Aspergillus Sydowi Research Articles

MYCOFLORA AND AFLATOXIN LEVELS IN WALNUT SAMPLES STORED IN DIFFERENT PACKAGING MATERIALS IN OGUN STATE

Aflatoxin levels in nuts and fruits pose a great threat to food storage and availability. This study aimed at determining the mycoflora and aflatoxin level in stored walnut under various conditions. Freshly harvested walnuts were stored for 90 days in three different media: jute bags, Plastic containers and sterile polythene bags under room (37ᵒC) and refrigeration (4ᵒC) temperature. After 90 days of storage, the stored walnuts were examined for fungal growth at one month interval after which colonial and morphological characterization were carried out to identify the fungi present. Proximate analysis and aflatoxin content of the walnut samples were determined by standard methods. Fungi isolated from the walnuts include; Aspergillus niger, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Penicillum notatum, Aspergillus sydowi, Fusarium oxysporium, and Rhizopus stolonifer. Walnuts stored in plastic container at room temperature had the lowest aflatoxin level of 0.002 ng/kg while that stored in polythene bags had the highest (0.054 ng/kg). Proximate analysis also revealed that walnuts stored in polythene bag reduced significantly (p<0.05) in protein, ash content, fat, fibre, moisture and carbohydrates while samples stored in jute bag and plastic container remained unchanged. This study shows that storage methods contributed to the overall quality, shelf life and aflatoxin content of walnut and hence care should be taken during post harvesting process.
 

Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Catharanthus roseus (L)

Catharanthus roseus (L) a popular ornamental plant found in garden, home across the worldwhich is recognized in Ayurveda. Catharanthus is well known due to antitumor, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and anti-mutagenic effects. It produces alkaloids, vincristine vinblastine, ajmalicine, reserpine, serpentine, catharanthaine, lochherin, lochnericine, vinorelbin extract from these plants used in disease treatment. Application of Catharanthus roseus it used treatment of asthma, blood pressure, manstruation cycle, malaria etc. Plants have proved to be significant natural resources for effective chemotherapeutic agents and offering a broad spectrum of activity with greater emphasis on preventive action. The antimicrobial activity has been checked against microorganisms like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Rhizopusarrhizus, Aspergillus sydowi, and Aspergillus fumigatus. The strongest inhibition activity of the leaf extract was observed against B. subtilis, (20 mm zone) by Aspergillus sydowi, which is 21 mm zone of inhibition. Qualitative analysis of phytochemical screening reveals the presence of terpenoids, carbohydrate alkaloids, phenol, glycoside are present.

Diversity of The Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Ocimum Basilicum Linn. - A Promising Medicinal Plant

Altogether 105 segments from 15 plants of Ocimum basilicum Linn.were collected from Karnatak University Botanical Garden; Dharwad. And they were screened for the presence of endophytic fungi. A total of 7 fungal species viz, Aspergillus sydowi (Bainier & sartory) Thom & Church. Mycelia sterilia., Alternaria burnsii Uppal, petel., Geotrichum candidum Link., Torula alli (Harz) Saccardo., Fusarium poae (peck) Wr., and Aspergillus clavatus Desm. isolated and identified based on the morphology of the fungal culture and spores with the help of manuals. The present investigation was the diversity of endophytes and colonization frequency was more dominated in host leaves had been determined. Importance of endophytes in medicinal plant has been discussed.

Two new hetero-spirocyclic γ-lactam derivatives from marine sediment-derived fungus Aspergillus sydowi D2–6

Two new hetero-spirocyclic gamma-lactams, azaspirofurans A (1) and B (2), had been isolated from a marine sediment-derived fungus Aspergillus sydowi D2-6. Their structures were determined by the chemical evidence and spectral analyses. Compound 1 exhibited cytotoxicity against A549 cell line with the IC50 value of 10 microM by MTT method.

Biodeterioration of sandstone under the influence of different humidity levels in laboratory conditions

Excessive moisture in building materials supports microbial growth. It has been referred that relative humidity more than 55% promotes the microbial growth. To test the effect of different relative humidity tropical chamber test was set up at 52%, 76%, 85% and 96% RH and maximum diversity of fungi was found at 85% and 96% RH. Two fungi Aspergillus sydowi and Aspergillus flavipes were present throughout the course of study from moderate to highly abundant form. It was observed that Fusarium moniliforme, Cephalosporium acremonium, Papulospora sp. proliferated at higher relative humidity (i.e. at 85% and 96.6% RH) and Fusarium roseum, Fusarium oxysporum only at 96% RH level. The relative humidity level lower than 62%, i.e. at 52% level exhibited no fungal growth on sandstone surface during two-year observations. During the study pattern it was noticed that diversity decreased gradually and dominance of particular species increased with the time factor. Analysis of sandstone after fungal colonization by X-ray diffraction and SEM showed the formation of newly formed biomineral.

Cytotoxic Alkaloids and Antibiotic Nordammarane Triterpenoids from the Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sydowi

Three new diketopiperazine alkaloids, 6-methoxyspirotryprostatin B (1), 18-oxotryprostatin A (2), and 14-hydroxyterezine D (3), with an oxaspiro[4.4]lactam moiety, 14-norpseurotin A (4), and the 29-nordammarane triterpenoid 6beta,16beta-diacetoxy-25-hydroxy-3,7-dioxy-29-nordammara-1,17(20)-dien-21-oic acid (5), as well as 12 known compounds (6- 17), were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of a marine-derived fungal strain, Aspergillus sydowi PFW1-13. The structures of compounds 1- 5 were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1- 3 exhibit weak cytotoxicity against A-549 cells, with IC 50 values of 8.29, 1.28, and 7.31 microM, respectively. Compound 1 also shows slight cytotoxicity against HL-60 cells, with an IC 50 value of 9.71 microM. Compounds 4 and 5 display significant antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Micrococcus lysoleikticus with MICs of 3.74, 14.97, and 7.49 microM and 10.65, 5.33, and 10.65 microM, respectively.

10,10a-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-5-(2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl)-1,10,10a,14,14a,15b-hexahydro-5H,12H-3,4-dioxa-5a,11a,15a-triazacyclooct[lm]indeno[5,6-b]fluorene-11,15(2H,13H)-dione

The title compound, C27H33N3O7, isolated from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sydowi and also known as verruculogen, contains six fused rings. The indole portion of the mol­ecule adopts a planar conformation with a maximum deviation of 0.022 (2) A. The six-membered ring with one N atom has a half-chair conformation, the six-membered ring with two N atoms has a boat conformation and the terminal five-membered ring has an envelope conformation. There is an intra­molecular hydrogen bond between a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl O atom. Further O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules, forming a one-dimensional chain extending along the a axis.

Two new metabolites with cytotoxicities from deep-sea fungus, aspergillus sydowi YH11-2

Two new compounds, 2, 3, 5-trimethyl-6-(3-oxobutan-2-yl)-4H-pyran-4-one (1) and (2R)-2, 3- dihydro-7-hydroxy-6, 8-dimethyl-2-[(E)-prop-1-enyl] chromen-4-one (2), together with six known compounds (3-8), were isolated from a deep-sea fungus, identified as Aspergillus sydowi, by a bioassay-guided method. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and the cytotoxicities were evaluated by SRB method.

Globular shape of high molar mass inulin revealed by static light scattering and viscometry

The behavior of two high molar mass inulin-type fructans in dilute aqueous and dimethyl sulfoxide solution was investigated. We performed static light scattering experiments (SLS) and viscometry with the polymer synthesized in vitro using the fructosyltransferase (FTF) of Streptococcus mutans that was expressed as a fusion protein in transgenic Escherichia coli. In addition, high molar mass inulin of Aspergillus sydowi ( A. sydowi) was synthesized by incubating conidia with highly concentrated sucrose solution. This polymer was characterized by SLS and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography. All samples showed small root-mean-square radii of gyration with respect to their very high molar mass. Since this suggests a compact conformation of the molecules in both solvents, the dependence of reduced osmotic modulus M w/ M app on parameter X= A 2 M w c was studied by SLS. For all measurements, we found an agreement between experimental values and theoretical curves for hard spheres. Hydrodynamic data also point to a globular shape of high molar mass inulin in dilute solution. The determination of branches for inulin synthesized by FTF and by A. sydowi conidia indicates that both polymers are β-(2→1) linked polyfructans with 5–7% β-(2→6) branches, which is in agreement with the obtained globular molecular shape in dilute solution.

Indoor Airborne Fungi as Important Occupational Sensitisers in Poultry Workers

The type and quantity of airborne fungi in the environment of poultry farms were studied for 2 consecutive years from April 1989 to March 1991. Sam pling was done using volumetric Andersen six-stage and Burkard personal slide samplers. The specific IgE and IgG levels in the sera of workers were measured by ELISA techniques. Where poultry were kept indoors, the air had high concentrations of certain fungi. Candida albicans, smut, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and Penicillium nigricans were found to be characteristic fungi of poultry sheds, while Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium and Alternaria spp. were those of a hatchery. ELISA measurements of the sera of poultry workers revealed that Aspergillus sydowi, Neurospora sitophila, Asper gillus japonicus and S. brevicaulis were eliciting raised IgE in a greater number of workers compared to a control group. Poultry workers had slightly raised IgG antibodies to A. sydowi, Aspergillus ochraceous and Aspergillus fumiga tus.

Indoor Airborne Fungi as Important Occupational Sensitisers in Poultry Workers

The type and quantity of airborne fungi in the environment of poultry farms were studied for 2 consecutive years from April 1989 to March 1991. Sampling was done using volumetric Andersen six-stage and Burkard personal slide samplers. The specific IgE and IgG levels in the sera of workers were measured by ELISA techniques. Where poultry were kept indoors, the air had high concentrations of certain fungi. Candida albicans, smut, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and Pénicillium nigricans were found to be characteristic fungi of poultry sheds, while Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium and Aiternaria spp. were those of a hatchery. ELISA measurements of the sera of poultry workers revealed that Aspergillus sydowi. Neurospora sitophila, Aspergillus japonicus and S. brevicaulis were eliciting raised IgE in a greater number of workers compared to a control group. Poultry workers had slightly raised IgG antibodies to A. sydowi, Aspergillus ochraceous and Aspergillus fumigatus.

Degradation of gelatin and collagen by serine proteinase of Aspergillus sydowi

A serine proteinase of Aspergillus sydowi strain OK-22 isolated from dried bonito, “Katsuobushi”, hydrolyzed gelatin and collagen type I to degree of limit hydrolysis of approximately 12% as well as milk casein in contrast to other fungal proteinases which generally hydrolyze gelatin and collagen to much lesser degree than they do milk casein.

Enzymatic synthesis of novel fructosyl and oligofructosyl trehaloses by Aspergillus sydowi beta-fructofuranosidase.

An intracellular beta-D-fructofuranosidase produced by Aspergillus sydowi IAM 2544 was purified by Q-Sepharose and Alkyl-Sepharose chromatographies. The molecular mass was 50 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis. The optimum pH and temperature of sucrose hydrolyzing activity of the enzyme were 5.5 and 75 degrees C, respectively, but those of fructosyl transferase activity were 5.2 and 55 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme efficiently transferred the fructose residue of sucrose as a donor to trehalose as an acceptor. And the amount of fructosyl and oligofructosyl trehaloses produced was changed by the molar ratio of trehalose as an acceptor to sucrose as a donor used. The most efficient production of the transferred products was achieved at the reaction conditions in the range of molar ratios of 1:1 to 3:1 (trehalose:sucrose). The chemical structures of these new kinds of resulting series of fructosyl and oligofructosyl trehaloses produced were identified as O-beta-D-Fru-(2-->6)-alpha-D-Glc-(1-->1)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, O-beta-D-Fru-(2-->6)-alpha-D-Glc-(1-->1)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, and O-beta-D-Fru-(2-->1)-O-beta-D-Fru-(2-->1)-O-beta-D-Fru-(2-->6)-alpha-D-G lc- (1-->1)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. These results indicate that beta-fructofuranosidase from Aspergillus sydowi specifically transferred the fructose residue of sucrose to the C6-OH position of the glucose residue of trehalose at the early stage of the reaction, following the elongation of the fructose residue by the transfructosylation of the enzyme to form oligofructosyl trehalose of a longer fructose chain.

A serine proteinase of a fungus isolated from dried bonito “Katsuobushi”

A proteinase was purified from an extract of the koji culture of a strain of Aspergillus sydowi, isolated from “Katsuobushi”, in a homogeneous state by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by ammonium sulfate fractionation, and Butyl-Toyopearl, DEAE-Toyopearl and Bio-Gel P-100 column chromatographies. The molecular weight to the enzyme was calculated to be about 40,000. The optimum pH activity was 7.0–7.5 at 37°C and the optimum temperature was 45°C at pH 7.2 for caseinolytic activity. The enzyme was stable between pH 3.5–8.0 and a temperature of up to 45°C. As the enzyme activity was completely inhibited with phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, this enzyme was a kind of serine proteinase. The enzyme had a different substrate specificity from other fungal serine proteinases reported so far from the results of cleavage of proangiotensin and oxidized insulin B-chain.

Characteristics and applications of a polyfructan synthesized from sucrose by Aspergillus sydowi conidia

A polyfructan synthesized from sucrose by the action of Aspergillus sydowi conidia was composed of 2, 1-linked beta fructofrunoside residues with a molecular weight of >10 million. It was a white powder with no taste and no flavor. Moreover, it was water soluble and its free flowing powder characteristic seemed to be explained by its high amount of Brunauer Emmett and Taller (B.E.T) monomolecular layer of adsorbed water compared with other saccharides. The polyfructan solution had a much lower viscosity than those of other polysaccharide solutions. The solution was stable under moderate heating and shearing. The polyfructan might be used as a dietary fiber, as a low calorie bulking agent for sweeteners such as Aspartame, or as a fat substitute in various processed foods like ice cream and baked cheese cake.

Intraseminal fungal location in maize of selected seed storage fungi in relation to some physiological parameters

Maize seeds that had been hot-water-treated (30 min at 55 °C) to reduce inherent infection, were inoculated with the spores of four storage fungal species of varying xerotolerance. The less xerotolerant species ( Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus sydowi ) were characterized by vigorous growth on the six single carbon source media tested, and were also associated with rapid and extensive degradation of all the seed tissues. The more xerotolerant species ( Aspergillus chevalieri and Penicillium pinophilum ), on the other hand, grew only slowly in vitro and were not located in the embryo despite six weeks storage of the artificially infected seeds at 95% relative humidity. Germinability of infected seeds decreased with storage time, as did the dry mass of the resultant seedlings, the extent of the decline increasing with decreasing xerotolerance of the fungal species. The rate of infection of, and ultimate mycelial location in, the seeds are suggested to be related to the extracellular enzyme capabilities of the individual species.

Seasonal Variations of Airborne Fungi in Wadi Qena, Eastern Desert, Egypt

Abstract The “exposed plate” method was used to trap fungal spores from the atmosphere of Wadi Qena over a period of one year (January-December 1985). 83 species and 2 varieties representing 31 genera were collected. The most frequently isolated genera on mesophilic and osmophilic media included Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Cumularia, Drechslera, Epicoccum, Penicillium, Stemphylium and Ulocladium; their counts fluctuated irregularly. Alternaria alternala, Aspergillus nidulans, A. niger, A. sydowi, A. terreus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. herbarum, Cumularia lunata, Drechslera spicifera, Epicoccum purpurascens, Penicillium chrysogenum, P. citrinum, Stemphylium botryosum and Ulocladium botrytis were the most prevalent species. Also, Eurotium (represented by E. amstelodami, E. chevalieri and E. rubrum) was only encountered frequently on osmophilic medium. On halophilic medium Aspergillus sydowi was common followed by Aspergillus nidulans, A. niger, A. terreus and Cladosporium herbarum. Fungi is...

Structures of some fructooligosaccharides produced from sucrose by mycelia of Aspergillus sydowi IAM 2544.

Structures of some fructooligosaccharides produced from sucrose by mycelia of Aspergillus sydowi IAM 2544.

Elemental, functional infrared and free radical characterization of humic acid-type fungal polymers (melanins)

Humic acid-type polymers (melanins) synthesized in culture media by the fungi Aspergillus glaucus, Eurotium echinulatum, Hendersonula toruloidea, Stachybotrys atra and Aspergillus sydowi were analysed for elemental composition, functional group content, infrared (IR) and electron spin resonance (ESR) properties. Results were discussed in comparison with range values referred for soil humic acids. The fungal polymers showed significant differences in carboxyl and nitrogen content and C/H atomic ratios, reflecting a different degree of condensation (aromaticity) among the various samples. IR analysis gave evidence of: (a) the predominant aromatic character of melanins from A. glaucus, E. echinulatum and H. toruloidea; (b) the high content of aliphatic and olefinic components of S. atra melanin; (c) the typical presence of amide bonds in the nitrogen-richest melanins from A. sydowi and H. toruloidea; and (d) the generally low amount of free carboxyl groups, which often appeared involved in hydrogen bonds. ESR spectra showed that all the melanins studied contained appreciable concentrations of organic free radicals of prevailing semiquinonic nature and of the same order of magnitude commonly measured in humic acids from soil and other sources. The free electron concentration was shown to be directly related to the C/H atomic ratio and to the degree of aromaticity shown by IR analysis. This indicated that the highest free radical content in the melanins from E. echinulatum and A. glaucus was associated with the highest presence of condensed aromatic structures. Humic acid-type polymers synthesized by soil fungi may, therefore, contribute to the total free radical content of soil humic substances and play important roles in all reactions involving free radicals in soils and related environments.

ChemInform Abstract: Studies in Terpenoids. Part 71. Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Sydonic Acid (IIIa).

AbstractStarting with the acetophenone (I) the synthesis of the racemic title compound (IIIa), isolable from Aspergillus sydowi, is carried out in a two‐step procedure.