Chronological Aspects Research Articles

Dialogue in Silence: Inter-American and Brazilian Protection of the Human Rights of Older Persons

As society needs to face ageing as a plural process that goes beyond biological and chronological aspects, it is recognised that it also has societal, political, judicial, and psychosocial changes and consequences. Imposing a social clock of expected normative behaviors, understanding older persons as inactive citizens and mere objects of legal protection instead of social actors and specialised human rights’ holders is a critical problem to be confronted in the upcoming years as the global population becomes older. This article aims to comparatively analyse the legal aspects of the protection of older persons in the Brazilian and Inter-American legal framework, perceiving a movement of dialogue in silence, opposing moments of resistance and periods of adequacy between international and national jurisdiction, allowing the analysis of how it impacts the enforcement of these rights. In order to evaluate this phenomenon, this article analyses bibliographic and legislative material, focusing on a human rights-based approach of older persons and an older persons perspective. Firstly, it discusses the social construct of old age, followed by the comparative analysis of Brazilian and international legal framework on the topic of ageing. Finally, it establishes the contours of the ‘dialogue in silence’ between Brazilian and Inter-American protection of older persons’ rights. Results show that a better cross-fertilisation and dialogical approach is needed, overcoming the legislative resistance and difficulties in implementation of rights and policies relating to older persons.

Competition and perspectives of protein-carbon and specific inorganic ecosystems on Earth

The article presents in a parametric comparison the state and development of two ecosystems, one of which is based on carbonaceous life forms, and the second – on metalloid and metallic elements available on the planet and at the disposal of man. It is possible to come to a hypothetical assumption about possible competition between these systems within the selected parameters. Well-known studies unbiasedly confirm the possibilities for such competition. Our research is based on the ergatic «human-machine» system as one that contains two main elements of the ecosystems under study. The proposed parametric model, reflecting the main mutual competitive functions of man and «machine» – reduced power, conditional indicators of intelligence in the chronological aspect, made it possible to assess both their real and potential capabilities and draw conclusions about the prospects of these two conditional ecosystems. One of the conclusions of such studies was a non-trivial thesis about the possible intermediate state of man in the long-term evolutionary development of the mind on the planet. and that he is beginning to lose competition with the specific forms of the inorganic world he has created. The arguments are comparative data: life expectancy, the ability to irrational self-elimination, methods of reproduction, the ability to develop the mind and memory, the causes of environmental degradation and its impact on humans, changes in the motivation of human life, the programmed rejection of the natural protein-carbon environment in favor of an unnatural specialized inorganic world. Logic dictates that perhaps man is not the most ideal evolutionary creation in nature, because it is already becoming clear that in addition to carbon, but with the help of man, other forms of intelligence and consciousness are possible even on Earth itself. It is shown that specific forms of inorganic matter, with a vector of development towards artificial intelligence, are protected from the main disadvantage of humans – a short life cycle and the ability to self-destruct. The modern evolutionary vector is not its last stage, it is aimed at the development of specific forms of the inorganic world, which at a certain time will be capable of activity in parallel with man, but no less effective

Formation of Ukrainian phonetics and its teaching methods in educational institutions

The article analyzes the genesis of the phonetic system of the Ukrainian language, the methods of its teaching, substantiates the significance of the historical processes of the formation of phonetics in the formation of professional competences of future teachers of Ukrainian literature. It was found that the more productive stages of the study of the phonetics of the Ukrainian language, the methods of its teaching in educational institutions were: the borderlands of the 19th-20th centuries; 20s-30s of the 20th century; times of independence of Ukraine. Approaches, methods, technologies of teaching phonetics are traced. The periods of the origin of the language, which are hypothetically oriented by linguists on chronological aspects, are visualized. The approaches and principles on the basis of which the formation of phonetics and phonetic linguistic didactics of the Ukrainian language took place were studied: retrospective, historical, sustainable development, dynamic, "membership of the body of knowledge" (according to K. Tyshchenko). The oldest sound changes described by M. Zhovtobryukh in the monograph "History of the Ukrainian language" were analyzed and summarized. Phonetics". The results of the analysis are presented as a phonetic case "Facts from the history of native language phonetics: the oldest sound changes, their national uniqueness."

Діяльність ООН щодо врегулювання війни Росії проти Грузії 2008 року

Background. In August 2008, the world witnessed the escalation of the military conflict between Russia and Georgia, which was the result of several complex preconditions and geopolitical relations. The events of that time were marked by a sharp aggravation of the situation in the Caucasus and determined new realities in international relations. The topicality of the article lies in the attempt to consider the problem of war through the participation of the UN in it and to assess the effectiveness of its work in conflict resolution. In addition, an attempt was made to assess the capabilities of the Security Council and the UN in general that could influence the development of events in the region. The purpose of this paper is to trace and evaluate the role of the UN in the settlement of Russia's war against Georgia. Methods. During the research we used the following research methods: systematic – for a comprehensive study of the problem of the powers and work of the UN and the Security Council on conflict resolution as a whole; analysis – by breaking down the research area into its components, participants, and chronological aspects in order to study them comprehensively; historical and content analysis – to consider the content of documents, resolutions, reports, etc. on the UN's work on the issue; induction and deduction to form a conclusion based on all the material. Results. The study examined the main events that took place on the eve of the war, as well as the reaction of the international community, including the role of the UN and its efforts to stop the violence and facilitate a diplomatic settlement. In addition, important resolutions and decisions adopted by the UN were analyzed. Important aspects of the relations between Russia and Georgia are revealed, as well as certain difficulties regarding the possibilities of conflict resolution at the global level and the role of international organizations in ensuring peace and stability in the region. Conclusions. Thus, the analysis concludes that in August 2008, Russia, in violation of the principles of international law, intervened in Georgia's internal affairs by using military force and recognizing the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Russia's actions provoked an immediate reaction from the international community, but the UN's actions in this conflict were not effective enough. Even after urgent meetings of the Security Council and appeals for compliance with the ceasefire agreement, Russia used its veto power to block a resolution to extend the UMONIG mission in the region. Subsequent attempts to resolve the conflict through the General Assembly have not led to concrete action, and the situation remains unresolved. The main aggravating circumstance is the inconsistency of Russia's actions with international norms, which keeps Georgia's sovereign territory under occupation and threatens international stability in the region.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНІСНОЇ ПАРАДИГМИ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ ЗА ПРОФЕСІЙНИМ СПРЯМУВАННЯМ

Currently, the competence paradigm is a strategic direction for the development of higher education. There has objectively arisen a need to transform the existing and develop new methodical training systems aimed at forming a set of competences necessary for students’ successful professional activity. The article analyzes the competence paradigm of the educational discipline Ukrainian Language for Professional Purposes through the prism of the peculiarities of training specialists in the pedagogical field. The specifics of the research have necessitated using a complex of theoretical, empirical, visual and graphic methods. To establish the coverage frequency of the competence paradigm components of the academic discipline (tasks 1 and 2 of the study), the methods of scientific sources analysis, synthesis, generalization, abstraction, and comparison have been used. In order to fulfill the third task of the research, the methods of observation, self-observation, comparison, and description have been applied. Visual methods (diagram construction) have been used to form a synthesized idea of the research results. Within the article, an analysis of the scientific information space is carried out regarding the coverage of the methodical aspects of implementing the linguodidactic competence paradigm in the context of Ukrainian Language for Professional Purposes. It has been established that the study of the academic discipline potential of competence-based training of future teachers began in 2004. Special attention in research is paid to the formation of the communicative, linguistic, speech, lexical, and terminological competences of future specialists in various specialties. Instead, the methodical aspects of formation of the documentary, linguocultural, country studies, general scientific, megapragmatic, entrepreneurial, intercultural, gender, and ecological competences remain relevant but understudied. The possibilities of formation of the media, project, ethical, reflexive, prognostic, aesthetic, visual, phonological, orthoepic, orthographic, grammatical, and phraseological competences of students of higher pedagogical education in the context of Ukrainian Language for Professional Purposes have not yet been the subject of scientific investigations in Ukrainian linguodidactics. The article organizes the components of the competence paradigm of Ukrainian Language for Professional Purposes in relation to their coverage frequency in works by modern scientists. The dynamics of the study into the competence paradigm of the specified academic discipline are traced in the chronological aspect. The compliance of its components with the Standard of Higher Education in Specialty 013 Primary Education for the first (bachelor) level of higher education, as well as the educational and professional program Primary Education, was established.

Composite reliability assessment of systems with grid‐edge renewable resources via quasi‐sequential Monte Carlo and cross‐entropy techniques

AbstractThe still growing share of intermittent renewable sources in the electric energy matrix is a factor that greatly increases the complexity of modelling electrical power systems. Although its exploitation is conditioned to the geographic location where the natural resource emerges itself, when this location coincides with the grid‐edge of the system, close to the consumer, the composite reliability assessment is exposed to the combination of two problems: (i) representation of the intermittent energy availability of generators; and (ii) failure event rarity. To address the first problem, a fast Monte Carlo tool capable of representing chronological aspects can be used. For the second problem, an efficient variance reduction technique that adapts well to the composite problem of generation and transmission must be established. Therefore, a quasi‐sequential Monte Carlo simulation tool aided by importance sampling via the cross‐entropy method is proposed as an efficient and robust procedure for evaluating the composite reliability of systems with renewable participation at grid‐edge. The method is evaluated through a modified version of the IEEE Reliability Test System ‐ 1996, which presents renewable generation in consumer load buses and rarity in the composite failure.

Milestones of Establishment and Ways to Save the Audio Archive of the Art Studies Institute of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sciences Academy

The global movement for the preservation, study and dissemination of Cultural Heritage is directly connected with the cultural policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan, which is confirmed by a number of relevant state documents. The fixation and study of traditional music as the basic value of the Uzbek people are closely connected with the activities of the Art Studies Institute of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sciences Academy. The purpose of this article is to provide information about the Audio Archive (Phonoteka) of this Institute, historical milestones of its creation, ways of its preservation and further use. In accordance with the specified purpose, the selected object is considered in the historical and chronological aspect. The period of formation of the two main collections of the Audio Archive is consistently covered – phonographic (1930–1940) and tape recorder (late 1940s–1990). The significance of the Audio Archive as а unique object of historical and cultural memory and an important scientific and educational source was revealed. The former ways of its preservation and introduction into science and practice are discussed. Information is provided on the implementation of the project in 2015, within the framework of which a set of 8 CDs with 69 of the most representative examples of genres and forms of Uzbek music from a collection of tape recordings was created. A brief description of the content of discs was given, and the significance of the project, which became the first step in popularizing the Institute’s archival records in digital format, was indicated. The tasks of preserving and further using the Audio Archive fund in the near future are outlined: digitization of the entire audio fund, compilation of a digital catalog and databases. This article includes historical facts about the formation of the Audio Archive of the Art Studies Institute of and to a certain extent summarizes its materials. Its practical significance lies in the dissemination of information about this audio archive, attracting the attention of the scientific community and a wide audience to the Uzbek musical heritage. The interest of specialists in the project of complete digitization of the Audio Archive dictates the need for further study of this unique object.

Where are the Roman women of Ovilava? A spatio-temporal approach to interpret the female deficit at the eastern Roman cemetery (Gräberfeld Ost) of Ovilava, Austria

In historic and prehistoric populations, the sex ratio can often only be determined based on bioarchaeological analyses of cemeteries. In this context, a so-called female deficit has been described, which clearly contrasts the sex ratio typical of recent populations. The present study aims to analyze the sex ratio in the eastern cemetery (‘Gräberfeld Ost’) of the Roman town Ovilava. This site is located beneath today’s city of Wels in Upper Austria (AUT), in the northwestern region of Noricum. Spatial as well as chronological aspects of the sex ratio were considered. A total of 111 individuals older than 15 years could be included in the analysis. Radiocarbon dating allowed a chronological classification of the burials. In addition, a spatial analysis of the cemetery was carried out using a geoinformation system. For the whole sample, a sex ratio of 200.0 and a marked female deficit were recorded. Considering the individual age classes and the periods separately, an apparent female surplus emerged among individuals younger than 20 years (sex ratio = 62.5). With increasing age class, the proportion of females reduced dramatically; among the over 40-year-olds, the sex ratio was 370.0. There was also an apparent female deficit in the Early Roman and Imperial Roman Periods but an almost balanced sex ratio in the early Middle Ages. Furthermore, the sex proportion varied between the cemetery areas. Consequently, a female deficit occurs mainly during Roman times and in specific areas of the burial ground.

Ursidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Quaternary of western Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: Taxonomical, stratigraphic, and chronological aspects

All known Pleistocene South American fossil ursids belong to Arctotherium, an extinct genus of tremarctine bears. Its occurrence encompasses many countries in Central and South America, with findings mainly from Argentina. In Brazil, the genus is recorded in eight states, highlighting Rio Grande do Sul due to its provenance from fluvial deposits. In contrast, all other Brazilian records come from caves or fossil tanks. The Arctotherium material from Rio Grande do Sul comes from the Passo do Juquiry site, located on the banks of the Quaraí River, which marks the frontier between Brazil and Uruguay. The fossils are MCN-PV 1940/A-K, a set of postcranial bones: first to sixth lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, left scapula, left humerus, right portion of the pelvic girdle, and left femur. The anatomic description of these bones confirmed their belonging to Arctotherium sp. due to their size, the form of the vertebral processes, the presence of the entepicondylar foramen of the humerus, and the morphology of the trochlea and capitulum. Body mass estimates resulted in values mostly above 400 kg. The first absolute age from Passo do Juquiry indicated 40,000 years BP. The stratigraphic framework of the outcrop conformed to a floodplain fines facies association, a succession of mudstones with carbonate nodules on top. This facies association has lithological correlations to the Brazilian Touro Passo Formation, the Uruguayan Sopas Formation, and the Argentinean Toropí/Yupoí Formation. While having similar features, the ages of the lithologically correlated facies associations do not always line up, indicating that the evolution of the Uruguay River basin throughout the Late Pleistocene followed a pattern, but not synchronously. The presence of carbonate levels suggests that the climate during the time of deposition was drier than the present one, with the carbonate-less middle layer representing a more humid period.

Pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacoeconomics of pain management in caesarean section in a chronological aspect

Background. For pain management during caesarean section, the correct choice of anesthesia and adequate analgesia are of great importance.
 Aim. To study pain management methods for caesarean section, to develop their pharmacoepidemiological and pharmacoeconomic characteristics in a chronological aspect.
 Material and methods. A retrospective pharmacoepidemiological and pharmacoeconomic analysis of 1025 birth histories of women after caesarean section with a detailed assessment of the use of local anesthetics, central deprecating agents, opioid and non-opioid analgesics in 20072009 (523) and 20162017 (502) was carried out. Frequency of use, total consumption and cost of drug therapy during and after surgery were analyzed. The significance of differences in relative indicators was assessed by Pearson (2).
 Results. In the first time period, regional methods of anesthesia were used in 98.5% of cases: epidural anesthesia in 428 (82%) cases, spinal anesthesia in 87 (16.5%) cases (p=0.001). In the second period, regional methods of anesthesia were used in 97.5% of cases: epidural anesthesia in 157 (31%) cases, spinal anesthesia in 334 (66.5%) cases (p=0.001). Intraoperatively, in the second period, trimeperidine for spinal anesthesia, fentanyl for epidural anesthesia (p=0.001; p=0.001) were prescribed 2 times more often; intraoperative consumption of opioid analgesics was greater than in the first period. After surgery in the first period with epidural anesthesia more often than in the second, trimeperidine (45%), ropivacaine (96%); for spinal and epidural anesthesi paracetamol, ketorolac (p=0.001), were prescribed. Spinal anesthesia in both periods was characterized by a greater consumption of adjuvants than epidural anesthesia. In the first period, 12 drugs for pain management from 5 pharmacotherapeutic groups were used, in the second 10 drugs from 5 groups. The cost of epidural anesthesia was 4 times higher in the first period, and 7 times higher in the second.
 Conclusion. Between 2007 and 2017, there was a transition from epidural to spinal anesthesia, and opioid analgesics were more often added to local anesthetics to manage pain during surgery in the second period; the cost of epidural anesthesia was high due to the price of ropivacaine.

Tonal features of Hà Tây dialect (The case of Quốc Oai variant)

The goal of the paper is to study the tonal features of the Quốc Oai variant (former H Ty, H Nội nowaday). By use of instrumental phonetics, phonological description and comparative methods, the study presents the following results: (1) A description of tonal features of Quốc Oai using synchronic data; (2) A comparison of Quốc Oai with Thạch Thất tones and the urban H Nội tones to provide a broader view of H Ty tones; (3) A comparison of Quốc Oai tones with the tones of some neighboring Mường dialects in synchronous and chronological aspects, which help to establish a few details explaining the interesting nature of this dialect; (4) Finally, we also provide some interdisciplinary evidences to support the linguistic data. All kinds of data point to the idea that xứ Đoi, Ba V (including Quốc Oai in the past and present) is a mixed space of Việt-Mường culture. In this mixed space one may find similar features of all elements of culture, including linguistic similarities, especially in tones.

GULAG in the memories of prisoners: gender and chronological aspects of content analysis

The periodization of political repression in the USSR was and remains an urgent issue in the study of the GULAG. According to A.V. Bakunin, when determining the main stages of political repression in the USSR, it is necessary to proceed from the periodization of Soviet totalitarianism, which includes three main stages: the formation (genesis) of totalitarianism (1917–1929), the domination (apogee) of totalitarianism (1929–1953), stagnation and collapse of totalitarianism (1953–1991). After 1991, the mass publication of memoirs of former prisoners of Soviet camps has begun, and it is the memories that are the main source for our research. As part of the current work, we hypothesize that the perception and transmission of memories of the camps may be influenced by the period or stage of repression in which the prisoners served time. The conducted content analysis of memoirs of former GULAG prisoners in subgroups by gender and stage of political repression allows us to conclude that in all subgroups of documents the categories of "Power", "Life" and "Work" dominate, regardless of the stage of political repression and the gender of the authors of the memoirs. This confirms the thesis that in the memory of former prisoners, first of all, memories associated with daily survival in the camp and overcoming inhuman living and working conditions leave an imprint. At the same time, it can be noted that in the subgroups with a small number of incoming documents and marked elements, for example, in the subgroup "women, dates of arrest from 1918 to 1922", significant deviations in the frequency of occurrence are observed – bright connections of atypical categories are revealed. Conversely, the more texts and the larger the studied subgroup, the more common features of the perception of camp life appear. This confirms the hypothesis about the massive nature of large arrays of thematically similar texts.

Antibody and T-Cell Responses against SARS-CoV-2 after Booster Vaccination in Patients on Dialysis: A Prospective Observational Study.

Intensive vaccination is recommended for populations more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection, although data regarding the built of immunity after vaccination for dialysis patients are lacking. This prospective, observational cohort study of maintenance hemodialysis patients examined IgG antibody levels against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S1) protein, neutralizing activity, and interferon gamma levels after the third dose of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine. Humoral immunity was repeatedly measured for up to two months. The study includes 58 patients on hemodialysis. Median neutralizing antibodies reached a maximum at 56 and 9 days after booster vaccination with BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, respectively. The median IgG antibody titer reached a maximum of 3104.38 and 7209.13 AU/mL after 16 days of booster dose, and cellular immunity was positive in 61.9% and 100% of patients with BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccination, respectively. By repeating the measurements over a period of two months, we clarified the chronological aspects of the acquisition of humoral immunity in dialysis patients after a booster COVID-19 vaccination; most dialysis patients acquired not only humoral immunity, but also cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Future research should investigate the continued long-term dynamics of antibody titers and cellular immunity after the third or further vaccinations, evaluating the need for additional vaccinations for hemodialysis patients.

Censorship of literature in Poland under communism (1944 – 1990). Summary of research and new perspectives

In the article the author addresses the problem of censorship of literature in Poland during the communist years. The introduction describes the basic assumptions of communist censorship and emphasizes Poland’s close dependence on the USSR. The state of research on communist censorship in the former Eastern Bloc is briefly outlined in order to provide background for the discussion of the communist censorship in Poland. The methods of Polish censors are also described: preventive censorship, making two reviews, eliminating a part of the text or banning the printing of the whole text. The main part of the article details the methods of censorship in Poland by period (a chronological aspect), characterizes the banned topics (political, moral and ideological censorship) and gives examples of authors who had trouble with publishing. It also discusses the differences between censorship of Polish contemporary literature, classics and translations from foreign languages. It is argued that the existence of state control determined the peculiarity of Polish literature during the communist period. Censorship influenced the formation of the canon and restricted the development of some topics and aspects of poetics. Furthermore, state control destroyed the careers of writers and a broader potential of literature. Finally, the translations of important texts of world literature were not allowed to be printed or were very late, which resulted in the isolation of Polish literature (and readers). In the last part of the article the author presents new perspectives for further research: a transnational, postcolonial and “minority narrative” perspective.

СРЕДНОВЕКОВНИТЕ ХРИСТИЯНСКИ ХРАМОВЕ И СКАЛНИ ОБИТЕЛИ ПО ШУМЕНСКОТО ПЛАТО – СВЕДЕНИЯ И ПРОУЧВАНИЯ ОТ ХVІІ В. ДО ДНЕС

The article attempts to present and summarize in a chronological aspect the data and studies related to the medieval Christian churches and monasteries located along the rocky ridge surrounding the Shumen plateau. The sites, that at different times have attracted the attention of many historians and archaeologists, are mostly the abodes associated with the entry of hesychasm into the Bulgarian lands. Evidence has been presented that these were not independent monastic units, but were part of rock hermitages to a monastery or a main church at the foot of the slopes in the ravines of the Shumen Plateau. It can be assumed that the period XIIXIVth century was the apogee of the functioning of the rock monasteries in the Shumen region, but some of them most likely existed in an earlier stage - the Early Bulgarian Middle Ages. The scholarly issues in connection with the model of building of complexes of a main church or monastery and adjoining rock cloisters can be examined in future joined expeditions and research aimed at completing the archaeological map of the Shumen Plateau.

Tropical Time Series, Iterated-Sums Signatures, and Quasisymmetric Functions

Aiming for a systematic feature extraction from time series, we introduce the iterated-sums signature over arbitrary commutative semirings. The case of the tropical semiring is a central, and our motivating, example. It leads to features of (real-valued) time series that are not easily available using existing signature-type objects. We demonstrate how the signature extracts chronological aspects of a time series and that its calculation is possible in linear time. We identify quasisymmetric expressions over semirings as the appropriate framework for iterated-sums signatures over semiring-valued time series.

“For 2300 Evenings and Mornings” (Dan 8:14): Recalculating the Cessation of the Daily Offering

Abstract A previous study (M. Segal, “Calculating the End: Inner-Danielic Chronological Developments,” VT 68 [2018] 272–96), analyzed chronological aspects in Daniel 7–12, and suggested that they offer a key for tracing the literary development of this section. This article offers a new interpretation of the expression “2300 evenings and mornings” (8:14), generally understood as a period of time shorter than the 3.5-year tradition expressed in 9:27 and 12:11–12. In contrast, it is suggested that 2300 refers to the number of daily offerings which were to be missed due to the desecration of the Temple. This calculation was performed according to an early, pre-sectarian halakhic interpretive tradition of Leviticus 23:37–38, reconstructed based upon a Sabbath prohibition in Damascus Document XI, 17–18. When calculated according to this method, “2300 evenings and mornings” maps precisely onto 3.5 years.

Social and chronological aspects of the Late Bronze age burial site of Kokcha 3 (Uzbekistan)

The Amu-Darya Delta (ancient Khwarazm, modern Uzbekistan) was a borderland between northern steppe-based Andronovo-Srubnaya groups and southern oasis cultures in the Late Bronze Age. The local sites are known as the Tazabag'yab culture, of which Kokcha 3 is the largest excavated burial site. As such, Kokcha 3 provides the largest representative record of the local burial customs for this era. Scholars have documented a complex burial ritual for males, females and two types of double burials and reconstructed two chronological phases at the site. However, a study incorporating these different sources is still missing.In this paper, the anthropological and archaeological record of Kokcha 3 is studied using multivariate statistical approaches and spatial distribution patterns. The burial ritual was most likely divided according to gender. Double burials are distinguished between simultaneous and consecutive burials, which include different demographics and are likely to be used in different contexts. On the excavation plan, three separate areas for males, females and double burials can be reconstructed. The two-phase chronology model is verified using correspondence analysis, establishing the funeral pottery as chronological marker at Kokcha 3. Conclusions about the prehistoric landscape are drawn from the results and a hypothesis on the social structure of the Kokcha 3 community is proposed considering the context of a borderland situation. The results presented may also be relevant for the interpretation of the archaeological record of the Late Bronze Age in other regions in south Central Asia.

Хроноиндикаторы I–III вв. н.э. из лесостепных памятников Тоболо-Иртышья

The article deals with artifacts found in the Iron Age kurgans over the Trans-Uralian and West Siberian forest-steppe, which might be referencing for chronology of the Sargat culture and late complexes emerging within area under study. Our emphasis is placed on the analyses of some belt and strap fittings. Meanwhile the novelty of undertaken research might be viewed less in general discussion of chronological aspects but it brings to light quite rare examples of metal belt buckles among the well-known collections. Such finds broad our knowledge on material culture of the forest-steppe population during the first centuries AD and allow the authors’ assume on origin and time of appearance of buckles with flexile tongue as items of Roman patterns. At the same time one may presume that emergence of belt fittings with such construction over the vast territory, i.e. on the south of Eastern Europe on the one side and Central Asia and Siberia on the other side could occur irrespectively in general. In chronological aspect the introduction of buckles with flexile tongue into Asiatic territory of the steppe belt could have been no earlier than during the second half of the first century AD. Based on archaeological finds from the latest complexes the highest chronological edge of the Sargat culture might be considered as not beyond the mid of the third century AD. The early third century BC marks decline and stagnation of the culture, and archaeological sites with main, blatant features dated back to the mid of the third century AD are not found in the forest-steppe eastward the Urals. All available data testify to the fact that a relatively short-term lacuna divides archaeological materials of the early Iron Age and Great Folk Movement.

Quaternary tectonic history of seismically active intraplate Kachchh Rift Basin, western India: A review

Since the recorded historical period, the Kachchh Rift Basin (KRB) has encountered numerous moderate to large magnitude earthquakes. According to the series of seismicity research so far, there are several important points of debate regarding the tectonic history and evolution of the KRB, especially during the Quaternary period. Therefore, the main objective of the present research is to inspect and perceive the association amongst the strain build-up, earthquake provenance, landform evolution and progression as archived by the Quaternary deposits of the KRB. The previous studies demonstrated the evolutions of various landforms, such as the uplifted fluvial terraces, formation of the gorges, uplifted alluvial fan sequences, which can be ideally used to reconstruct the neotectonic history along active faults of KRB. Considering this, the analysis of the accessible and supportive data, including geochronology provided by earlier studies along with some new dataset for a superior knowledge on the Quaternary tectonic forces prevailing in the KRB, have been carried out. Furthermore, we also emphasized the differences and directions for future potential research issues. The observations of variability in uplift rates across the various active faults in the KRB suggest a complex geological history during the Quaternary period. The results show that the vertical uplift rate along the significant active faults range from 0.8 to 2.8 mm/yr, demonstrating the variable tectonic stress regime prevailing in the KRB. The uplift rates constricted from geomorphic and chronological aspects suggest that the tectonic movements within the Kachchh intraplate region is regulated by the fault segments and the present tectonic stress field is in accordance with the encompassing tectonic stress field associated with the northward movement of the Indian plate corresponding to the Eurasian plate.