Aspects Of Social Relationships Research Articles

Social relationship factors, depressive symptoms, and incident dementia: a prospective cohort study into their interrelatedness.

Different aspects of social relationships (e.g., social network size or loneliness) have been associated with dementia risk, while their overlap and potentially underlying pathways remain largely unexplored. This study therefore aimed to (1) discriminate between different facets of social relationships by means of factor analysis, (2) examine their associations with dementia risk, and (3) assess mediation by depressive symptoms. Thirty-six items from questionnaires on social relationships administered in Wave 2 (2004/2005) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (n = 7536) were used for exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Factors were then used as predictors in Cox proportional hazard models with dementia until Wave 9 as outcome, adjusted for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors. Structural equation modeling tested mediation by depressive symptoms through effect decomposition. Factor analyses identified six social factors. Across a median follow-up time of 11.8 years (IQR = 5.9-13.9 years), 501 people developed dementia. Higher factor scores for frequency and quality of contact with children (HR = 0.88; p = 0.021) and more frequent social activity engagement (HR = 0.84; p < 0.001) were associated with lower dementia risk. Likewise, higher factor scores for loneliness (HR = 1.13; p = 0.011) and negative experiences of social support (HR = 1.10; p = 0.047) were associated with higher dementia risk. Mediation analyses showed a significant partial effect mediation by depressive symptoms for all four factors. Additional analyses provided little evidence for reverse causation. Frequency and quality of social contacts, social activity engagement, and feelings of loneliness are associated with dementia risk and might be suitable targets for dementia prevention programs, partly by lowering depressive symptoms.

Cross-seasonal and diurnal variation in physical contact between sub-adult pigs

Social touch is an important aspect of social relationships and has a major influence on development and health. However, in many species the occurrence and function of social touch is unknown. Pigs have frequent physical contact but this behaviour is largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate the undisturbed variation in physical contact between pigs, and to assess diurnal and seasonal influences. A stable group of ten Puławska sub-adult female pigs was observed for 406 h across four seasons during the day and night, by continuous observations on an individual level (406 h / pig). They were housed indoors (112 m2 pen) on straw bedding. The ethogram distinguished the amount of surface contact between pigs when lying, the orientation to others, social nosing, other non-agonistic social behaviour and agonistic behaviours. Resting location within the pen was recorded 48 times per pig, and dominance relationships were calculated from agonistic interactions. Data were analysed with mixed models accounting for repeated observations. Pigs spent on average 40 % of their time lying in body contact, most often lying with their extremities in contact (71 %), followed by lying in partial body contact (16 %) or full body contact (13 %) and were frequently nosing the head and body of others. The duration of lying in any type of contact, as well as agonistic behaviour, was influenced by season, with the longest durations in autumn. In summer, the duration of partial body contact was lowest, but full body contact was unaffected by season. Nosing behaviour remained constant throughout the year. Pigs lay in contact more during the night, while showing more social behaviours during the day. Pigs mostly lay in nonparallel orientation or head-to-head, but clearly least in the head-to-tail orientation. Season influenced the frequency of lying head-to-head and head-to-tail, but not lying nonparallel. The coefficient of variation of the lying location was influenced by season. Allo-grooming, mounting, and nudging were shown infrequently and mostly by specific individuals. In conclusion, when at a large space allowance, pigs spend nearly half of their time in body contact, even during the higher temperatures in summer. This shows that social touch, including affiliative behaviour, has an important role in pigs’ social life, and remains largely unaffected by external influences.

Social relationships and their association with the functional capacity of older Chilean adults: longitudinal evidence

BackgroundFunctional capacity is recognized as a central factor for health in old age and not all studies that seek to clarify the role of social relationships in functional capacity are conclusive. The subject has only been studied in a limited way in Latin America, a region that is aging prematurely, with evidence primarily from developed countries, which have experienced a more gradual aging of their population. This longitudinal study aimed to determine how aspects of social relationships impact the functionality of older Chileans.MethodologyWe conducted a cohort study of 2,265 people aged 60 years or older who lived in the community and resided in Greater Santiago, Chile. Five aspects of social relationships were considered at baseline (participation in groups, clubs, or organizations; number of people in the household; participation in recreational activities; perception of material support, help or advice, and marital status), from which a cluster analysis by conglomerate was performed and used as the exposure of interest. Functional limitation (FL) was the dependent variable, classified as a limitation in at least 1 basic activity of daily living or 1 instrumental activity or 2 advanced activities. The control variables considered were: sex, age, educational level, multimorbidity, depression and years of follow-up. Survival analyses using a Cox proportional hazard regression and multilevel logistic regressions (person level and follow-up wave level) were performed.ResultsThe identified clusters were four: “without social participation and does not live alone”; “without a partner and without social participation”; “no perception of support and no social participation”; “with participation, partner and perception of support”. Social relationship clusters predicted FL incidence and FL reporting during follow-up. Being in the clusters "without social participation and does not live alone" and "without partner and without social participation" were risk factors for incident FL and report of FL during follow-up, compared to being in the reference cluster "with participation, partner and perception of support.ConclusionsIn summary, our study showed that participating in social organizations, not living alone and having a partner are protective factors for presenting and developing functional limitation in old age for community-living Chileans in an urban area.

The notarial mediation as an alternative way of resolving legal disputes in the Russian Federation

Mediation technologies are one of the alternative ways to resolve judicial disputes, and extrajudicial methods to resolve legal conflicts are a priority and promising direction. The mediation institute affects many aspects of social relations and is relevant in foreign legal orders and the Russian Federation. This paper aims to analyze the concept of notarial mediation as an alternative way of resolving legal disputes in the Russian Federation, define the issues related to its implementation, and further perspectives on its development. A set of methods was used to achieve the aim of the paper. Thus, the authors applied a systemic approach to study the implementation of the concept of “notarial mediation” in the Russian Federation. Also, comparative legal analysis was used to address the development of the concept of notarial mediation in different countries from a comparative perspective. The authors concluded that notarial mediation in the Russian Federation, one of the methods of out-of-court reconciliation, is becoming increasingly popular and in demand as an institution of dispute resolution with the help of a notary and a mediator (conciliator). Participation of a notary in the certification of the mediation agreement on the results of the mediation procedure guarantees the legality of the agreements reached and gives the mediation agreement executive force.

Do measures of social support and social distress share general factors associated with suicidal ideation and attempts?

Aspects of social relationships have variably been associated with suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts (SAs). This study assessed whether social support and social distress measures have general factors versus measure-specific factors that are associated with suicide risk. Adults (N = 455, 60.0% female), admitted to psychiatric inpatient units following a recent suicide attempt or active SI, completed assessments of social support (emotional support, instrumental support, friendship, perceived support from significant others, friends, family) and social distress (loneliness, perceived rejection, perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness). Bifactor modeling examined general and specific factors of social support and distress in relation to SI (week prior to hospitalization, via the Beck Scale for SI) and SAs (past 30 days, via the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale). SI was significantly associated with the general social support (B = -1.51), the general social distress (B = 1.67), and the specific perceived burdensomeness (B = 1.57) factors. SAs were significantly associated with the specific Perceived Rejection (OR = 1.05) and Thwarted Belongingness (OR = 0.91) factors. General social support and social distress were associated with SI but not recent SAs. Specific social distress factors were also related to SI and SAs controlling for general social distress, suggesting areas for future interventions.

311 calls and neighborhood attributes: A panel study of housing prices

AbstractThis article aims to incorporate social relations into panel hedonic price modeling analyses, examining how the social conditions of neighborhoods are integrated into local housing markets. To achieve this, we utilize Jefferson County, Kentucky, as a case study and decompose publicly available 311 data, which consist of nonemergency concerns and requests reported by residents, into subcategories to proxy the diverse aspects of social relations. Our findings reveal several key insights: (1) 311 data are characterized by their complexity and encompass a wide range of inputs from residents, necessitating careful interpretation; (2) the overall number of 311 reports may offer limited utility in disclosing social relations; (3) specific categories of 311 reports pertaining to public domain issues hold potential as indicators of social relations. Reports on incivilities, for instance, can serve as proxies for conflicting social relations and exhibit negative impacts on housing prices. Conversely, reports on natural deterioration, environmental concerns, and planning issues demonstrate positive impacts on housing prices, suggesting their utility as indicators for social capital within housing studies.

Exploring the associations between structural and functional aspects of social relationships and cognition in very old age

Objectives Few studies have examined the associations between social relationships and cognition in very old adults (80+ years). Moreover, limited research has considered structural and functional aspects of social relationships together when exploring their associations with cognition. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the associations between structural and functional social aspects and cognition in very old age. Method The sample comprised 518 two-wave participants of the NRW80+ Study, who showed no indication of dementia and an average age of 85 years at baseline (range: 80–97 years). They were assessed twice over an approximate 2-year interval. Multilevel linear growth curve analysis was employed to model cognitive development over very old age and to examine the associations between structural and functional aspects of social relationships and cognitive development. It was controlled for demographic and health characteristics. Results A larger social network size (ß = 0.05, 95% CI [0.02, 0.08], p = 0.002) and frequent compared with occasional, seldom, and no contact with others (ß = 0.16, 95% CI [0.03, 0.28], p = 0.013) were associated with higher global cognition in the fully-controlled model. Model comparisons further revealed that structural aspects better predicted global cognition in very old age compared to functional aspects (χ2(2) = 16.17, p < 0.001). Conclusion The findings underline the positive association between structural aspects of social relationships and global cognition in very old age. They also highlight the need for interventions promoting a socially active lifestyle to prevent cognitive decline in this vulnerable age group.

Оn the question of protection of property rights and determination of subjects of property use: analysis of judicial practice

The article highlights the method of protecting the right of ownership and determining the subjects of use on the example of the analysis of judicial practice. The interrelationship of the right of ownership and the right of use, the order of following the main thing and the accessory thing are determined. Examples of a court case in terms of the court’s determination of the right of ownership and subjects of the right of use are given. The issue of property rights is analyzed in the context of a key aspect of social relations between subjects of civil law. The provision that the state’s attitude to the issue of property rights determines the features of the ruling regime in the country and testifies to the development of civil society has been updated. The inviolability of the right to property and the level of its protection is a kind of litmus test that determines the level of democratic society and the state’s attitude to basic human and citizen rights. Thus, Part 1 of Article 4 of the Civil Code of Ukraine stipulates that every person has the right, in accordance with the procedure established by this Code, to apply to the court for the protection of his violated, unrecognized or disputed rights, freedoms or legitimate interests. According to Part 1 of Article 16 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, every person has the right to apply to the court for the protection of his personal non-property or property right and interest. According to Article 41 of the Constitution of Ukraine, everyone has the right, in particular, to own, use and dispose of their property; the right to private property is acquired in accordance with the procedure established by law; no one can be unlawfully deprived of the right to property, the right to private property is inviolable (parts one, two, four). Analysis of court practice shows that consideration and resolution of civil cases in the field of violation of property rights is complicated by the imperfection of the legal system, the need to improve and change the existing legislation in this field. It was determined that mostly people go to court due to violations related to the lack of registration of ownership rights to real estate, loss of title documents, receipt of title documents by improper entities, presence of self-acting objects in real estate.

Role of social support in culturally sensitive diabetes self-management education among an ethnic minority population in Denmark.

CUSTOM is a culturally sensitive diabetes self-management education and support programme tailored to Urdu, Turkish and Arabic-speaking people in Denmark. The aim of this study was twofold: first, to examine the functional social support perceived by CUSTOM participants before and after the intervention; and, second, to explore how participants' structural social support affected the physical and mental health benefits of the intervention. The participants were people with type 2 diabetes whose primary language was Urdu, Arabic or Turkish (n = 73). Outcomes included A1C, body fat percentage, diabetes distress, well-being and functional social support. Changes were observed between baseline and six months after participation in a single-group pre-test/post-test design. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to assess pre-post differences in functional social support. The role of structural social support was assessed using moderation regression analysis. Participants reported higher availability of functional social support after the programme (p < 0.05), although the change in loneliness was not significant. In addition, cohabitating with adult children increased the average body fat percentage reduction achieved following the programme, while living with a partner lowered the average body fat percentage reduction achieved. The intervention was particularly successful in improving diabetes distress among those with weak structural social support. Culturally sensitive diabetes self-management education and support can improve social support among people with an ethnic minority background. The structure of social relations may influence the benefit of culturally sensitive diabetes self-management education and support. Future programmes should include family members and other social relations more actively, drawing attention to both positive and negative aspects of social relations.

How Do Social Relationships Affect Later Life Planning?

Relatively little is known about how social relationships affect later life planning. Our study focuses on an underexamined aspect of social relationships, frequency of contact - not only with family members but also with friends. Using data from a survey of Floridians aged 50 and older conducted between December 2020 and April 2021 (n = 3,832), we examine the association between frequency of contact and five planning types: finances, health care, living arrangements, driving retirement, and end-of-life. We found that more frequent contact was associated with greater likelihood of planning, and this result was largely consistent across types of relationships and types of planning. Our findings suggest that contact with family members and friends may encourage more planning, which could reduce the stress that can accompany later life transitions. Our study offers further evidence of social relationships' centrality to later life well-being and points to the many benefits of enhancing them.

Social Disconnectedness, Perceived Loneliness, and Cognitive Functioning: The Role of Neighborhood Environment.

Social disconnectedness and loneliness pose significant challenges for older Chinese immigrants. Yet, it remains unclear whether they are associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline in this population. This study aimed to investigate the association of social disconnectedness and loneliness with cognitive functioning and examine the moderation role of neighborhood contexts. This longitudinal analysis examined a sample of individuals aged 60 years and older from the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago (N = 2,044). Global cognition was assessed using the averaged z-scores of cognitive performance tests. Social disconnectedness was constructed using 5 indicators about structural aspects of social relationships. Loneliness was assessed with the R-UCLA loneliness scale. Neighborhood socioeconomic status (NSES) and neighborhood segregation index were constructed using 2010-2014 American Community Survey data at the census tract level. Individual perceptions about neighborhood environments were used to construct neighborhood cohesion index and neighborhood disorder index (NDI). Latent growth curve models with adjusted cluster robust standard errors were estimated. More loneliness was associated with a higher level of initial cognitive functioning (B = 0.030, p < .01), but also with a faster decline rate over time (B = -0.007, p < .01) after adjusting for covariates. High NSES and less neighborhood segregation buffered the negative effects of loneliness on cognitive decline, respectively. High NDI amplified the positive relationship between loneliness and initial functioning, but accelerated the rate of cognitive decline associated with loneliness. The study revealed that perceived loneliness, but not social disconnectedness, is a risk factor for cognitive decline among older Chinese immigrants. Living in a neighborhood with low socioeconomic status, more segregation, and high disorder elevated the detrimental effect of loneliness on long-term cognitive decline. Further research needs to investigate the complex interplay between social relationships, neighborhood environment, and cognition.

Workplace Well-Being in Post-COVID-19 Indonesia: Workplace Loneliness and Happiness at Work with the Moderating Role of Perceived Social Support

Social relationships within the workplace have been recognized to be vital for employee’s well-being. In this post Covid-19 era in Indonesia, major shifts in working arrangements have the potential to impact employees’ social relationships dynamics. Loneliness can emerge as a counterpoint to having positive social relationships. This non-experimental research employs a survey method to explore Workplace Loneliness (WL), Perceived Workplace Social Support (PWSS), and Happiness at Work (HAW) in post Covid-19 pandemic Indonesia. Statistical analysis is performed on responses from 201 participants representing employees with diverse working arrangements in Indonesian organizations, sampled using convenience sampling. Key research findings are as follows: 1) Comparing three employee groups with different working arrangements (WFH, WFO, and a blend of WFH and WFO) reveals no significant differences in WL levels, yet PWSS and HAW levels among the compared groups show significant variations. 2) WL has a significant negative association with HAW. 3) A moderation analysis is performed to reveal a significant negative interaction effect of WL and PWSS on HAW. These findings contribute to existing literature by shedding light on variables related to employee perceptions of social relationships and well-being in the workplace. This research delves into how employee perceptions of both negative (loneliness) and positive (perceived social support) aspects of social relationships correlate with workplace happiness. Additionally, this research highlights the post-Covid-19 disruption context in Indonesia, which impacted variations of employees’ working arrangements.

METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION THREATS IN THE CONDITIONS OF INFORMATION CONFRONTATION

The problem of information confrontation as rivalry in the information sphere with the aim of influencing various aspects of social relations is extremely important in the period of hybrid war. The object of the study was to the models of the dissemination of information and models of information confrontation. The goal of the work is the determine the features of the dissemination of informational threats in the conditions of informational and psychological conflict using a mathematical model based on modern achievements of social psychology, and to find optimal modes of informational dissemination and means of neutralizing informational threats. Mathematical models are proposed that describe the processes of the dissemination of informational threats in the conditions of informational and psychological conflict based on the innovation diffusion model and rivalry models. It is assumed that two flows of information dissemination in society so that each individual can become a supporter of one or the other side. The peculiarities of the methods of choosing behavioral strategies by subjects of influence in the social network during information confrontations are analyzed. The conditions under which one of the parties to the conflict can achieve an advantage by systematically varying the characteristics of the process have been studied. Based on the analysis of mathematical models of the dissemination of information threats, meaningful characteristics are defined, the management of which will reduce or neutralize the impact of the flow of negative information. The presented mathematical models allow to make for both quantitative and qualitative analysis of the main characteristics of the dynamics of information confrontation. The prospects for further research may consist in the generalization of the proposed models for a larger number of information flows and taking into account the dynamics of changes over time in the intensity of information dissemination and other characteristics.

MULTIFACETED LINKS BETWEEN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND THE DISABLEMENT PROCESS IN LATER LIFE

Abstract While a negative association between social relationships and physical limitations or disability has been reported persistently, the possible reciprocal relationships and pathways through which social relationships affect physical function and disability remain to be explored. This study used longitudinal data from the US Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) to examine the multifaceted links between different dimensions of social relationships and physical limitations/disability among older adults in the US. We used Structural Equation Models to explore pathways between social relationships and physical limitations in the HRS and longitudinal residual change models to examine the effects of social relationships on changes in physical limitations between two waves in NSHAP. Results show that for men, greater social integration may lower subsequent physical limitations, whereas, for women, social support may prevent declines in physical function. For both genders, greater physical limitations and disability significantly lower subsequent social integration. This work tested the potential causal benefits of the social relationship hypothesis and selection processes and incorporated different aspects of social relationships. As such, our findings advance the explanations of the association between social relationships and later-life health and help better understand the determinants of the disablement process.

Gender Differences in Social Embeddedness Determinants of Loneliness Among Moroccan and Turkish Older Migrants.

Moroccan and Turkish migrants residing in Northwestern Europe have high loneliness levels. This study examines gender differences in loneliness within this migrant population. The migrants have gender-segregated social roles at home and in public, which might lead to gender differences in what aspects of social relationships can explain variation in loneliness. Respondents are from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam with 446 first-generation Moroccan and Turkish migrants in the Netherlands, aged between 55 and 66 years. We use interaction effects to test for gender differences in determinants of loneliness. Men and women have a similar, moderate level of loneliness. Having a spouse and receiving care from children are more strongly related with lower loneliness levels in men than in women. Coethnic ties play an equally important role for men and women. In men, frequent mosque attendance is related with greater loneliness, but not in women. Family ties are more protective against loneliness for older men than for older women, possibly indicating that migrant women's expectations regarding family go above and beyond having a spouse, receiving intergenerational care, or having frequent contact with children. In addition, migrant older men's higher expectations regarding a public social life could make their social life in the Netherlands less fulfilling, resulting in greater loneliness.

EVALUATION FUNCTION IN THE PROCESSES OF NOMINATION

The article deals with issues related to the role of evaluation in the processes of nomination. In the process of perception f the surrounding world and during communication, a person can not but express his attitude towards it. He lives in an environment of values and operates in a clearly delineated value environment, which increasingly becomes the property of his creative activities. Each of the classes of values combines the main meaning of it — material, objective, psychological and social. By recognizing the natural properties of objects and reproducing their value, a person reveals certain aspects of social relations, since the significance of a thing or phenomenon is determined primarily by the social attitude towards them. There exist universal values (universal, inherent to individual communities) and individual ones. As a concentrated expression of the experience of the vital activity of a specific social community, values form a certain system, to which the individual, as a member of this society, adheres in the process of his own evaluation. In each culture there is a system of values according to which the evaluation is carried out, and in different cultures these systems may not coincide, that is, the value is ethno- and culturally determined in both synchronic and diachronic categorization of the world. Evaluation is anthropocentric by its nature,. To evaluate an object or object, a person must “pass through” his signs through his consciousness. The content of the evaluation reflects the nature of the person. Evaluation is everywhere, where any collision of the subject of knowledge with the objective world takes place. So, we adhere to the point of view on evaluation as a category with its own clearly delineated cobnitive and pragmasemantic potential.

Health-related quality of life and associated factors among prisoners in Gondar city prison, Northwest Ethiopia: Using structural equation modeling.

Prisoners usually need more comprehensive health and social support than the general population. Due to the growing number of prisoners in Ethiopia and limited access to health service, quality of life is a key concern. Compromised health-related quality of life imposes short and long-term consequences on the prisoners, their families, and the healthcare system. In Ethiopia, there are limited studies that investigate health outcomes and health-related quality of life in this particular population. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the magnitude of health-related quality of life and associated factors among prisoners considering the multidimensional nature of health related quality of life. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,246 prisoners who were enrolled using simple random sampling. The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQoL-BREF-26) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) tools were used to assess the HRQoL and depression among prisoners, respectively. The relationships between exogenous, mediating, and endogenous variables were identified using structural equation modeling. As the mediation of effects were present, then the direct, indirect, and total effects were determined. General fit indices of the final model were acceptable (x2/df = 1.76, p < 0.001, RMSEA = 0.06, TLI = 0.90, CFI = 0.91, and SRMR = 0.06). The mean (standard deviation) score of the overall health related quality of life was 53.25 (15.12). Having an underlying medical condition had negative total effect on health related quality of life while visits in prison had positive total effect. Having income-generating work in prison had only a direct positive effect. Whereas, older age, being married, longer duration of imprisonment, and depression all had only a negative direct effect on one or more domains of quality of life (p<0.05). Inmates in Gondar Prison have very poor and compromised levels of physical and psychological health despite having a modest degree of overall HRQoL. The result of this study is significant for people who work in and research the prison environment because it can assist in recognizing prisoners' health needs and devising treatment procedures that take into consideration physical, psychological, environmental, and social relationship aspects.

Trust–SIoT: Toward Trustworthy Object Classification in the Social Internet of Things

The recent emergence of the promising paradigm of the Social Internet of Things (SIoT) is a result of an intelligent amalgamation of the social networking concepts with the Internet of Things (IoT) objects (also referred to as “things”) in an attempt to unravel the challenges of network discovery, navigability, and service composition. This is realized by facilitating the IoT objects to socialize with one another, i.e., similar to the social interactions amongst human beings. A fundamental issue that mandates careful attention is to thus establish, and over time, maintain trustworthy relationships amongst these IoT objects. Therefore, a trust framework for SIoT must include object-object interactions, the aspects of social relationships, credible recommendations, etc., however, the existing literature has only focused on some aspects of trust by primarily relying on the conventional approaches that govern linear relationships between input and output. In this paper, an artificial neural network-based trust framework, Trust–SIoT, has been envisaged for identifying the complex non-linear relationships between input and output in a bid to classify trustworthy objects. Moreover, Trust–SIoT has been designed for capturing a number of key trust metrics as input, i.e., direct trust by integrating both current and past interactions, reliability and benevolence of an object, credible recommendations, and the degree of relationship by employing knowledge graph embedding. Finally, we have performed extensive experiments to evaluate the performance of Trust–SIoT vis-á-vis state-of-the-art heuristics on two real-world datasets. The results demonstrate that Trust–SIoT achieves a higher F1-score and lower MAE and MSE scores.

Social network typologies moderate the association of loneliness with depressive symptomatology in middle-aged and older adults.

Depression remains among the most prevalent mental disorders, and it severely affects daily functioning and quality of life. There has been extensive research reporting on the impact of social relationships on depression, but much of this research has only considered isolated aspects of relationships. This study derived social network types based on the multiple components of social relationships, and then investigated their effects on depressive symptoms. Using samples of 620 adults (Mage = 53.52), Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was conducted to uncover network types based on the structural (network size, contact frequency, marital status, and social engagement), functional (levels of support and conflict), and qualitative (satisfaction with relationships) aspects of social relationships. Multiple regressions were used to test if distinct network types directly impact on depressive symptoms and whether network types moderate the association of loneliness (perceived social isolation) with depressive symptoms. LPA identified four distinct network types (diverse, family-focused, friend-focused, and restricted) and there were significant differences in depressive symptoms among four network types. Analysis using the BCH method showed that individuals in the restricted network type had the highest depressive symptoms, followed in order by individuals in the friend-focused, family-focused, and diverse network types. Regression results further indicated that an individual's network network type membership was significantly associated with depressive symptoms, and being in the diverse and family-focused network types alleviated the negative effect of loneliness on depressive symptoms. The results suggest that both quantitative and qualitative aspects of social relationships are important in buffering against the adverse effect of loneliness on depressive symptoms. These findings underscore the utility of taking a multi-dimensional approach to uncover heterogeneity in the social networks of adults and their implications on depression.

Atypical aspects of social stratification and mobility

The authors attempts to highlight certain aspects of social relations and social movements that go beyond the traditional typology of social stratification and mobility. It is emphasized that the general vector of modernity, namely the information and digitalization in many areas significantly complements and changes the understanding of mobility. Separately, the social group of "remote workers" is analyzed, the number of which has been growing noticeably in recent years in connection with the informatization of society, as well as in connection with the geopolitical situation, the situation of "uncertainty". Structural-functional, axiological, activity-based approaches were chosen as the methodological basis of the study, the comparative method and the method of scientific analysis were used. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the article identifies three social groups — "remoters", "organizers", "fallacians", attention to which in classical literature, in our opinion, was not paid enough. In conditions of uncertainty, individuals who are able to design new forms of sociality, which have significant advantages over traditional projects, gain a noticeable advantage. The main conclusion is that social mobility acquires new indicators and is often not associated with the real movements of the subject in space and time. New research and analysis of this phenomenon are required, taking into account the conditions of rapid informatization and transformation of modern society.