national carrier in the region. The interview questions were derived from an extensive review of existing studies of safety climate. Data from interview transcripts were coded, creating a data structure using participant quotes for 1st order codes and arriving at three aggregate dimensions: organizational commitment to safety, organizational safety practices and social relationships and their consequences. Results: Commercial considerations influenced negatively organizational commitment to safety. Organizational safety practices were weak. There was a lack of safety training, a lack of resources to support safe working, poor safety communication, and a failure to report safety issues. Strong friendships were developed through working together in teams. This adversely influenced the reporting of errors and the punishment of violations. Discussion and conclusion: The apparently weak organizational safety climate reported here was attributed to financial constraints following the imposition of economic sanctions and embargos, and to the influence of Arabic cultural values that privilege family connections and the importance of maintaining harmony in social relationships that precludes punishment. Practical application: Financial constraints inevitably limit resources for safety and encourage prioritization of production. Arabic cultural values inhibit the development of a ‘just’ culture and a ‘reporting’ culture and challenge the universal adoption of approaches for promoting organizational safety developed in the West.

Occupational Safety Climate in the Swedish Equine Sector.

Simple SummaryHandling and working with horses is a hazardous activity, as horses are large, powerful and unpredictable animals, and the equine sector is reported to have a relatively high occupational injury rate. The safety climate in a workplace is a good indicator of safety performance because it captures employees’ attitudes and perceptions of safety at a specific point in time. The safety climate in the equine sector is a relatively unexplored area, though research could be a fruitful approach to improving occupational safety. In this study, the safety climates at six Swedish riding schools and six trotting stables were assessed using a questionnaire on the safety climates at these workplaces and complementary interviews. The riding schools and trotting stables all had favourable safety climates and employees were well-aware of the injury risks in their work environment. The main aspect of the workplace safety climate identified as needing improvement was the workers’ prioritisation and non-acceptance of risk, and their propensity to take calculated risks. Minor injuries were considered part of the job, indicating a need to communicate the importance of such injuries. This aspect of the equine safety climate should be targeted to improve future safety. The management should promote a culture of safety awareness at all levels of the organisation, making safety an integral part of daily work. Accident investigations should be performed systematically to learn from negative events, identify factors contributing to injuries and develop strategies for injury prevention.The Swedish equine sector is considered a high-risk work environment, with relatively high injury rates and high severity of injuries. General safety research has identified a correlation between the safety performance and safety culture, but little is known about the intricacies of the safety culture in the Swedish equine sector, especially concerning managers’ and employees’ perceptions of their work environment. The safety climate assessment is recognised as an effective tool for identifying potential problems in the workplace, thus enhancing safety behaviour and decreasing the frequency and severity of injuries. The aim was to evaluate the safety climate at riding schools and trotting stables through the Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire (NOSACQ-50) diagnostic tool, and to get a better understanding of the workers’ perceptions regarding safety and safety management at their workplace through complementary interviews. The results showed that the safety climate was generally positive and that employees were aware of the risks relating to their work. Riding schools commonly had routines in place for risk assessment and work environment management, but such routines were often lacking at trotting stables, indicating inadequate prioritisation of safety by the management. The main area that should be targeted to improve safety in the sector is employees’ prioritisation and non-acceptance of risks. Proactive instead of reactive safety management should be promoted, where safety is an integral part of daily work and all employees are encouraged to identify factors contributing to occupational injuries and develop strategies for injury prevention.

Developing a Safety Climate Assessment Tool for Omani Construction Industry

One of the methods which could improve the safety performance of construction organizations is the safety climate approach which is helpful to know the existing maturity level of the safety climate and to develop plans to achieve the required level of maturity. Most of the existing safety climate tools were developed considering different industries in developed countries while construction was based only on few tools. Construction projects in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member countries are at a peak. This article, therefore, attempts to develop a safety climate assessment tool for the Omani construction industry. A mixed research method consisting of systematic review (N = 32), structured questionnaire (N = 102) and email interview (N = 19) was adopted in this research. An assessment tool that has seven factors and 62 simple questions that the participants have to answer on a Likert scale of 1 to 5 is finally developed.

Assessing the Perception of Safety Climate in Primary Care Doctors in Bahrain: A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Safety climate is the behavior and perception of health care providers in maintaining a safe environment. The study of safety climate in primary health care was limited. In Bahrain the concept of assessing safety climate were understudied, which drew attention to this important aspect in health care quality to be studied. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the perception of safety climate practice in primary health care in Bahrain. Methods: This was a cross sectional observational study. A Safety-Tool “Primary Care-Safe Quest” questionnaire was distributed among 28 health centers in Bahrain, to 279 doctors. The questionnaire consists of 30 items that are grouped into five subscales: Workload, Communication, Leadership, Teamwork and Safety system & Learning. Results: There was no significant difference in perception of safety climate in primary care doctors according to region (p=0.753), and work experience (p=0.301). Male doctors had higher perception of workload compared to the female doctors(p=0.039). There was no significant difference in perception in communication, leadership, teamwork, safety system and learning. Workload aspect showed low level of safety perception, while the other domains showed moderate level of safety perception. Conclusion: Overall the perception of safety climate among primary doctors in Bahrain was found to be moderate. Workload was an important area to be improved as it would lead to a better safety climate. Although the other domains were considered moderate there is still room for improvement. Keywords: Communication, Leadership, Perception, Primary Health Care, Workload

Safety Climate and the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Investigation on Safety Perceptions among Farmers in Italy

The diffusion of the COVID-19 pandemic has generated numerous interventions aimed at reducing the contagion by means of specific prevention measures, also characterized by stricter occupational health and safety (OHS) procedures at the workplace. To better understand how this novel working context has impacted on farmers’ safety behavior and attitude, a safety climate assessment was carried out by means of the Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire (NOSACQ-50), which was augmented to include specific items related to the modifications of working conditions due to COVID-19. This allowed us to analyze changes in safety climate perceptions, pointing out worker-manager discrepancies in safety behavior and attitude. Additionally, the COVID-19 questionnaire contributed to analyzing the effects of the specific OHS measures due to the pandemic from the workers’ standpoint. Results showed that concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic have augmented the attention paid to OHS, demonstrating a correlation between the safety climate dimensions and the OHS measures due to COVID-19. Besides, farmers’ risk-taking behavior and attitude appeared still critical, highlighting the need for more specific and contextual interventions in terms of safety information and training. Overall, this study aims to expand knowledge on shared safety awareness and perceptions in the COVID-19 period.

Relationship between occupational accidents and the safety climate of blue-collar workers in the metal industry.

Objective: This study aims to reveal the ability of a safety climate assessment to make predictions regarding occupational accidents that occur in a metal sector workplace.
 Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with metal sector workers. Two sub-dimensions, the security climate scale, and an 18-question form, were used for data collection. The Chi-square, 'Student's t-test, and logistic regression tests were used to determine the relationships with occupational accidents. A correlation analysis was applied between the total scale score and its sub-dimensions.
 Results: The questionnaire was completed by 289 workers (90.1%). In their current workplace, 28.4% had at least one work accident. The total score of the occupational safety climate was 61.11±6.90, and each unit was observed to increase the occupational safety climate score provided there was a 4.6% (95% CI: 0.6–8.4%) decrease in occupational accident reporting. There is a 1.10 (95% CI: 1.04–1.17) fold rise in reported work injuries for every additional year the workers work in this workplace (p = 0.001). Compared to unmarried people, married people recorded 3.24 times (95% CI 1.02–10.35) more workplace injuries.
 Conclusion: According to the data, employee safety monitoring mediates the relationship between a safe environment and occupational accidents.

Safety climate assessment: a survey in an electric power distribution company

Introduction. This study aimed to investigate safety climate and its structural dimensions as well as establish a relationship between safety climate and demographic variables in a power distribution company. Method. This cross-sectional study included 200 workers. The safety climate questionnaire recommended by the UK Health and Safety Executive was applied containing 43 questions in 11 dimensions. Demographic information was also assessed. SPSS version 22.0 was applied to analyze the data. Results. In total, 179 workers participated in this survey. The response rate was high (89.5%). Safety climate had the highest correlation with the management commitment dimension (r = 0.754). The total score of safety climate in this company was 3.37 on a scale ranging from 1 to 5. Among safety climate factors, the highest score was for safety-related training (3.87) but work pressure had the lowest score (2.80). Among demographic variables, a significant relationship was observed between safety climate and age (r = 0.180). Conclusions. Management as an organizational power can exert great influence on the promotion of safety climate. Moreover, adopting efficient training programs and making a balance in workload for decreasing work pressure can improve safety climate.

Safety climate and related factors in rehabilitation nurses of hospitals in Iran.

Safety climate is a common insight of staff that indicates individuals' attitudes toward safety and priority of safety at work. Nursing is a risky job where paying attention to safety is crucial. The assessment of the safety climate is one of the methods to measure the safety conditions in this occupation. The aim of this study was to assess the safety climate of rehabilitation nurses working in hospitals in Tehran. This is a cross-sectional study which was carried out on 140 rehabilitation nurses selected from all hospitals and clinics in Tehran in 2019. To collect the required data, a two-section questionnaire was used. The first section was related to demographic factors and the second part (22 statements) was to measure the safety climate using nurses' safety climate assessment questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS V16 using independent t-test, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test at the 5% level. Findings showed that the total mean of safety climate was 3.06±0.56. According to the results, a significant difference was found between the positive and negative satisfaction of nurses with safety climates (P-value = 0.03), communication with nurses (P-value = 0.01) and supervisors' attitude (P-value = 0.02). Furthermore, a significant difference in safety climate between the individual with the second job and the individual without second could be observed (P-value = 0.01). The results indicated that the safety climate was not at an acceptable level. Thus, it is essential to introduce safety training courses (e.g. safety, work-rest balance, and so on) and to improve the safety performance at work.

Exploring safety climate factors in construction

This paper aims to explore and to make explicit of the existing safety climate assessment tools and dimensions. The concept of safety climate is firstly discussed with a review of different safety climate factors from the published literature. A qualitative research method was employed to explore the safety climate factors through a systematic review using four databases and specific keywords. A total of 68 papers were selected for the screening process. The screening process allowed to select the final 18 safety climate assessment tools and papers consisting of 98 safety climate factors spanning over a period of 39 years (1980-2019). Construction organisations may consider these factors to assess the current maturity level of their safety climate and to develop plans to achieve the required level. It is recommended that the factors discussed in this paper may be validated first before they are incorporated in the assessment of safety climate.