Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia Research Articles

Contents and Forewords of HISTORIA Journal, Issue of December 2018

HISTORIA: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah di Nusantara dan Dunia will provide a peer-reviewed forum for the publication of thought-leadership articles, briefings, discussion, applied research, case and comparative studies, expert comment and analysis on the key issues surrounding the History Education, Historical, and Cultural studies in general, not only in Indonesia but also in Southeast Asia and around the world, and its various aspects. Analysis will be practical and rigorous in nature. The HISTORIA journal, with ISSN 2621-8011 (print), ISSN 2621-802X (online), was firstly published on December 27, 2018, in the context to commemorate the Recognition of the Republic of Indonesia Sovereignty by the Ducth Colonial Government. The HISTORIA journal has been organized and published by Minda Masagi Press as a publisher owned by ASPENSI (the Association of Indonesian Scholars of History Education) in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The HISTORIA journal is published twice a year i.e. every Desember and June. Bandung, Indonesia: December 30, 2018. Andi Suwirta, M.Hum. Ketua Redaksi Jurnal HISTORIA ; dan Sekretaris Jenderal ASPENSI (Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia) di Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia, periode 2018-2023.

Editors and Guidelines for the Authors, HISTORIA Journal, Issue of December 2018

HISTORIA: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah di Nusantara dan Dunia will provide a peer-reviewed forum for the publication of thought-leadership articles, briefings, discussion, applied research, case and comparative studies, expert comment and analysis on the key issues surrounding the History Education, Historical, and Cultural studies in general, not only in Indonesia but also in Southeast Asia and around the world, and its various aspects. Analysis will be practical and rigorous in nature. The HISTORIA journal, with ISSN 2621-8011 (print), ISSN 2621-802X (online), was firstly published on December 27, 2018, in the context to commemorate the Recognition of the Republic of Indonesia Sovereignty by the Ducth Colonial Government. The HISTORIA journal has been organized and published by Minda Masagi Press as a publisher owned by ASPENSI (the Association of Indonesian Scholars of History Education) in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The HISTORIA journal is published twice a year i.e. every Desember and June. Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia: December 30, 2018. Prof. Dr. Ismail Ali Profesor Penuh Sejarah dalam Pengajian Maritim pada Jabatan Sejarah UMS (Universiti Malaysia Sabah) di Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; dan Ketua Umum ASPENSI (Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia) untuk penggal 2018-2023, di Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.

History of Bengal as Reflected in the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri of Minhaj Uddin us Siraj

ABSTRACT : We have ha d so far about Bengal history are from different sources that have defined the Bengal history from different angles , but no attempts ha ve so far been made to treat the history of Bengal in the light of some specific medieval sources dealing with politics, administration, society , and economics of Bengal. In this respect , “ Tabaqat- i- Nasiri ” of Minhaj Uddin us Siraj is of immense importance to know about the history of this region. Incidentally , “ Tabaqat- i- Nasiri ” of Minhaj Uddin us Siraj also highlights a few points relating to the contemporary history of North Bengal (Varendri). Accordingly, Minhaj Uddin us Siraj has given an eyewitness account of the conquests of Ikhti a r-uddin Muhammad Bakhtyar Khalji in Bengal. In fact , the entire chapter in Bengal had centered on the military exploits of Bakhtyar Khalji. But what has been significant about his approach the thirteenth century Bengal h istory was kinness with which Minhaj Uddin us Siraj observed the contemporary social milieu. Besides giving the graphic description of every military encounter of Bakhtyar Khalji , Minhaj Uddin us Siraj always focused with curiosity on the social formation in Bengal. Minhaj Uddin us Siraj appeared to be particularly interested in describing military strategies. If one goes along the line of narration given by Minhaj Uddin us Siraj, it appears that Bakhtyar Khalji had used both military powers and strategic deception to conquer Nadia. Since Minhaj Uddin us Siraj stopped his narrative about Bengal with the incident of Bakhtiar Khalji’s assassination , he did not mention any thing about the administration in Bengal. It is presumable that Bakhtiar Khalji did not get any time to organize his administration. KEY WORDS : Bengal history, Minhaj Uddin us Siraj, chronicle of “ Tabaqat- i- Nasiri ”, empire dynasties in India, eyewitness account , and contemporary social milieu . About the Author: Dr. Anil Kumar Sarkar is an Assistant Professor at the Department of History ABN ( Acharya Brojendra Nath ) Seal College, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India. For academic interest, the author can be contacted via e-mail at: sarkaranil71@yahoo.in How to cite this article? Sarkar, Anil Kumar. (2013). “History of Bengal as Reflected in the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri of Minhaj Uddin us Siraj” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.5(1) October, pp.1.29-42. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia] and UVRI [Universitas Veteran Republik Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (August 24, 2013); Revised (September 27, 2013); and Published (October 28, 2013).

Learning Pattern of Inheritance Tradition of Sustainable Architecture: From Ethno-Architecture to Ethno-Pedagogy

ABSTRACT: Sustainable architecture is not just a matter of technology-related material, the energy use efficiency, land use efficiency, material use efficiency, the use of technology and new materials, and waste management, but also about cultural attitudes and education. In traditional societies, for example, sustainability is happening not only by art e fact form , but rather on a belief in the values underlying the respect and understanding to keep the harmony of nature. Therefore, this study wants to focus on two things. First ly , describ ing how the behavior patterns of traditional village culture in interacting with the natural environment and the built environment (architecture) in harmony and sustainable. Second ly , examin ing how patterns of behavior are maintained and passed through a learning process to the next generation. The ethno - architecture and et h no-pedagogy research will use qualitative research methods, which not only focuses on the process (behavior) but also on art e facts as cultural architecture products. The research focus on ethno-architecture shows that the landscape setting of Ciptagelar cultural village in Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia is generally fit to the sustainable architecture parameters. Meanwhile, ethno-pedagogy sides shows that the tales, advices, poems and children’s songs, myths, symbolisms, and belief are some learning pattern of tradition inheritance which content has an effort to live in a harmony with the nature, environment knowledge, environment awareness, and the implementation of environment conservation. K EY WORDS: E t h no-architecture, et h no-p e dagogy, Ciptagelar cultural village , sustainable architecture, and the traditions inheritance learning . About the Authors: Prof. Dr. M. Syaom Barliana and Dr. Diah Cahyani Permanasari are Lecturers at the Department of Architecture Education, Faculty of Vocational Technology Education UPI (Indonesia University of Education), Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi No.207, Bandung 40154, West Java, Indonesia. For academic purposes, the authors can be contacted via their e-mails at: aombarli@yahoo.com and nin_noek252@yahoo.com How to cite this article? Barliana, M. Syaom & Diah Cahyani Permanasari. (2014). “Learning Pattern of Inheritance Tradition of Sustainable Architecture: From Ethno-Architecture to Ethno-Pedagogy” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.5(2) April, pp.209-222. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia] and UVRI [Universitas Veteran Republik Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (February 23, 2014); Revised (March 27, 2014); and Published (April 28, 2014).

Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria: A Need for True Federalism

A BSTRACT: Nigeria is one of the major democracies in African continent. It is a multi - cultural and multi-ethnic society. There are different identities and segments in this society. To call it a diversified society would not be wrong, a society with different religions, cultures , and languages. Ethnicity is generally regarded as the most basic and politically salient identity in Nigeria. This paper is a new attempt to relook the significance and relevance of true federalism in Nigeria. To examine how far the State machinery and political institutions had been successful in accommodating different interests of various identities. Major democracies are based on the rule of law and protection of human rights that should be taken into consideration at the first level. Only true federalism and decentralization is a way forward to create balance and accommodation among different identities in Nigerian society. Nigeria needs good institution which could be successful in maintaining good governance. Therefore, dysfunctional political system reform and restructuring for maintaining social justice with all without any discrimination. A true federalism and true democracy can be used as a real panacea of ethnic conflict. In summation, it can be said that shaping and sharing of powers could be also better option for creating a peaceful and prosperous in Nigeria. K EY WORDS : Ethnic c onflict, f ederalism, true democracy, d ecentralization, n ational i ntegr a t ion, and peaceful and prosperous in Nigeria. About the Authors: Dr. Hilal Ahmad Wani is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Civilizational Dialogue UM (University of Malaya), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; and Andi Suwirta, M.Hum. is a Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Social Studies Education UPI (Indonesia University of Education) in Bandung, Indonesia. The authors can be contacted via their a-mail at: wanihilal@gmail.com and atriwusidna@gmail.com How to cite this article? Wani, Hilal Ahmad & Andi Suwirta. (2013). “Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria: A Need for True Federalism” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.5(1) October, pp.57-70. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia] and UVRI [Universitas Veteran Republik Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (August 17, 2013); Revised (September 20, 2013); and Published (October 28, 2013).

Coping with the Crises: Historical Comparison on Responses to the Crises in the Extreme Salient of Java

ABSTRACT: Did the people’s response to the crisis change over time? Using three different crisis experiences in the 1930s, the 1940s, and the late 1990s, the article will examine how the local society of Besuki (residency) in East Java, responding to them. The three crises put a strong blow to the livelihoods of the local people. But the adversity of the impact was unevenly felt by different groups of people, depending on the nature of their material bases and the availability of alternative sources of income. It finds that there were similarities in the people’s responses. During the three events, some sought to find a relief in agriculture, retail trade, and forest sectors, apart from making adjustments in expenditure and consumption patterns to mitigate the adverse consequences of the crises. But for those who found no other alternatives, the crises forced them to do illegal activities , including lootings, stealings, and illegal logging. Such adaptive responses seem to have been quite common. Crises also meant a higher number of crimes. KEY WORDS : R esponses to crisis, Indonesian crises , historical comparison, and Besuki residency . About the Author: Dr. Nawiyanto is a Lecturer at the Department of History, Faculty of Letters UJ (University of Jember), Jalan Kalimantan No.37 Jember City 68121, East Java, Indonesia. He can be reached at: snawiyanto@gmail.com How to cite this article? Nawiyanto. (2013). “Coping with the Crises: Historical Comparison on Responses to the Crises in the Extreme Salient of Java” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.4(2) April, pp.129-150. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia] and UVRI [Universitas Veteran Republik Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (February 4, 2013); Revised (March 6, 2013); and Published (April 28, 2013).

The Transformation of Jayengrana Dance from the Perspective of Anthony Giddens’s Structuration Theory

A BSTRACT : Transformation in structuration theory is caused by two things which are the roles of the agents and the interest in system construction purpose. Change of structure in the transformation , according to Anthony Giddens (2011), is limited to the actions of the agents to modify the existing structure. It means that the initial structure is not then removed , but still acts as the main basis. The application of the structuration theory on dance can be found in the case of transformation of “ Jayengrana ” dance which has endured significant changes after its proliferation. “ Jayengrana ” dance is one of dancing repertoires in Sumedang’s “ wayang ” dance genre in West Java, Indonesia . The potential in “ Jayengrana ” dance is shown in its phenomenal proliferation. The level of the proliferation can be seen not only in local and regional level, but also in international one. The agent involving in this phenomenon of the transformation of “ Jayengrana ” dance is R. Ono Lesmana Kartadikusumah (Ono) in Sumedang and Iyus Rusliana in Bandung . The agents of change for “ Jayengrana ” dance give their creativity which has modifying qualities aiming to fulfill the system’s needs, aesthetic demands, and today’s theatrical elements of dancing performances. Finally, “ Jayengrana ” dance , as a treasure of “ wayang ” dance Sumedang style , must be conserved in terms of its originality and also can be a model for the dance which will always be open for the reconstruction. K EY WORDS : T ransformation, structuration theory, “ Jayengrana ” dance , Anthony Giddens, R. Ono Lesmana Kartadikusumah (Ono) and Iyus Rusliana , and agent of change. About the Author: Lilis Sumiati , M.Sn. is a Ph.D. Student at the Faculty of Humaities UNPAD (Padjadjaran University), Jalan Raya Sumedang-Bandung, Jatinangor, West Java; and also as a Lecturer at the STSI (Indonesia’s Art College) Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Corresponding author is: lilissumiati1411@yahoo.com How to cite this article? Sumiati, Lilis. (2014). “The Transformation of Jayengrana Dance from the Perspective of Anthony Giddens’s Structuration Theory” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.5(2) April, pp.223-236. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia] and UVRI [Universitas Veteran Republik Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (February 1, 2014); Revised (March 3, 2014); and Published (April 28, 2014).

Editorial Cartoon Visual Metaphor in Jakarta Newspapers at 1950-1957

A BSTRACT: The purpose of this historical study is to investigate the relationship among visual metaphor in editorial cartoon with political and cultural situations at the Parliamentary Democracy period in Indonesia (1950-195 9 ). As a new nation -state , Indonesia had just begun to experiment with democracy. The multi-party parliamentary system with symmetrical power sharing had triggered severe competition among political parties which tried to bring down each other. This feud was clearly and openly written in polemics found in many newspapers in Jakarta at that time. In such an atmosphere could observe the role of editorial cartoon be easily. This political openness could , then , stimulate a rich variety of visual metaphorical patterns and editorial cartoon emotive attitudes. This research is using qualitative method, analyzing artefacts by surfing the cultural network encapsulating them. This study presents empirical evidence showing a strong relationship between the editorial cartoons and the political side the media is taking, along with the political and cultural situations which support them. A political symmetric situation gives a free opportunity to the editorial cartoon to express metaphor with an open emotive attitude. KEY WORDS : Newspaper, Parliamentary Democracy period in Indonesia, editorial cartoon, visual metaphor, meaning, and emotive aspect. About the Author: Dr. Ir. Priyanto Sunarto is a Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Art and Design ITB (Bandung Institute of Technology), Jalan Ganesha No. 10 Tamansari, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. He can be reached at: fleur2ria@yahoo.com How to cite this article? Sunarto, Priyanto. (2012). “Editorial Cartoon Visual Metaphor in Jakarta Newspapers at 1950-1957” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.3(2) April, pp.211-234. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia] and UVRI [Universitas Veteran Republik Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (February 19, 2012); Revised (March 22, 2012); and Published (April 28, 2012).

Kyai and Pesantren in the Islamic Historiography of Indonesia

ABSTRACT: Diversity in the writing of history is not just about the topic but also about the object of study or research in the historical writing. Spanning the history of the Muslim community in Indonesia was started since the vast stretches of the Islamization process and economic and political power were formed to the resistance movement against the occupation of Western nations with a peak of Indonesia’s independence declaration. Therefore, in the historiography of the Islamic community in Indonesia is very improbable that the historian s with all their limitations are able to describe or reconstruct the whole history of Muslims from the beginning until now. Nevertheless, the works of the writing on the history of Islam in Indonesia have been widely written, both by Indonesian and foreign writers. One important thing about the history of Islam in Indonesia is analyzing the roles and position of “pesantren” (Islamic boarding schools), “kyai” (Islamic religious scholars), and “santri” (Islamic students in boarding school). Therefore, if we discuss about resistance movement against the Western penetration in Indonesian history, there are many events related to the resistance movement of the Islamic society. KEY WORDS : The roles of kyai, pesantren, santri, Indonesian historiography, Islamic society, and diversity in history. About the Author: Dr. Sulasman is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Islamic History and Civilization, Faculty of Adab and Humanities UIN ( Universitas Islam Negeri or State Islamic University) Sunan Gunung Djati, Jalan Jenderal A.H. Nasution No.105 Cipadung, Bandung 40614, West Java, Indonesia. He can be reached at: sulasman14@yahoo.com How to cite this article? Sulasman. (2012). “ Kyai and Pesantren in the Islamic Historiography of Indonesia” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.4(1) October, pp.67-82. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia] and UVRI [Universitas Veteran Republik Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (August 5, 2012); Revised (September 9, 2012); and Published (October 28, 2012).

Sharing, Preserving, and Transforming the Past: Brunei’s Islamic Model of Cultural Dialogue and Development

ABSTRACT : Brunei Darussalam is a unique political entity in Southeast Asia. It obviously maintains the structure and form of a tradi­tional political system. It also claims affinity and origin in Islam, Malay, and Monarchy. The Sultan has been leader and ruler for the country and Muslims. In Brunei, the ruler is also the head of Islam. The official version of religious practices is derived from the Shāfi`ī school, even though adoption of other opinions is permitted, especially if public welfare requires such an undertak­ing. This paper exposes on Brunei’s experience in upholding Islam and keeping close to its cultural heritage that facilitates its smooth moving forward to take part in globalized world. In Brunei, like the most parts of the Malay world, Islam transforms religion without political dislocation and dynastic change. This could not happen without the quality of the new religion and peace it propagates. The manifestation of Islam in Brunei represents the many important points and sublime values. Propelled this strong foundation and deep cultural embrace, Islam as manifested in Brunei facilitates the outward-looking character the country opted since the beginning of the 20 th century. KEY WORDS : Brunei Darussalam, Islam, Malay, Monarchy, Shāfi`ī school, custom, modern state, and globalization. About the Author: Prof. Dr. Iik Arifin Mansurnoor is a Senior Lecturer at the History Department, Faculty of Art and Social Sciences UBD (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei. He can be reached at: iikarifin@gmail.com How to cite this article? Mansurnoor, Iik Arifin. (2012). “Sharing, Preserving, and Transforming the Past: Brunei’s Islamic Model of Cultural Dialogue and Development” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.3(2) April, pp.125-154. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia] and UVRI [Universitas Veteran Republik Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (February 5, 2012); Revised (March 8, 2012); and Published (April 28, 2012).

Full text in PDF of the SOSIOHUMANIKA Journal, issue of November 2011

This journal was firstly published on May 20, 2008 by ASPENSI ( Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia or Association of Indonesian Scholars of History Education) in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The SOSIOHUMANIKA journal is published twice a year i.e. every May and November.

A Discourse of the Female Body in an Ancient Sundanese Literary Work of Lutung Kasarung: An Eco-Feminist Approach

ABSTRACT: This research investigates Sundanese narrative poems in ”Lutung Kasarung” (LK) with an eco-feminist theory. This research draws upon an analytical descriptive method of literary research with a data collection method and a feminist text analysis. The data sources were two texts of narrative poems of LK which had been converted into a story by Ahmad Bakri (1976) and documents from an oral story which had been rewritten by C.M. Pleyte (1910). This study reveals that: (1) there was an event that underlied the representation of the female body, there was a discourse that explored the female body, and the characters presented were related and formed an event in the social reality of the Kingdom of Pasirbatang; (2) a denial of Carolyn Merchant’s theory, particularly in the context of women and ecology as well as as of women and reproduction. The denial was represented by the character of Purba Rarang; and (3) there was injustice towards female characters, although it was hidden beneath the writer’s worship to women. KEY WORDS: E co-feminist, a discourse of the female body, poem of ”Lutung Kasarung”, and Sundanese society. About the Authors: Retty Isnendes, M.Hum. and Dr. Dingding Haerudin are Lecturers at the Faculty of Language and Arts Education UPI (Indonesia University of Education), Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi No.229 Bandung 40154, West Java, Indonesia. They can be reached at: chyerettyisnendes@gmail.com and dingdinghaerudin@yahoo.co.id How to cite this article? Isnendes, Retty & Dingding Haerudin. (2011). “A Discourse of the Female Body in an Ancient Sundanese Literary Work of Lutung Kasarung : An Eco-Feminist Approach” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.3(1) October, pp.109-120. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia] and UVRI [Universitas Veteran Republik Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (August 14, 2011); Revised (September 17, 2011); and Published (October 28, 2011).

Illustration on Javanese Manuscripts: The Intellectuality and the Capability of Thinking into Indonesian Art and Writing Culture

A BSTRACT: The tradition of writing and drawing in illustration was found in the old manuscript. Some parts of those old manuscripts show unique illustrations as well as the local identity of Nusantara’s society. The manuscript reflects the society culture of thinking and aesthetic achievement of visual art. The illustrations of old Javanese manuscripts were well documented and has various representation in visualization art and style, drawing method, theme, and visual objects, even though the visualization of the visual concepts is practically similar to another. It reflects the structured illustration and style as well as expression symbol of the Javanese society in that era. Illustration of the old Javanese manuscript in the colonial era has changed and developed its visual state as the interaction between the Animism in the Pre-Hinduism era, cultural paradigm of Hinduism-Buddhism, Islamic and Colonialism. KEY WORDS: writing tradition, illustration tradition, colonialism, and old Javanese manuscript. About the Author: Dr. Nuning Y. Damayanti Adisasmito is a Lecturer at the Faculty of Fine Art and Design ITB (Bandung Institute of Technology), Jalan Ganesha 10 Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. She can be reached at: aryasena@bdg.centrin.net.id How to cite this article? Adisasmito, Nuning Y. Damayanti. (2010). “Illustration on Javanese Manuscripts: The Intellectuality and the Capability of Thinking into Indonesian Art and Writing Culture” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.1(2) April, pp.123-138. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (February 2, 2010); Revised (March 11, 2010); and Published (April 28, 2010).

Inggit Garnasih, Soekarno and the Age of Motion in Indonesia

ABSTRACT: It seemed relevant to discuss the role and figure of strong, tough and faithful woman in accompanying his husband’s struggle to realize his social aspiration. Such a woman figure was Inggit Garnasih, Soekarno’s wife since the period of national movement in Indonesia (1923-1943). In this context, it seemed relevant talking about the services of Inggit Garnasih not based on herself but according to other’s acknowledgement closely related with her. The other whom I meant was Soekarno, as her husband, as had been stated in his autobiography and other reviewer of Soeakrno’s biography, especially when it was related to his relationship with Inggit Garnasih. However, Inggit Garnasih did not only encourage her husband to complete his study in THS Bandung but she was also faithful to accompany her husband – in happiness and sorrow – in national movement struggle. Finally, one of statements for reflecting here is that the Republic of Indonesia’s government should give fair honor to Inggit Garnasih for her services in the age of motion in Indonesia with Soekarno’s idependence struggle. KEY WORDS: Inggit Garnasih’s roles, Soekarno’s struggle, the age of motion, and Indonesia’s independent. About the Author: Andi Suwirta, M.Hum. is a Lecturer at the Department of History Education, Faculty of Social Studies Education UPI (Indonesia University of Education) in Bandung; and Editor-in-Chief of EDUCARE: International Journal for Educational Studies in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. He can be reached at: andisuwirta@yahoo.com or atriwusidna@gmail.com How to cite this article? Suwirta, Andi. (2009). “Inggit Garnasih, Soekarno and the Age of Motion in Indonesia” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.1(1) October, pp.71-82. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (August 19, 2009); Revised (September 19, 2009); and Published (October 28, 2009).

Shape and Chronology of Wooden Coffins in Mamasa, West Sulawesi, Indonesia

A BSTRACT: Toraja-Mamasa ethnic is one of ethnics that dwell in Mamasa Regency, West Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. They have inhabited the region from ancient times until now and have a variety of uniquely cultural forms , and it is interest to study. One form of cultures that characterize the culture of Mamasa is a burial system placed in a limestone hills with wooden coffins. There have been no archaeological experts who examined the wooden coffin in the region ; so , the distribution of site, form, layout, dating , and cultural significance is not known scientifically. Therefore, it is necessary to study archeologically to understand the various aspects before it destroyed, and becomes extinct of natural processes such as weathering and damaged by treasure seekers. The research of wooden coffin in Mamasa region, West Sulawesi, Indonesia was conducted by a systematic survey and sampling methods for radiocarbon dating. The study found 21 sites with a dozen pieces of coffins, which consists of boat-shaped or “ bangka-bangka ” , buffalo-shaped or “ tedong-tedong ” , horse-shaped or “ narang ” , round-shaped or “ talukun ”, and house-shaped tomb or “ batutu. Wooden coffin burial sites are always located not far from villages, rice fields or gardens, and located in the south or southwest of the old village. The lay outs of the coffins are always on the sand stone hills with south or west orientation. Differences in shape, layout , and orientation are strongly influenced by factors of trust, cosmology , and social stratification concept. The dating results shows that wooden coffins have been used since 730 ± 50 BP or about 1200 AD (Anno Domini) and keep continue until the 1970’s. K EY WORDS : Wooden c offin, Mamasa community, radiocarbon dating , d ifferences in shape s, trust, cosmology , and social stratification concept . About the Author: Dr. Akin Duli is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities UNHAS (Hasanuddin University) in Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. For academic purposes, he can be reached at: akinduli@yahoo.co.id How to cite this article? Duli, Akin. (2014). “Shape and Chronology of Wooden Coffins in Mamasa, West Sulawesi, Indonesia” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.5(2) April, pp.177-186. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia] and UVRI [Universitas Veteran Republik Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (February 23, 2014); Revised (March 27, 2014); and Published (April 28, 2014).

The Role and Function of Islamic Boarding School: An Indonesian Context

ABSTRACT: Islamic boarding school or “pesantren”, as one of the educational institutions, ha s recognized a big influence in developing the educational world , especially in Indonesian society . Islamic boarding school is also believed to be an alternative for solving various problems of education that occurs at this time. Islamic boarding school is the oldest institution of Islamic education in Indonesia. According to experts, the Islamic boarding school is able called a “ religi o us school ” when meet five requirements, namely: (1) “ kyai ” or Muslim religious teacher or leader in Java; (2) “pondok” or lodge ; (3) “mesjid” or mosque ; (4) “santri” or Islamic students ; and (5) “kitab kuning” or yellow book reading or Islamic classic book. This article tries to elaborate the role and function of Islamic boarding school in Indonesia, with related to the r eligious s chool of “ Darud Dakwah w al -I rsyad ” (DDI) Mangkoso Barru in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Islamic boarding school , as a community and an institution that is large in number and widely spread in various parts of the Indonesian country , ha s had much to share in the formation of the Indonesian people fully religious. Therefore, the institution has delivered many leaders in the past, present, and also in the future. The graduates of Islamic boarding school , no doubt, many of them have take n an active participation in nation building. But , on the other hand , there is also the notion that graduates of Islamic boarding school are hard invited forward. This is because the education system in the Islamic boarding school is mostly still traditional. KEY WORDS : Islamic boarding school , role and function, r eligious s chool , nation building , traditiona l education, and Indonesian society. About the Author: Dr. Mustain Thahir is a Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Education and Teacher Training UVRI (Veteran University of the Republic of Indonesia), Jalan Baruga Raya, Antang, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Corresponding author is aspensi@yahoo.com How to cite this article? Thahir, Mustain. (2014). “The Role and Function of Islamic Boarding School: An Indonesian Context” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.5(2) April, pp.197-208. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia] and UVRI [Universitas Veteran Republik Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (February 19, 2014); Revised (March 22, 2014); and Published (April 28, 2014).

Full text in PDF for the SOSIOHUMANIKA Journal, issue of May 2011

This journal was firstly published on May 20, 2008 by ASPENSI ( Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia or Association of Indonesian Scholars of History Education) in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The SOSIOHUMANIKA journal is published twice a year i.e. every May and November.

The Social Banditry in the Rural Areas of Rembang by the End of the 19th Century and at the Beginning of the 20th Century

ABSTRACT: The social banditry is the act of crime committed by the residents of a village or the people in the low economic and social stratum in order to fulfill their basic needs. Such an act is done due to the structural pressure which depresses the people in accessing the natural resources that support their lives. This structural pressure kept increasing in the rural areas of Rembang by the end of the 19 th century, particularly after the issuance of the law on forestry in 1865 that enabled the forestry capitalism to be established. The limitation in the people’s access to the state forest as the manifestation of the domain concept and the exploitation of the teak forests done by the private businessmen became the trigger to the increasing acts of crime in the rural areas of Rembang. The scarcity of the local economic resources due to such natural factors as barren land and structural factors as the result of the penetration of the external power became the main trigger to the social banditry to take place in Rembang. There were many kinds of social banditry, such as illegal logging, robbery, “kecu” (burglary), theft of possessions, etc. which were done against the assets owned by both the state and the individuals/groups. KEY WORDS: Social banditry, forest village, Rembang area, economic resources, and colonial exploitation. About the Author: Dr. Warto is a Lecturer at the Faculty of Letter and Fine Art UNS (State University of Surakarta), Jalan Ir. Sutami 36-A Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. He can be reached at: warto_file@yahoo.com How to cite this article? Warto. (2011). “The Social Banditry in the Rural Areas of Rembang by the End of the 19 th Century and at the Beginning of the 20 th Century” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.3(1) October, pp.47-64. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia] and UVRI [Universitas Veteran Republik Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (August 7, 2011); Revised (September 9, 2011); and Published (October 28, 2011).

Nahdatul Ulama and the Khittah Revitalization: A Futuristic Critical Reflection for the Largest Islamic Organization in Indonesia

ABSTRACT : Its splendor of 32 nd Congress of NU (Nahdatul Ulama) in Makassar, South Sulawesi, on 22 to 28 March 2010, apparently similar to the 27 th Congress of NU in Situbondo, East Java, in 1984. Both congress conditions were equally arise under bottom pressure of strong Nahdhiyyin (NU followers), so NU sterilizes from party or practical politics. Involvement in practical politics is believed to has many disadvantages than benefits for congregation (organization). While in Situbondo Congress in 1984, driven more by a strong desire so NU becomes civil society, strength to confront the hegemony of a repressive state. At that time, the reason is that if remain stay on the political track, NU powerless nothing. If in Situbondo Congress, the key words was back to “Khittah” 1926 as struggle basis, then in Makassar Congress, the key word is “Khittah” Revitalization. Obviously, with these facts, it can be concluded that the key is not the formulation of its “Khittah” unclear or irrelevant, but there is something wrong in the implementation of “Khittah”. Consequently impressed that “Khittah” becomes depends on who interprets and treats. KEY WORDS : Nahdatul Ulama, “Khittah” revitalization, critical futuristic reflection, and historical journey of NU. About the Author: Anzar Abdullah, M.Pd . is a Lecturer at the Faculty of Education and Teacher Training UNIMA (University of 45), Jalan Urip Sumohardjo Km.4 Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. He is currently following the Ph.D. study in the UIN (State Islamic University) Alauddin, Makassar. He can be reached at: anzarabduIIah91@yahoo.co.id How to cite this article? Abdullah, Anzar. (2011). “ Nahdatul Ulama and the Khittah Revitalization: A Futuristic Critical Reflection for the Largest Islamic Organization in Indonesia” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.3(1) October, pp.95-108. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia] and UVRI [Universitas Veteran Republik Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (August 25, 2011); Revised (September 30, 2011); and Published (October 28, 2011).

TRACING BACK THE HUMOR STYLE OF THE EIGHTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURY TEXTS OF ABUNAWAS

ABSTRACT: This article contains responses toward opinions which say that humor by Abunawas prevailing in Indonesia is fictive and not from Arab. After analyzing texts of the eighth and twentieth century of Abunawas, it is clear that based on the aspects of fictional indications either formal or referential, ill-locution and per-locution, as well as imaginative and non imaginative, texts of Abunawas in the twentieth century is more fictive than the texts of the eighth century. In addition, this article shows that either texts of the eighth or twentieth century both contain humor and non humor. The texts that consist of joking indicate that the type of humor in the eighth century is less than the twentieth century. Based on the categorization mentioned above, this article also tries to say that humors prevailing in the eighth century texts of Abunawas are mostly classified into “superiority theories”; whilst the twentieth century texts are correspond to theories proposed by D.H. Monro (1988). KEY WORDS: Humor and non humor, Abunawas, imaginative and non imaginative, and eighth and twentieth century texts. About the Author: Dr. Maman Lesmana is a Lecturer at the Arabic Studies Program, Department of Area Studies, Faculty of Humanities UI (University of Indonesia), UI Campus, Depok 16412, West Java, Indonesia. He can be reached at: malessutiasumarga@yahoo.com How to cite this article? Lesmana, Maman. (2011). “Tracing Back the Humor Style of the Eighth and Twentieth Century Texts of Abunawas ” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.2(2) April, pp.161-174. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (February 24, 2011); Revised (March 27, 2011); and Published (April 28, 2011).