ASR China Research Articles

Patterns and trends in esophageal cancer incidence and mortality in China: An analysis based on cancer registry data

BackgroundEsophageal cancer poses a significant global burden, while its patterns and trends remain to be clarified. The aim of this study is to provide an update on the incidence and mortality rates of esophageal cancer and their trends in China based on data from the National Cancer Registry. MethodsWe extracted data from the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR) of China from 2000 to 2016 and performed comprehensive quality control. We calculated age-standardized rates of China (ASR China) and world (ASR world) using the Chinese population in 2000 and the Segi's world standard population, and performed a joinpoint regression analysis to examine the trend in incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer. The annual percent change (APC) and weighted average APC (AAPC) over the entire study period were estimated to measure the changing trend. Subgroup analyses were conducted by sex, region and pathological type. ResultsA total of 487 eligible cancer registries were included in the data analysis and 22 registries with uninterrupted registration data were used for trend analysis. In 2016, there were an estimated of 184,500 incident cases of esophageal cancer and 142,300 deaths in China. The crude incidence, ASR China and ASR world were 25.25/100,000, 11.00/100,000 and 11.13/100,000, respectively. And the crude mortality, ASR China and ASR world were 19.38/100,000, 8.25/100,000 and 8.28/100,000, respectively. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) was the most common histological type, accounting for 85.79% of all cases, followed by esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) (11.00%) and others (3.21%). There was a decreasing trend of ASR world in incidence and mortality during 2000–2016 with the AAPC of -4.6% (95% CI: -5.7%, -3.4%) and -4.6% (95% CI: -5.2%, -3.9%). The pattern and trend of esophageal cancer differ in sex, region and pathological type. ConclusionsThe burden of esophageal cancer in China remains high with sex, regional and subtype differences. The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer have continued to decline over the past decade, which was due in part to the reductions in risk factor exposure and the implementation of screening.

Changing trend of incidence and mortality of stomach cancer during 2010-2016 in Henan Province, China

Objective: To estimate stomach cancer incidence and mortality in Henan, 2016 and analyze the trend of stomach cancer incidence and mortality from 2010 to 2016. Methods: Stomach cancer related data in 2016 was extracted from Henan cancer registration and follow-up system. All data were qualified in validity, reliability and completeness according to the Guideline on Cancer Registration in China and International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/IACR). The incidence and mortality of stomach cancer were estimated by areas, gender and age based on the quality data and the registered population data of Henan province in 2016. The epidemic trend of stomach cancer was also been evaluated based on the age-standardized incidence and mortality by Chinese population (ASR China) from 2010 to 2016. Results: In 2016, the estimated incident cases of stomach cancer were 44 311. The incidence was 41.07/100 000, ASR China was 30.17/100 000, ASR by world population (ASR world) was 30.36/100 000, and the cumulative incidence rate was 3.84%. The incidences of male and female were 55.65/100 000 and 25.35/100 000, respectively. Meanwhile, 32 927 people died of stomach cancer in Henan. The mortality was 30.52/100 000, ASR China was 21.45/100 000, ASR world was 21.54/100 000, and the cumulative mortality was 2.53%. From 2010 to 2016, both the ASR China for incidence and mortality of stomach cancer in Henan showed a steady downward trend. In rural, the ASR China for incidence and mortality decreased rapidly, while the stable trend was observed in urban. Nevertheless, the incidence and mortality of stomach cancer in rural were still higher than those in urban. Conclusions: The incidence and mortality of stomach cancer in Henan province showed steadily declining trend from 2010 to 2016, and the geographical distribution difference between rural and urban areas was gradually narrowing. However, the disease burden was still high in 2016.

Epidemiologic features and trends of leukemia in Shenzhen during 2001-2015

Objective To describe the incidence trend of leukemia in Shenzhen during 2001 to 2015, and to provide base data for designing prevention and treatment strategies on leukemia. Methods The leukemia incidence data and population data collected by Shenzhen Cancer Registry from 2001 to 2015 were used in our analysis. The crude incidence, age-standardized incidence rate by Chinese standard population (ASR China) and age-standardized incidence rate by world standard population (ASR world) were calculated. The annual percentage change (APC) of the incidence was analyzed by Joinpoint regression. Results Shenzhen Cancer Registry registered 2 106 new cases of leukemia from 2001 to 2015. The crude incidence was 6.31 per 100 000, with 6.75 per 100 000 ASR China and 7.15 per 100 000 ASR world. Cumulative rate (0-74 years) was 0.63%, and truncated rate (35-64 years) was 7.03 per 100 000. From the perspective of gender distribution, the incidence of male was significantly higher than female, with a sex ratio of 1.38∶1. In terms of time trend, the incidence of leukemia was stable, and the Joinpoint regression showed that APC=-0.09%(95%CI: -1.60%-1.41%, P=0.92). In terms of subtypes, acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) accounted for 17.66% of the total cases, and the incidence of AML has increased during 2001 to 2015 (APC=13.34%, 95%CI: 5.71%-21.51%, P<0.01). The median age of leukemia patients was 36 years old, and the mean age was 37.29 years old. The two peaks of the incidence were 1-4 and 80-84 age groups, and the ASR incidences were 9.13 per 100 000 and 39.40 per 100 000 respectively. Conclusion The incidence of leukemia is very high in Shenzhen. Children and the elderly are at high risk of leukemia. Government needs to guide institutions to carry out research to reduce the incidence of leukemia. Key words: Leukemia; Incidence; Time trend; Cancer register

Report of incidence and mortality of gallbladder cancer in China, 2014

Objective: The incidence and mortality of gallbladder cancer from Chinese cancer registries in 2014 were analyzed to describe the prevalence of gallbladder cancer in China. Methods: Incidence and mortality data of gallbladder cancer in 2014 derived from registration data in 2017, collected by the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR). Qualified data from 339 cancer registries were calculated after evaluating. According to the national population data of 2014, the gallbladder cancer incidence and mortality of China in 2014 were stratified by the area, gender and age.The age composition of standard population of Chinese census in 2000 and Segi's population were used for age-standardizes incidence and mortality in China and worldwide. Results: 339 cancer registries cover a total of 288 243 347 population including 146 203 891 males and 142 039 456 females (144 061 915 in urban and 144 181 432 in rural areas). The mortality to incidence ratio of gallbladder cancer was 0.74. The morphologically verified cases (MV%) and death certificate-only cases (DCO%) were 48.38% and 2.66%, respectively. Unclear diagnosis cases (UB%) was 0.48%. The crude incidence of gallbladder cancer in China in 2014 was 3.82/100 000, which accounted for 1.37% of new cancer cases (4.48/100 000 in urban areas and 3.01/100 000 in rural areas, 3.59/100 000 for male and 4.05/100 000 for female). Age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASR China) and world standard population (ASR world) were 2.38/100 000 and 2.37/100 000, respectively, and the cumulative incidence rate (0-74 age years old) was 0.27%.Besides, the crude mortality of gallbladder cancer was 2.86/100 000 (3.47/100 000 in urban areas and 2.12/100 000 in rural areas, 2.59/100 000 for male and 3.14/100 000 for female). Age-standardized mortality rates by ASR China and ASR world were 1.72/100 000 and 1.71/100 000, with a cumulative mortality rate (0-74 age years old) of 0.19%. Conclusion: The incidence and mortality of gallbladder cancer were significantly different between the city and country, while not obviously different between the female and male.

Estimation on the incidence and mortality of kidney cancer in China, in 2014

Objective: To estimate the incidence and mortality of kidney cancer in China in 2014, based on the cancer registration data. Data was collected through the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR). Methods: All together, 449 cancer registries submitted required data on incidence and deaths of kidney cancer occurred in 2014, to the NCCR. After evaluation on the quality of data,339 registries were accepted for analysis and stratified by areas (urban/rural) and age groups. Combined with data from the National population in 2014, the nationwide incidence and mortality of kidney cancer were estimated. Data from the 2000 National census was used, and with Segi's population used for the rates of age-standardized incidence/mortality. Results: The qualified 339 cancer registries covered a total population of 288 243 347, with 144 061 915 in urban and 144 181 432 in rural areas. The percentage of morphologically verified cases and cases with only available death certificates were 72.70% and 1.27%, respectively. The mortality to incidence ratio was 0.37. The estimates of new cases were around 68 300 in whole China, in 2014, with a crude incidence rate as 4.99/100 000 (95%CI: 4.95/100 000-5.03/100 000). The age-standardized incidence rates of kidney cancer, estimated by China standard population (ASR China) and world standard population (ASR world) were 3.43/100 000 (95%CI: 3.40/100 000-3.46/100 000) and 3.40/100 000 (95%CI: 3.37/100 000- 3.43/100 000), respectively. The cumulative incidence rate of kidney cancer was 0.40% in China. The crude and ASR China incidence rates for males appeared as 6.09/100 000 (6.03/100 000-6.15/100 000) and 4.32/100 000 (4.28/100 000-4.36/100 000), respectively, whereas those were 3.84/100 000 (3.79/100 000-3.89/100 000) and 2.54/100 000 (2.50/100 000-2.58/100 000) for females. The crude and ASR China incidence rates in urban areas appeared as 6.60/100 000 (95%CI: 6.54/100 000-6.66/100 000) and 4.25/100 000 (95%CI: 4.21/100 000-4.29/100 000), respectively, whereas those were 3.05/100 000 (95%CI: 3.01/100 000-3.09/100 000) and 2.29/100 000 (95%CI: 2.25/100 000-2.33/100 000) in rural areas. The estimates of kidney cancer deaths were around 25 600 in the country, in 2014, with a crude mortality rate of 1.87/100 000 (95%CI: 1.85/100 000-1.89/100 000). The ASR China and ASR world mortality rates appeared as 1.16/100 000 (95%CI: 1.14/100 000-1.18/100 000) and 1.16/100 000(95%CI: 1.14/100 000-1.18/100 000), respectively, with a cumulative mortality rate (0-74 years old) of 0.12%. The crude and ASR China mortality rates were 2.31/100 000 (95%CI: 2.27/100 000- 2.35/100 000) and 1.52/100 000 (95%CI: 1.50/100 000-1.54/100 000) for males, respectively, whereas those were 1.41/100 000 (95%CI: 1.38/100 000-1.44/100 000) and 0.81/100 000 (95%CI: 0.79/100 000- 0.83/100 000) for females. The crude and ASR China mortality rates were 2.49/100 000 (95%CI: 2.45/100 000-2.53/100 000) and 1.42/100 000 (95%CI: 1.40/100 000-1.44/100 000) in urban areas, respectively, whereas those were 1.12/100 000 (95%CI: 1.09/100 000-1.15/100 000) and 0.78/100 000 (95%CI: 0.76/100 000-0.80/100 000) in the rural areas. Conclusions: Both the incidence and mortality of kidney cancer seemed low, in China. However, the incidence of kidney cancer had greatly increased. Our findings suggested that prevention and control strategies for kidney cancer should be focused on males in the urban areas.

Incidence and mortality of bladder cancer in China, 2014

Objective: To estimate the incidence and mortality of bladder cancer in China based on the cancer registration data in 2014, collected by the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR). Methods: There were 449 cancer registries submitted bladder cancer new cases and deaths occurred in 2014 to NCCR. After evaluating the data quality, 339 registries' data were finally accepted for analysis. According to the national population data of 2014, the nationwide incidence and mortality of bladder cancer were estimated by stratification in the area (urban or rural), gender, and age. Chinese population census in 2000 and Segi's population were used for age-standardized incidence/mortality rates. Results: All 339 cancer registries covered a total of 288 243 347 populations (144 061 915 in urban and 144 181 432 in rural areas). The percentage of morphologically verified cases and death certificate-only cases were 74.86% and 1.45%, respectively. The mortality to incidence ratio was 0.41. The estimates of new bladder cancer cases were 78 100 in China in 2014, with a crude incidence rate of 5.71/100 000. The age-standardized incidence rates by China standard population (ASR China) and world standard population (ASR world) of bladder cancer were 3.61/100 000 and 3.56/100 000, respectively. Cumulative incidence rate of bladder cancer in China was 0.41%. The crude and ASR China incidence rates in urban areas were 6.88/100 000 and 4.07/100 000, respectively, whereas those were 4.29/100, 000 and 2.96/100 000 in rural areas. The estimates of bladder cancer deaths caused by bladder cancer were about 32 100 in China in 2014, with a crude mortality rate of 2.35/100 000. The ASR China and ASR world mortality rates were both 1.30/100 000 with a cumulative mortality rate (0-74 years old) of 0.12%. The crude and ASR China mortality rates were 2.79/100 000 and 1.41/100 000 in urban areas, respectively, whereas those were 1.81/100 000 and 1.14/100 000 in rural areas. Conclusions: The incidence and mortality pattern of bladder cancer were different in urban and rural areas. The incidence and mortality were higher in urban areas than that in rural areas, and higher for male than for female. We should focus on strengthening the prevention and control of bladder cancer in key population, especially men in urban areas.

Incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in China, 2014

Objective: To estimate the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in China based on the cancer registry data in 2014, collected by the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR). Methods: There were 449 cancer registries submitted cervical cancer incidence and deaths in 2014 to NCCR. After evaluating the data quality, 339 registries' data were accepted for analysis and stratified by areas (urban/rural) and age group. Combined with data on national population in 2014, the nationwide incidence and mortality of cervical cancer were estimated. Chinese population census in 2000 and Segi's population were used for age-standardized incidence/mortality rates. Results: Qualified 339 cancer registries covered a total of 288 243 347 populations (144 061 915 in urban and 144 181 432 in rural areas). The percentage of morphologically verified cases and death certificate-only cases were 86.07% and 1.01%, respectively. The mortality to incidence ratio was 0.30. The estimates of new cases were about 102 000 in China in 2014, with a crude incidence rate of 15.30/100 000. The age-standardized incidence rates by China standard population (ASR China) and world standard population (ASR world) of cervical cancer were 11.57/100 000 and 10.61/100 000, respectively. Cumulative incidence rate of cervical cancer in China was 1.11%. The crude and ASR China incidence rates in urban areas were 15.27/100 000 and 11.16/100 000, respectively, whereas those were 15.34/100 000 and 12.14/100 000 in rural areas. The estimates of cervical cancer deaths were about 30 400 in China in 2014, with a crude mortality rate of 4.57/100 000. The ASR China and ASR world mortality rates were 3.12/100 000 and 2.98/100 000, respectively, with a cumulative mortality rate (0-74 years old) of 0.33%. The crude and ASR China mortality rates were 4.44/100 000 and 2.92/100 000 in urban areas, respectively, whereas those were 4.72/100 000 and 3.39/100 000 in rural areas. Conclusions: There is still a heavy burden of cervical cancer in China. The burden and patterns of cervical cancer shows different characters of urban and rural people. Prevention and control strategies should be implemented referring to local status.

Incidence of lung cancer in Jiashan, Zhejiang province: trend analysis from 1987 to 2016 and projection from 2017 to 2019

To predict the incidence of lung cancer in Jiashan county from 2017 to 2019 on the basis of the incidence rates of lung cancer during 1987-2016. Lung cancer incident cases were derived from cancer registry system of Jiashan. Crude incidence, age-standardized incidence rate by the Chinese standard population (ASR China) and the world standard population (ASR world) were calculated. Annual percent change (APC) was used to examine the temporal trend, and the autoregressive integrated moving average method (ARIMA) of time series model was used to predict the incidence rates from 2017 to 2019. There were 6103 lung cancer incident cases during 1987-2016 in Jiashan county. Averagely, the crude incidence rate, ASR China and ASR world were 53.77/105, 25.24/105 and 34.15/105, respectively. The crude incidence rate, ASR China and ASR world in male were 78.30/105, 34.77/105 and 51.87/105, which were higher than those in female (29.15/105, 14.31/105 and 17.99/105). Crude incidence rate increased from 27.58/105 in 1987 to 111.24/105 in 2016, and the APC was 5.28%. Crude incidence rate predicted by ARIMA model from 2017 to 2019 would be 135.64/105, 145.97/105 and 152.63/105, and the predicted crude incidence rate for 2017 was close to the real incidence rate in 2017 (135.95/105). The incidence of lung cancer in Jiashan has been increased dramatically over the past 30 years and will continue to increase in the future.

Incidence and mortality of stomach cancer in China, 2013

Objective: To estimate the incidence and mortality of stomach cancer in China based on the cancer registration data in 2013, collected by the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR). Methods: There were 347 cancer registries that submitted stomach cancer incidence and deaths occurred in 2013 to NCCR. After evaluating the data quality, 255 registries' data were accepted for analysis and stratified by areas (urban/rural), sex, and age group. Combined with data on national population in 2013, the nationwide incidence and mortality of stomach cancer were estimated. Chinese population census in 2000 and Segi's population were used for age-standardized incidence/mortality rates. Results: Qualified 255 cancer registries covered a total of 226 494 490 populations (111 595 772 in urban and 114 898 718 in rural areas). The percentage of cases morphologically verified and death certificate-only cases were 76.27% and 1.98%, respectively, and the mortality to incidence rate ratio was 0.72. It is estimated that there were 427 000 new cases for stomach cancer nationwide, with a crude incidence rate of 31.38 per 100 000 (42.85 per 100 000 in males, 19.33 per 100 000 in females). The age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASR China) and by world standard population (ASR world) were 21.40 per 100 000 and 21.32 per 100 000, respectively, with a cumulative incidence rate (0-74 age years old) of 2.66%. The crude and ASR China incidence rates of stomach cancer in urban areas were 27.80 per 100 000 and 18.48 per 100 000, respectively, whereas those were 35.54 per 100 000 and 24.93 per 100 000 in rural areas. It is estimated that there were 301 000 deaths for stomach cancer nationwide, with a crude mortality rate of 22.13 per 100 000 (29.85 per 100 000 in males, 14.03 per 100 000 in females). The ASR China and ASR world mortality rates were 14.68 per 100 000 and 14.54 per 100 000, respectively, with a cumulative mortality rate (0-74 years old) of 1.70%. The crude and ASR China mortality rates were 18.94 per 100 000 and 12.20 per 100 000 in urban areas, respectively, whereas those were 25.84 per 100 000 and 17.67 per 100 000 in rural areas. Conclusions: There is still a heavy burden of stomach cancer in China. The burden and patterns of stomach cancer shows different gender and urban-rural differences. Prevention and control strategies should be implemented referring to local status.

Analysis of the incidence and age characteristics of upper gastrointestinal cancer among 2003-2012 in the high incidence area of esophageal cancer, Cixian County, in Hebei Province

Objective: To investigate the overall incidence and age distribution of upper digestive tract cancer in Cixian county, and to provide a reliable basis of prevention and treatment for upper gastrointestinal cancer. Methods: Collected annual incidence rate among 2003-2012 from Cixian cancer registry and abstracted all incidence rate of upper digestive tract cancer. The age-standardized incidence rate by Chinese standard population (ASR China) was calculated using the national population composition of 2000. The age-standardized incidence rate by world standard population (ASR world) was calculated using the world population composition of 1964 of Segi's. The annual average change (APC) was used to estimate the growth rate of the last two years in comparision with the first two years, which was calculated by Joinpoint regression model. The data was divided into two sections (from 2003 to 2007, and from 2008 to 2012), and the rate difference of different age group was calculated. Results: The crude incidence rate of the digestive tract cancer from 2003 to 2012 was 165.36/100 000 (10 309/6 234 346), which dropped from 170.75/10 100 000 (1 029/602 638) of 2003 to 146.02/100 000 of 2012 (936/640 991).The PC and APC of the crude incidence rate of upper gastrointestinal cancer were-12.96%, and-1.54% (95%CI:-3.22%-0.07%), respectively. The PC and APC of ASR China were-10.83%, and-1.30% (95%CI: 2.54%-0.03%), respectively. The PC and APC of ASR world were-9.82%, and-1.13% (95%CI:-2.20%--0.03%), respectively. The incidence of upper gastrointestinal cancer decreased. The incidence rate of 2003-2007 and 2008-2012 were 171.55/100 000 (5 239/3 048 593), and 159.41/10 000 (5 070/3 180 514), respectively and the rate difference was-12.15/100 000. The decrease of rate difference of 70 to 74 years old was the most (-340.32/100 000) and the increase of rate difference over the age of 85 was the most (447.21/100 000). Conclusion: From 2003 to 2012, the crude incidence of upper digestive tract cancer in Cixian showed a decreasing trend, and the 70-74 years old age group shows the most obvious decline.

Trend of incidence and mortality on prostate cancer from 2009 to 2014 in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province

Objective To analyze the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer and its time trend from 2009 to 2014 in Shaoxing of Zhejiang province. Methods The data of prostate cancer in Shaoxing from 2009 to 2014 was collected to calculate the incidence, age-standardized incidence rate by Chinese standard population (ASR China) or by world standard population (ASR world) and percentage change (PC) of incidence. The annual percentage change (APC) of incidence was estimated by linear regression based on the logarithm of the incidence rates observed. Results During 2009-2014, a total of 1 417 new cases in Shaoxing were diagnosed as prostate cancer, and the average age was 74.14±9.20 years. The crude incidence of prostate cancer was 10.74/100 000 (ASR China 4.06/100 000, ASR World 5.94/100 000). Mortality of prostate cancer in Shaoxing was 499 with the crude mortality rate of 3.78/100 000 (ASR China 1.25/100 000, ASR World 2.03/100 000), and the average age was 75.57±8.21 years. The crude incidence of prostate cancer increased from 6.66/100 000 in 2009 to 17.00/100 000 in 2014 (APC=21.41%, P 0.05) and 14.57% (P>0.05), respectively. In Shaoxing, new cases and deaths of prostate cancer were never found among men younger than 40 years, but the incidence and mortality rate began to rise from the age of 40, with a rapid rise appearing after 50 years of age, and the incidence and mortality rate both reached the peak value (158.11/100 000 and 111.42/100 000) in the group of older than 85 years at last. Conclusions Although the incidence and mortality rate of prostate cancer were low in Shaoxing, but they had increased by time from 2009 to 2014. Elderly male population was the people at high risk of prostate cancer; specific corresponding measures should be taken to strengthen the prevention and control of prostate cancer. Key words: Prostatic neoplasms; Carcinoma; Incidence; Mortality; Time trend

Risk of second malignant neoplasms among long-term survivors of early stage extranodal nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma

Objective To estimate risk and incidence of second malignant neoplasms (SMN) among long-term survivors of early stage extranodal nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL). Methods Between January 1983 and December 2007, 174 patients with stage ⅠE and ⅡE NKTCL survived 3 or more years after treatment. Of them, 50 patients were treated with radiotherapy alone, 120 patients with combined modality therapy, and 4 patients with chemotherapy alone. The China 2010 population census data and Segi's world population data were used for calculating the age-standardized cancer incidence rates. Results Median follow-up time was 8.3 years (3.1-35.6 years) for all patients. Nine (5.2 %) SMN were recorded. The median time to SMN was 12.6 years (0.9-18.5 years) from diagnosis of NKTCL. Seven patients had solid tumors, and 2 had other type of malignant lymphomas. The cumulative incidence rates at 5-year, 10-year and 15-year were 1.2 %, 2.4 % and 13.7 %, respectively. The crude incidence was 531.6/105 person-years, the age-standardized rates by Chinese standard population (ASR China) and world standard population (ASR world) were 294.5/105 and 243.7/105, respectively, and the cumulative incidence rate (0-74 years old) was 22.4 %. All of them were higher than the cancer incidence rates for general population in China in 2010. Conclusions A frequency of SMN in patients with NKTCL is higher than that expected in the general population. The patients have more risk for SMN during 10 to 15 years after diagnosis of NKTCL. Patients with long-term survival are at higher risk of SMN and should be carefully followed-up. Key words: Lymphoma, extranodal NK-T-cell; Second malignant neoplasm; Incidence rate

Detection rate and its time trend analysis on thyroid cancer from 2009 to 2013 in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province

Objective To analyze the detection rate of thyroid cancer from 2009 to 2013 in Shaoxing of Zhejiang province and its time trend. Methods The data of thyroid cancer in Shaoxing from 2009 to 2013 was collected to calculate the detection rate, age adjusted detection rate and percentage change of incidence, and the annual percentage change(APC)of incidence was estimated by linear regression based on the logarithm of the incidence rates observed. Results During 2009-2013, a total of 3 290 new cases were diagnosed as thyroid cancer with the sex ratio of male to female being 1∶3.69. The detection rate of thyroid cancer was 14.98/100 000(male 6.39/100 000, female 23.59/100 000), with age-standardized detection rate by Chinese standard population(ASR China)9.13/100 000(male 3.94/100 000, female 14.31/100 000), and age-standardized detection rate by world standard population(ASR world)10.39/100 000(male 4.47/100 000, female 16.32/100 000). The detection rate of thyroid cancer increased from 7.26/100 000 in 2009 to 27.26/100 000(APC=39.65%, P<0.05), with the detection rate among males increasing from 2.42/100 000 to 12.65/100 000(APC=48.44%, P<0.05), and the detection rate among female increasing from 12.15/100 000 to 41.96/100 000(APC=37.58%, P<0.05). In Shaoxing, most of the new thyroid cancer cases were from 25 to 59 years old, and the highest incidence happened in the group of 50-54 years. For each age group, the detection rate in female was almost over two-folds higher than the incidence in male. Conclusion The detection rate of thyroid cancer was increased year by year from 2009 to 2013 in Shaoxing, especially among the young and middle-aged women. The corresponding measures must be taken to control the risk factors of thyroid cancer. (Chin J Endocrinol Metab, 2015, 31: 4-9) Key words: Thyroid cancer; Detection rate; Time trend

Incidence and mortality of liver cancer in China, 2010

Liver cancer is a common malignant tumor in China and a major health concern. We aimed to estimate the liver cancer incidence and mortality in China in 2010 using liver cancer data from some Chinese cancer registries and provide reference for liver cancer prevention and treatment. We collected and evaluated the incidence and mortality data of liver cancer in 2010 from 145 cancer registries, which were included in the 2013 Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report, calculated crude, standardized, and truncated incidences and mortalities, and estimated new liver cancer cases and deaths from liver cancer throughout China and in different regions in 2010 from Chinese practical population. The estimates of new liver cancer cases and deaths were 358,840 and 312,432, respectively, in China in 2010. The crude incidence, age-standardized rate by Chinese standard population (ASR China), and age-standardized rate by world standard population (ASR world) were 27.29/100,000, 21.35/100,000, and 20.87/100,000, respectively; the crude, ASR China, and ASR world mortalities were 23.76/100,000, 18.43/100,000, and 18.04/100,000, respectively. The incidence and mortality were the highest in western regions, higher in rural areas than in urban areas, and higher in males than in females. The age-specific incidence and mortality of liver cancer showed a rapid increase from age 30 and peaked at age 80-84 or 85+. Our results indicated that the 2010 incidence and mortality of liver cancer in China, especially in undeveloped rural areas and western regions, were among high levels worldwide. The strategy for liver cancer prevention and treatment should be strengthened.

The incidences and mortalities of major cancers in China, 2010.

To estimate the cancer incidences and mortalities in China in 2010, the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR) of China evaluated data for the year of 2010 from 145 qualified cancer registries covering 158,403,248 people (92,433,739 in urban areas and 65,969,509 in rural areas). The estimates of new cancer cases and cancer deaths were 3,093,039 and 1,956,622 in 2010, respectively. The percentage of morphologically verified cases were 67.11%; 2.99% of incident cases were identified through death certification only, with the mortality to incidence ratio of 0.61. The crude incidence was 235.23/100,000 (268.65/100,000 in males and 200.21/100,000 in females). The age-standardized rates by Chinese standard population (ASR China) and by world standard population (ASR world) were 184.58/100,000 and 181.49/100,000, respectively, with a cumulative incidence (0-74 years old) of 21.11%. The crude cancer mortality was 148.81/100,000 (186.37/100,000 in males and 109.42/100,000 in females). The ASR China and ASR world were 113.92/100,000 and 112.86/100,000, respectively, with a cumulative mortality of 12.78%. Lung, breast, gastric, liver, esophageal, colorectal, and cervical cancers were the most common cancers. Lung, liver, gastric, esophageal, colorectal, breast, and pancreatic cancers were the leading causes of cancer deaths. The coverage of cancer registration has rapidly increased in China in recent years and may reflect more accurate cancer burdens among populations living in different areas. Given the increasing cancer burden in the past decades, China should strengthen its cancer prevention and control.

Report of cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2010.

To estimate the cancer incidences and mortalities in China in 2010. On basis of the evaluation procedures and data quality criteria described in the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR), data from 219 cancer registries were evaluated. Data from 145 registries were identified as qualified and then accepted for the 2010 cancer registry report. The incidences and mortalities of major cancers and the overall incidence and mortality were stratified by residency (urban or rural), areas (eastern, middle, and western), gender, and age. The cancer cases and deaths were estimated based on age-specific rate and national population in 2010. The China 2010 Population Census data and Segi's world population data were used for calculating the age-standardized cancer incidence/mortality rates. Data were obtained from a total of 145 cancer registries (63 in urban areas and 82 in rural areas) covering 158,403,248 people (92,433,739 in urban areas and 65,969,509 in rural areas). The percentage of morphologically verified cases (MV%) were 67.11%; 2.99% of incident cases were identified through proportion of death certification only (DCO%), with the mortality to incidence ratio of (M/I) 0.61. The estimates of new cancer cases and cancer deaths were 3,093,039 and 1,956,622 in 2010, respectively. The crude incidence was 235.23/10(5) (268.65/10(5) in males and 200.21/10(5) in females), the age-standardized rates by Chinese standard population (ASR China) and by world standard population (ASR world) were 184.58/10(5) and 181.49/10(5), and the cumulative incidence rate (0-74 age years old) was 21.11%. The cancer incidence and ASR China were 256.41/10(5) and 187.53/10(5) in urban areas and 213.71/10(5) and 181.10/10(5) in rural areas. The crude cancer mortality in China was 148.81/10(5) (186.37/10(5) in males and 109.42/10(5) in females), the age-standardized mortalities by Chinese standard population and by world standard population were 113.92/10(5) and 112.86/10(5), and the cumulative mortality rate (0-74 age years old) was 12.78%. The cancer mortality and ASR China were 156.14/10(5) and 109.21/10(5) in urban areas 141.35/10(5) and 119.00/10(5) in rural areas, respectively. Lung cancer, female breast cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, and cervical cancer were the most common cancers. Lung cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer were the leading causes of cancer deaths. The coverage of cancer registration has rapidly increased in China in recent years and may reflect more accurate cancer burdens among populations living in different areas. As the basis of cancer control program, cancer registration plays an irreplaceable role in cancer surveillance, intervention evaluation, and policy-making. Given the increasing cancer burden in the past decades, China should strengthen its cancer prevention and control.