Sanitary Aspects Research Articles

A Socio-Political Aspect of Housing and Communal Sanitation in the USSR, 1950s–1960s (Based on Materials of Leningrad and Vyborg)

Introduction. The article examines the interactions between the sanitary service, other departments, and city residents in the 1950s and 1960s to improve sanitary conditions, using the examples of Leningrad and Vyborg. It shows how the level of housing safety increased as the state allocated material resources to service organizations and improved sanitary standards. Methods and materials. The article is based on materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Central City Archive of St. Petersburg, and the Leningrad Oblast Archive, and a number of newspaper publications. Minutes of meetings, reports and explanatory notes, and citizens’ appeals to various authorities show that littered exits, uncollected cesspools, irregular cleaning of adjoining territories, and mountains of garbage often became a source of epidemics. Analysis. These problems were addressed as communication between government agencies and the public evolved. The legislative framework governing sanitary safety in cities was formed as early as the 1930s. The situation was aggravated by the lack of education of the population, which did not want to comply with sanitary rules. Solving the problem required concerted work by authorities, academics, and community activists. In order to reduce the risks of disease for city residents, city authorities organized trash pickups, lectures for citizens with representatives of sanitation services, etc. Thus, practices were formed to maintain compliance with the necessary norms. Results. The identified features of the implementation of housing and communal sanitation norms give the idea that established communication between government and public organizations was a channel for reducing the risks of epidemics and the comfort of the dwelling. Increased use of specialized machinery that allowed for garbage collection and a number of other problems was able to accelerate sanitation problems. This article illustrates how the risks – the high likelihood of epidemics – forced the state and citizens to seek effective ways to develop and maintain sanitary standards. The successful development of practices was thus related to the development of the necessary infrastructure and the awareness of city residents of the benefits of complying with practices.

ANALISIS KEBERADAAN BAKTERI ENTEROBACTER PADA AIR CUCIAN IKAN LAYANG (DECAPTERUS SPP) DI PASAR MARDIKA DAN PASAR TAGALAYA AMBON

Background: Fish sales generally do not prioritize sanitation aspects in Ambon city. This study aims to determine the presence of Enterobacter bacteria and the morphological characteristics of Enterobacter bacteria in the washing water of flying fish (Decapterus spp) at Mardika Market and Tagalaya Market Ambon. Wash water samples were taken at Mardika and Tagalaya Markets in Ambon. Methods: The analysis used the Most Probable Number (MPN) method and biochemical tests (methyl red and citrate tests). Results: The results showed that 6 samples of flying fish washing water at the mardika market and tagalaya market that had been tested were identified as Enterobacter bacteria and based on the morphological characteristics found in the washing water samples of flying fish were pink, smooth edges, wavy, curved, and also not sequential and the elevation was flat and raised. The methyl red and citrate tests were negatife and positive respectively. Conclusion: Flying fish washing water at the Mardika and Tagalaya Markets has been contaminated with Enterobacter bacteria.

Ochratoxin A in Infant Food from Amazon Region in Brazil

Children's foods have diversified both in terms of flavor options and practicality to attract consumers. However, sanitary aspects involving the presence of toxic agents such as mycotoxins, substances with carcinogenic effects, must be considered. As the child consumer is still in body formation and whose exposure limit to contaminants needs to be assessed, the objective of the work was to monitor the occurrence of contamination by ochratoxin A in children's foods produced in the Amazon region - Brazil. The samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography and the results showed that 16.7% of the samples were contaminated. As this was pioneering work, we suggest that monitoring be a routine adopted by government agencies and that producing companies seek to qualify their suppliers and processes to guarantee safe food for children.

Sanitary Hygiene Practices and Escherichia coli Contamination in Snack Food at Elementary School Canteens in Nganjuk District

Snacks served at schools that are contaminated with Escherichia coli germs run the risk of harming students' health. The World Health Organization states that around 70% of diarrheal disease cases are caused by food contaminated with Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli contamination in school snacks can be influenced by a lack of hygiene and sanitation aspects. This investigation aimed to establish a connection between good cleanliness habits and an E. coli infection in the cafeteria food at Nganjuk District's primary schools. This kind of study has an observational design and a cross-sectional study plan. The research sample consisted of 12 canteens selected through purposive sampling. Data collection methods included observation, interviews, and laboratory tests, followed by univariate analysis with descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis with Fisher's exact test. Laboratory test results explained that of the 12 samples, there were 5 (41.7%) foods contaminated with Escherichia coli. The outcomes demonstrated a link between the handler's hygiene (p = 0.015), sanitation of equipment (p = 0.028), serving process (p = 0.010), peddler facilities (p = 0.045), and Escherichia coli contamination. While the quality of food ingredients (p = 0.222) and TPM sanitation (p = 1.000) do not correlate with Escherichia coli contamination, It can be concluded that personal hygiene of the handler, sanitation of tools, serving process, and poor peddling facilities can increase the contamination of hawker food by Escherichia coli bacteria.

Option of last resort or pragmatic solution? Social perspectives on onsite wastewater treatment systems in northern Argentina

ABSTRACT The unplanned and rapid expansion of metropolitan areas reduces accessibility to existing and often outdated centralized water and wastewater systems. In this context, sanitation policies that focus exclusively on centralized systems become expensive and unfeasible. Using Q methodology, we identified three different social perspectives on onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) in the metropolitan area of the Lerma Valley in northern Argentina. We focused our analysis on the legal, environmental, and technical aspects of onsite sanitation. The perspectives found were: ‘OWTS have advantages’, ‘Hard path for sewerage’, and ‘Process before technology’. We describe the perspectives identified and we provide an analysis of their differences and similarities to discuss their possible policy implications for our study area and comparable regions in the country and beyond.

Entomophagy in Mexico: current trends and outlook

Abstract One-fifth of the edible insect species identified worldwide have been documented in Mexico. In states with an entomophagy tradition, insects have been incorporated into the local cuisine. Results show that the country has a wide diversity of climates and vegetation; thus, each state has its own set of edible insects. This narrative review aims to determine the current state of entomophagy in Mexico, divided into two segments: wild-collected insects, and farmed insect products, and to identify the current trends, both in research and in commercial products available. Wild-gathered insects are mostly purchased at local marketplaces, with prices varying widely, depending on the insect and the sales point. Increased demand for wild edible insects, and the loss of natural habitat, have put some insect species at risk of extinction. Since whole edible insects are wild-gathered and commercialised whole in traditional markets, there are currently no specific mandatory standards for food products containing insects as ingredients. Alongside traditional wild insect activities, there is a fledgling industry of farmed edible insect products which can be purchased online. In conclusion, while the wild-gathered edible insect market is well established, a farmed insect products market is developing, with manufacturers incorporating insect flour into food products where the insect element is inconspicuous, seeking to appeal to a wider range of consumers, yet most recent academic research focuses on wild edible insect species, with a near absence of research articles on the farmed insect species. The insect food product industry would benefit from a closer collaboration with the academic research sector. Furthermore, the lack of a specific regulation for manufacturing insect food products constitutes a disadvantage for firms seeking to export to countries with stricter regulations. Also, with the food safety concerns inherent in wild-gathered insect consumption, studies focusing on the sanitary aspects of entomophagy are insufficient.

Agronomic evaluation and adaptability of Pinot gris to an environment with high grey mould disease pressure: a comparative analysis on 17 clones

The grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar Pinot gris is an international variety that has spread world wide and is oneof the most important in Italy, especially in the northern regions where almost half of the world's total is grown. Over a three-year period (2019–2021), a comparative study was conducted on 17 clones to evaluate their agronomic aptitudes, susceptibility of grapes to Botrytis cinerea, fertility of buds, vigour, and oenological characteristics. We aimed to provide local viticulture with agronomic, sanitary status, and oenological indications that help to choose the genotype that best fits and enhances the clone/environment synergy. This is important given climate change, one of the most significant factors affecting viticulture. Hence, productive, qualitative, and health surveys were conducted on grapes during harvest. Vigour and vegetative/productive balance were also evaluated regarding the weight of the pruned wood. The Ravaz index and fertility of buds were studied when the inflorescences were separated and clearly visible (between DOY 131 and DOY 141 each year). The confirmation of the bunch was also evaluated (shape and number of wings) according to the Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (OIV) descriptors. Through the use of digital photogrammetry, some descriptors of the cluster that most correlate with the severity of Botrytis cinerea were identified. In 2020 and 2021, microvinifications were carried out in white and with maceration of skins, respectively, following tested protocols. Sensory analysis of the wines was performed with a trained panel of experts. The study revealed interesting differences between clones concerning grapes' qualitative, productive, and sanitary aspects. Some clones stood out for their sugar accumulation, yield and resistance to Botrytis cinerea, as well as for the oenological olfactory profile. Statistical analysis highlighted that the severity of Botrytis cinerea and bunch rot was not correlated with the vigour of the plant but rather with the hardness of skin, content of soluble solids, soluble solids/total acidity ratio, pH, and total acidity. From the sensory analysis, several clones had a higher score for some descriptors in both study years and were more appreciated than others.

Analysis of Consumer Satisfaction with the Quality of Smoked Fish Products at the Kenjeran Smoked Fish Center, Surabaya City

Kenjeran is one of the coastal villages in the city of Surabaya. It is one of the coastal tourist attractions in Surabaya, famous as a center for smoked fish. The processing and marketing of smoked fish at the Kenjeran Smoked Fish Center still cannot be said to be hygienic and the sanitation aspect is still not taken into account, so it is necessary to analyze the level of consumer satisfaction as input for improving the quality of smoked fish in Kenjeran to increase the sales turnover of smoked fish. The methods used to analyze consumer satisfaction include the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) and Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). Data was taken through a questionnaire to respondents who were determined using purposive sampling. The research results show that the level of consumer satisfaction based on the CSI value is already satisfactory. Then, based on the IPA Performance Analysis Index, no attribute is the main priority for improving the performance of smoked fish products. This is because the attributes of price, freshness, hygiene, safety for consumption, and product durability have entered quadrant II and their performance must be maintained. Meanwhile, the attributes of savory taste, attractive aroma, sameness, wholeness, water content, and organic processing fall into quadrant III, which means that these attributes are considered less important by consumers and the level of performance is still not in line with what consumers expect.

The Relationship between Knowledge & Attitude and the Ownership of Healthy Toilets in Drien Kipah Village, Southwest Aceh Regency

The ownership of healthy toilets is a fundamental aspect of sanitation that should be universally embraced by all households. Data obtained from the Health Office of Southwest Aceh Regency, specifically from the Bineh Krueng Community Health Center, reveals that only 41.05% of households possess healthy toilets. This study aims to investigate the factors influencing the ownership of healthy toilets in Drien Kipah Village, Southwest Aceh Regency. This study employed a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design, analyzing a population of 112 households. 32 households were selected using the simple random sampling technique as per Slovin’s formula. Data collection was conducted through primary means, utilizing questionnaires. Furthermore, the analysis of the data involved both univariate and bivariate methods, employing the chi-squared test to discern relationships. The findings underscore that knowledge (p-value = 0.000), attitude (p-value = 0.000), education (p-value = 0.000), income (p-value = 0.006), and support from healthcare workers (p-value = 0.000) significantly correlate with the ownership of healthy toilets in Drien Kipah Village, Southwest Aceh District.

Comparative Review of Stunting Prevalence Rates in Banten Province, Causal Factors and Preventive-Curative Measures

This research is important because it has a novel to stunting intervention through a family approach. The research also answers previous researchers' expectations regarding the scarcity of research on stunting with a family approach. This research is a cross-sectional study conducted in March-May 2023 using secondary data processed from the 2021 Family Data Collection (PK21) data which is then carried out with a descriptive analysis. Banten Province has a number of families at risk of stunting, one-third of the total families in the province. Namely, 2,658,505 families were recorded and 885,301 families at risk of stunting. In sequence the number of families at risk of stunting in regencies and cities in Banten Province from the largest to the smallest is Cilegon City 219,973 families, Serang City 143,187 families, Tangerang City 118,273 families, South Tangerang City 126,800 families, Pandeglang Regency 115,807 families, Lebak Regency 74,313 families, Serang District 52,204 families and Tangerang District 43,744 families. This study concludes that Serang City, South Tangerang City and Pandeglang Regency are 3 districts/cities that have data on families at risk of stunting exceeding families that are not at risk of stunting in these districts/cities. Lebak, Pandeglang and Serang Regencies which border the Indian Ocean have the dominant factor causing stunting from the sanitation aspect. This study concluded that three times the number of family assistance staff from families at risk of stunting is needed in the context of stunting eradication and stunting prevention in the future.

Hygienic aspects of general medicine ward operation: problems and solutions

The existing problems in the field of healthcare and prevention create new challenges and difficulties in various parts of the national public health system. Today, there is an effective set of new sanitary rules and regulations important for competent organization and stable functioning of general medicine wards. In 2023, this set is SanPiN 2.1.3678-20, developed to ensure safe and effective work in medical facilities. There are special bodies tasked with controlling compliance with the standards, including Rospotrebnadzor. The COVID-19 pandemic revealed a number of problems in the organization of work of inpatient departments, which required revision of the ways of rendering medical assistance. This article considers current sanitary and hygienic aspects of organization of operations at a general medicine ward, as well as the approaches to infection prevention in the context of medical care.

Diagnosis of waste handling procedures and general sanitation conditions in the rural area of Patos-PB

The objective of the present research was to identify the solid waste management procedures and general aspects of basic sanitation in the rural area of Patos-PB. It is a case study, with a qualitative research, because it intended, through the application of a questionnaire with structured and semi-structured questions to the target audience, to identify the socio-environmental and economic aspects and the dynamics of waste handling and sanitation. The study was developed on the territorial scale of the municipality. After analyzing the data, it was found that the disposal procedure for dry waste used in most rural households in the municipality is burning. It can be seen that this practice is rooted in habits and customs acquired over time, due to the lack of collection by the public service, leaving the generator responsible for the destination. Among these residues that are burned are those that are subject to reverse logistics such as pesticide packaging. There are also no adequate conditions for the treatment and disposal of domestic sewage. The general conditions of basic sanitation are still problematic and seem to be far from being solved.

Bactericidal efficacy of lithium magnesium silicate hydrosol incorporated with slightly acidic electrolyzed water in disinfection application against Escherichia coli.

In food safety implementation, bacterial inactivation is an imperative aspect of hygiene and sanitation. Studies on lithium magnesium silicate (LMS) hydrosol incorporated with slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) for decontamination of pathogenic bacteria are limited. This present study aimed to investigate the bactericidal efficacy of LMS hydrosol incorporated with SAEW against Escherichia coli. Optimum combination conditions of SAEW, hydrosol concentration, and available chlorine concentration (ACC) were optimized by response surface methodology under the central composite design against the growth of E. coli. The optimum combination conditions of exposure time, hydrosol concentration, and ACC were 9.5 minutes, 1.7%, and 20.5 ppm, respectively. The results showed that the increase in ACC led to inactivation in the survival of E. coli compared with the control (p<0.05). It can be concluded that the best combination percentage between SAEW and hydrosol ranged from 1.5-1.7%, in which E. coli was reduced by 4.50 log10 CFU/mL at an ACC of 9.94 ppm. When increasing the ACC to 14.84 ppm, E. coli was reduced by 4.51 log10 CFU/mL compared with the initial number of bacteria (8.20 log10 CFU/mL) in the control group. The number of bacteria was undetected after increasing ACC to 19.93, 25.15, and 29.88 ppm at 10 min. This study suggests that LMS hydrosol incorporated with SAEW could potentially be used as an effective sanitizer.

Foodborne disease in Brazil from 2015 to 2021: an exploratory study

For food to be considered healthy, among other aspects, it must be free of contamination that could lead to the development of foodborne diseases (FBDs). The hygienic and sanitary aspects of food consumed by the population as well as its incorrect handling procedures can cause FBDs. Many contaminated foods seem to have normal sensory characteristics, without changes in texture, flavor, and odor, so often those who consume it do not have the perception and understanding that food that appears to be perfect visibly brings risk internally when consumed, which can cause an FBD. Given these considerations, this study aimed to characterize, report, and quantify the occurrence of outbreaks of FBD affected in the North, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, and South regions of Brazil between 2015 and 2021 using as a source of data those notified via the Data Sheet Research in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). A total of 60,907 cases of food poisoning were recorded across the country due to FBD outbreaks, resulting in 71 fatalities. While the highest number of cases of foodborne outbreaks occurred in the southeast, the highest number of fatalities from FBD occurred in the north of the country. The highest percentage of FBD outbreaks occurred in homes (probably due to the period of the COVID-19 pandemic), although the causative food and the responsible microorganism remained unknown. In this way, it is possible to perceive that in addition to the underreporting that may exist and has already been reported by other articles on the subject, the numbers reported in the Brazilian health system may also demonstrate a lack of investigation into the cause of FBD.

Sanitary and Environmental Diagnosis as a Tool for Municipal Managers: Vista Alegre do Juá Occupation, Santarém, Amazônia, Brazil

Purpose: This work aimed to carry out a survey of the socio-environmental condition of Ocupação Vista Alegre do Juá, in Santarém-Pará, regarding water, sewage treatment and solid waste, which collected information to prepare the community's Resilient Development Plan. Method/design/approach: Data collection was carried out with the application of 300 forms, containing 42 semi-structured questions, which were applied on the 29th and 30th of August 2022. The questions asked aimed to characterize the environmental reality of the Ocupação Vista Alegre do Juá, in Santarém- Pará, in relation to the aspects of basic sanitation. Results and conclusion: Of the total respondents, 58% say they do not have treated water in their homes and 51% of sewage systems in homes are inadequate (for example, black pits and open sewage). Regarding solid waste, 67% say that the presence of garbage on their streets is common, which may be related to the fact that the garbage truck only keeps its route on the main street. Furthermore, 50% of residents report suffering from natural disasters (flash floods, floodings, landslides), attributing the action of these disasters to the absence of local infrastructure. Research implications: The information presented will serve to support a resilient development plan for the location, with the aim of assisting in the gradual insertion of actions and projects, reducing the existing social disparity, promoting sustainable urban development. Actions must prioritize collective sanitation solutions in which the community itself can contribute to reducing environmental impacts and the health of the population. Originality/value: This study offers scientific information as a conviction strategy about the results of the need for intersectorality between urban development, environment, habitation, sanitation and health.

Sanitary, hygienic, and welfare aspects of keeping Pomeranian Spitz in a breeding private kennel

The market situation regarding the breeding of decorative dogs of the Pomeranian breed and providing consumers with appropriate services in this field of activity dictate the rules and create the conditions of competition between market participants, which encourages improvement, development, and constant monitoring of it in terms of novelties and needs that provide opportunities for comfortable care and decent maintenance of pupils. The work aimed to analyze the impact of sanitary and hygienic factors and ensuring healthy housing conditions on the functional state of the body and mental health of Pomeranian Spitz dogs in the conditions of the private breeding kennel Fluffy Luxury Pom in the suburbs of Lviv. To fulfill this task, a study of the hygienic parameters of the air environment, compliance with the hygiene of feeding and drinking of the wards, peculiarities of the care of the wool coat, and compliance with the concept of animal welfare – the principle of “Five Freedoms” was carried out. It has been established that the technological solutions for keeping Pomeranian Spitz dogs in the conditions of this kennel are characterized by compliance with hygienic requirements for the air environment at the proper level and meeting sanitary standards. Thus, the air temperature was 17 °C, and its movement speed was 0.15 m/s. In the absence of the smell of ammonia, the illuminance ratio corresponded to 1:2. The animals are fed with industrial complete ration super premium 1st Choice feed, the use of which, according to recommendations, helps dogs strengthen the immune system, slow down the aging process, maintain health and activity. This type of food requires constant free access of dogs to clean water, and the containers are kept clean by changing the filling every day. Regarding the quality characteristics of the water, it was established that it fully meets the standard. Dogs of this breed are characterized by a beautiful, lush coat requiring special care. Evaluating the level of compliance with individual hygienic procedures, it was established that they are carried out at a high level, as evidenced by the appearance of the animals. According to the statements of John Webster, the welfare of animals is defined by advocating the main three conditions - to live a natural life, to be healthy, and to be happy. The dogs in this kennel are provided with a good life; the behavioral reactions of the wards themselves confirm this. During the research, the dogs behaved calmly, naturally, and playfully, which indicates the socialization of dogs; the purpose is to make the pet feel comfortable and calm in various life situations without causing trouble to its owner and his surroundings.

Virulence genes and antibiotic resistance assessment of the blaCTX-M-15 gene in ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from poultry food chain and human clinical cases in Brazil

Brazil is one of the world’s largest exporters of chicken-derived products. Consumer concerns regarding food contamination by multidrug-resistant bacteria capable of causing diseases have increased steadily over the years as they pose a significant public health risk. This study aimed to characterize strains of beta-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from the poultry production chain and human clinical samples (chicken cloaca, chicken meat, human feces). A total of 36 isolates were examined, including 28 Escherichia coli and 8 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates carrying the blaCTX-M-15 gene. These isolates were obtained from chicken cloaca and meat from poultry farms and slaughterhouses, respectively, as well as from human fecal samples from a clinical laboratory. All the establishments were located in São Paulo, Brazil. The isolates were characterized for their virulence genes by polymerase chain reaction, antimicrobial resistance by the disc diffusion method, serotyping by an agglutination test, and pathogenicity by an in vivo day-old chicken mortality test. The isolates exhibited a high frequency of Escherichia coli associated virulence genes such as iutA, iss, hlyF, ompT and iroN. In addition, mrkD was detected in the isolates. All isolates exhibited resistance to at least three different antimicrobial classes, and 21.4% (n = 6) of the Escherichia coli strains exhibited high pathogenicity in the day-old chicken assay in vivo. These results indicate a potential increase in the blaCTX-M-15 gene associated with virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Both of these Enterobacteriaceae can be found in poultry feces and possibly contaminate poultry products, thus posing a risk of infection to other animals and humans, raising an alert about the sanitary aspects of food production in Brazil.

PENCEGAHAN PENYAKIT INFEKSI MENULAR MELALUI UPAYA SANITASI DAN HIGIENE PERSONAL UNTUK PENCEGAHAN STUNTING DI DESA TABLOLONG KECAMATAN KUPANG BARAT KABUPATEN KUPANG NTT

Stunting is a chronic deficiency in nutritional status during a child's growth and development period determined from the Z-Score value of body length for age (PB/U) or height for age (TB/U) &lt;-2 SD. Environmental health from the aspect of poor sanitation and hygiene will trigger digestive disorders which impact nutrition for growth and turn into the body's resistance to infection, thereby risking stunting in toddlers. Implementation of community service is designed in the form of planning service activities, creating health promotion information media, preparing supporting materials and arranging field activities, implementing service activities, and evaluating activities. The results of the service show the level of success that was carried out well and successfully. There is an increase in the level of knowledge of respondents regarding the prevention of infectious diseases through personal hygiene sanitation efforts. This can be seen from the results of the pre and post-test evaluations carried out where the average score of respondents' pre-test results was 87 which increased to 100 when the post-test was carried out. It is recommended that this service model can be implemented for different targets and locations. It is recommended that health workers provide outreach with practical and effective educational methods related to sanitation and hygiene so that the public can understand the importance of maintaining a healthy environment to avoid the occurrence of infectious diseases that have an impact on stunting.

Hubungan Sumber Air Bersih, Kepadatan Hunian, dan Daerah Tempat Tinggal dengan Kejadian Diare pada Balita di Indonesia

Diarrhea is an endemic disease in Indonesia, and is often associated with high mortality rates, especially among infants and children. Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death among toddlers worldwide and directly contributes to malnutrition in toddlers. According to the Indonesian Health Profile in 2021, the mortality rate of toddlers due to diarrhea in Indonesia was recorded 10.3%. Poor sanitation is one of the determinants of diarrhea incidence in toddlers. Access to clean water supply and accupancy density are important aspects of household sanitation, while the geographical location, whether rural or urban, can also influence the environmental sanitation conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between clean water supply, occupancy density, and geographical location with the incidence of diarrhea among toddlers in Indonesia. This study used secondary data from the Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) in 2017. Data were analyzed using the Pearson Chi-square statistical test with a significance level of α = 0.05. The results showed a significant relationship between clean water supply (p=0.014) and geographical location (p=0.001) with the incidence of diarrhea among toddlers. However, there was no significant relationship between occupancy density and the incidence of diarrhea among toddlers (p=0.199). In conclusion, inadequate sources of clean water and living in rural areas contribute to the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers. The government is strongly recommended to improve the quality of clean water sources and increase public knowledge regarding drinking water treatment to prevent diarrhea in toddlers, especially in rural areas.

Pengenalan Higiene dan Sanitasi dalam Pengolahan Kopra Pada Home Industry Kopra Desa Muara Telang Kabupaten Banyuasin

Muara Telang village is one of the villages in Banyuasin district which produces coconuts. There are many copra processing home industries in the area. One of the copra processing home industries is A'A Yusma's home industry. Copra is processed manually and without regard to higiene and sanitation aspects in copra processing. This is the background for the introduction of higiene and sanitation in copra processing in the copra home industry. The activity was carried out on January 15 2023 offline in the form of training/counseling and was attended by 15-20 people. The activity went smoothly and the community enthusiastically participated in this activity. It is hoped that this activity will raise awareness of the importance of higiene and sanitation in copra processing and apply higiene and sanitation in copra processing.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Introduced, Higiene and sanitation, Copra’s industry, Banyuasin.