Asian American Men Research Articles

Love isn’t colorblind: Internalized racism, resistance and empowerment against racism, and Asian American men’s racialized dating preferences.

Love isn’t colorblind: Internalized racism, resistance and empowerment against racism, and Asian American men’s racialized dating preferences.

Abstract A069: Leading causes of death among Asian American individuals compared with Pacific Islander individuals in the United States, 2018-2020

Abstract Background: Asian American and Pacific Islander races are two distinct groups that continue to be aggregated in many large, national mortality statistics in the United States (US), which leads to structural biases encoded into databases and inaccurate health implications that may deprive Pacific Islander individuals from opportunities for interventions aimed at reducing health disparities. Examining mortality rates for disaggregated Asian American and Pacific Islander populations across all 50 states was not possible until 2018. We compared the leading causes of death between Asian American and Pacific Islander individuals in the US during 2018-2020, stratified by sex and age. Methods: Cause of death among non-Hispanic Asian American and Pacific Islander individuals aged ≥20 years who died during 2018-2020 were obtained from the US National Center for Health Statistics. Age-standardized all-cause mortality rates (MRs) and the 5 leading causes of death were reported per 100,000 person-years separately for Asian American and Pacific Islander individuals, by sex (female/male) and age (20-54/55-64/65-74/75- 84 years). MR ratios (MRRs) were calculated by comparing MRs among Pacific Islander with Asian American individuals (reference group), by sex and age. Results: During 2018-2020, 63,338 female and 85,601 male deaths occurred among Asian American adults, and 4,116 female and 5,512 male deaths occurred among Pacific Islander adults. Compared to Asian American individuals, all-cause mortality was higher for Pacific Islander females (MRR=2.50,95%CI=2.43-2.59) and males (MRR=2.10,95%CI=2.04-2.16). Cancer was the leading cause of death for Asian American (MR=93.8) and Pacific Islander females (MR=181.6) and second for Asian American (MR=100.4) and Pacific Islander males (MR=185.2) after heart disease. Death rates for leading causes were substantially higher for Pacific Islander compared to Asian American females: cancer (MRR=1.93,95%CI=1.82-2.06), heart disease (MRR=3.18,95%CI=2.95-3.42), stroke (MRR=2.41,95%CI=2.13-2.73), diabetes (MRR=4.03,95%CI=3.55-4.56), and COVID-19 (MRR=2.60,95%CI=2.25-3.01) and for Pacific Islander compared to Asian American males: heart disease (MRR=2.56,95%CI=2.42-2.71), cancer (MRR=1.52,95%CI=1.42-1.62, diabetes (MRR=3.14,95%CI=2.81-3.50), accidental death (MRR=2.60,95%CI=2.33-2.88), and COVID-19 (MRR=2.04,95%CI=1.82-2.27). The largest relative cancer mortality rate disparity occurred in those aged 20-54 years and declined with older age among women (MRR range=1.37-2.67) and men (MRR range=1.16-2.26). Conclusion: Cancer was among the leading cause of death for both Asian American and Pacific Islander individuals, but cancer mortality rates were twice as high among Pacific Islander women and men compared to Asian American women and men. These disparities persisted among Pacific Islander individuals for nearly all leading causes of death, regardless of sex and age, underscoring the need to disaggregate Pacific Islander from Asian American race data to improve tailored health equity-focused interventions. Citation Format: Jacqueline B. Vo, Jazmyn L Bess, Kekoa Taparra, Paloma R. Mitra, Amy Berrington de Gonzalez, Neal D. Freedman, Meredith S. Shiels, Jaimie Z. Shing. Leading causes of death among Asian American individuals compared with Pacific Islander individuals in the United States, 2018-2020 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr A069.

Factors associated with intention of HIV testing among Asian American men: a path analysis.

Research has pointed to myriad cultural and socio-psychological factors associated with HIV testing, such as acculturation, social norms about HIV testing, masculinity, homonegativity, and constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior. However, the interrelationships of these factors on the intentions of HIV testing among the population of Asian American men remains unknown. A dataset of 425 Asian American men in the U.S., collected online with convenience sampling method during 2020-2021, was analyzed to test a conceptual framework that aimed to fill this gap. Results from a path model with two endogenous variables (homonegativity and HIV testing intention) indicated that perceived social norms about HIV testing, attitude about HIV testing, and perceived HIV risk had directandindirect relationships with the intentions of HIV testing in the study population. However, social norms about HIV testing and perceived HIV risk showed stronger direct effects (standardized estimates = 0.37 and 0.34, respectively, p-value < 0.001). Additionally, we found that the relationships of these factors with HIV testing intention were also mediated by homonegativity. Findings from this study advance our understanding of pathways of associations between a host of cultural and socio-psychological factors with HIV testing intention among an understudied population - Asian American men. Our results will help inform the development of future intervention programs to increase HIV testing in this population.

Cancer mortality by country of birth and cancer type in Sweden: A 25-year registry-based cohort study.

Numerous studies have reported lower overall cancer mortality rates among immigrants compared to native populations. However, limited information exists regarding cancer mortality among immigrants based on specific birth countries and cancer types. We used population-based registries and followed 10 million individuals aged 20 years or older in Sweden between 1992 and 2016. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to explore the disparities in cancer mortality by country of birth and cancer type, stratified by gender. Age-standardized mortality rates were also computed using the world standard population. Hazard ratio (HR) of all-site cancer was slightly lower among immigrants (males: HRm = 0.97: 95% confidence interval: 0.95, 0.98; females: HRf = 0.93: 0.91, 0.94) than Swedish-born population. However, the immigrants showed higher mortality for infection-related cancers, including liver (HRf = 1.10: 1.01, 1.19; HRm = 1.10: 1.02, 1.17), stomach (HRf = 1.39: 1.31, 1.49; HRm = 1.33: 1.26, 1.41) cancers, and tobacco-related cancers, including lung (HRm = 1.44: 1.40, 1.49), and laryngeal cancers (HRm = 1.47: 1.24, 1.75). The HR of mesothelioma was also significantly higher in immigrants (HRf = 1.44: 1.10, 1.90). Mortality from lung cancer was specifically higher in men from Nordic (HRm = 1.41: 1.27, 1.55) and non-Nordic Europe (HRm = 1.49: 1.43, 1.55) countries and lower in Asian (HRm = 0.78: 0.66, 0.93) and South American men (HRm = 0.70: 0.57, 0.87). In conclusion, there are large variations in cancer mortality by country of birth, and cancer type and require regular surveillance. Our detailed analyses lead to some novel findings such as excess mortality rate of mesothelioma and laryngeal cancers in Immigrants in Sweden. A targeted cancer prevention program among immigrants in Sweden is needed.

Queer Asian American men’s racialized dating preferences: The role of internalized racism and resistance and empowerment against racism.

Queer Asian American men’s racialized dating preferences: The role of internalized racism and resistance and empowerment against racism.

Messy queer rhetorics: homonationalism and gay Asian American triad in Fire Island

ABSTRACT Fire Island (2022) represents how three gay Asian American men (Noah, Howie, and Will) navigate tensions of whiteness, homonationalism, classism, and gay sexual desirability while on vacation with their friends. What begins as a narrative of gay Asian American men’s queer friendships becomes an intraracial romance of sticky rice – an Asian man dating another Asian man. Through use of a queer, Asian American rhetorical methodology informed by a queer of color critique, which challenges reliance upon citizenship, we analyze the messiness inherent in Fire Island. Our queer rhetorical analysis locates two themes present in Fire Island. First, Fire Island portrays an Asian American triad (or a narrative centering on three Asian American men) which ultimately succumbs to whiteness. Not without its shortcomings, homonationalism impacts both Fire Island and the film’s namesake. Second, the representation of three gay Asian American leading men comes with a cost, as an invisibility of romantic relations between Black, Indigenous, Latine, and Asian American men, that reify the white-Asian binary. Simultaneously influenced by and disrupting homonationalism, Fire Island demonstrates the queer (im)possibilities of optimism, pessimism, and failure.

Predictors of healthcare usage among Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic in California

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the role of gender in determining healthcare usage among Asian Americans, with specific attention to preventive care and early intervention through doctor visits during COVID-19. The authors used retrospective data from the 2021 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) by selecting 3,962 Asian Americans who resided in California during the pandemic. The logistic regression analysis found several predictors of healthcare usage. The study concluded that Asian American women are more likely to use both preventive care and doctor visits than Asian American men. In addition, married and older Asian residents are significantly more likely to use both preventive care and doctor visits than their married and younger counterparts. Having health difficulties increases the likelihood of using both preventive care and doctor visits. Interestingly, being employed decreased the likelihood of using preventive care. Lack of use of health care services by Asians with specific backgrounds warrants appropriate health interventions.

A Community-Based Prostate Cancer Screening and Education Program for Asian American Men in Medically Underserved Communities.

This study analyzed data from a community-based prostate cancer (PCa) education and screening program (Prostate Outreach Project; POP) to enhance PCa-related knowledge among medically underserved Asian American men. It also examined PCa screening history, clinical abnormalities based on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests and digital rectal examination (DRE) results, and follow-up and PCa diagnosis rates. Participants-521 Asian men (251 Vietnamese, 142 Chinese, and 128 South Asians)-were offered PCa screening using PSA tests and/or DRE and an educational session on PCa. Of these men, 277 completed PCa-related knowledge surveys before and after viewing an educational video. Significant between-group differences in PCa-related knowledge were found at pre-assessment (p < 0.001) but not at post-assessment (p = 0.11), at which time all groups showed improved PCa-related knowledge. Most participants (77.9%) had never received PCa screening, but Vietnamese men had the lowest previous screening rate (17.3%). Chinese men had elevated PSA values and the highest abnormal DRE rates. Of the 125 men with abnormal screening outcomes, only 15.2% had adequate follow-up. Of the 144 men diagnosed with PCa in POP, 11.1% were Asians (seven Chinese, six Vietnamese, and three South Asian). Despite the ethnic heterogeneity among Asian men, a community outreach program may successfully enhance their PCa-related knowledge.

Associations between gendered racism, racial identity, and nicotine use among Asian American men.

The present study utilized an intersectional framework to examine if two forms of gendered racism, psychological emasculation and messages about Asian American men being undesirable partners, were associated with Asian American men's nicotine use. We also examined the potential mediating roles of two racial identity statuses, racial conformity and racial immersion. A sample of 356 Asian American men living in the United States of America (USA) completed a cross-sectional survey via Qualtrics containing measures assessing the aforementioned constructs of interest. The primary analysis examined separate parallel mediation models, situating psychological emasculation and undesirable partner as separate independent variables, racial conformity and racial immersion as parallel mediators, nicotine use as the outcome, and age and employment as covariates. In separate parallel mediation models, the links between psychological emasculation and undesirable partner on one hand, and nicotine use on the other, were completely mediated only by racial conformity, and not significantly mediated by racial immersion. Specifically, greater endorsement of gendered racism was associated with greater conformity with (and internalization of) these gendered racist beliefs, which in turn were associated with greater nicotine use. Researchers and practitioners may consider racial conformity as an interventional target to ameliorate Asian American men's nicotine use. Future studies should continue to examine other culturally relevant and/or potentially protective constructs (e.g., on the basis of gender, race, and its intersection) that may mitigate Asian American men's nicotine use.

General and Stereotype-Based Microaggressions Experienced by Asians and Asian Americans in the Workplace: A Qualitative Study

The purpose of this study was to uncover the racial microaggressions that Asians and Asian Americans experience in the workplace. Qualitative interviews and focus groups were conducted with 19 Asian and Asian American men and women, representing a variety of Asian ethnicities, with work experience in various industries. Results revealed seven themes of workplace racial microaggressions: (a) Invalidation of Individual Differences, (b) Unrecognized Contributions and Undervalued Employee, (c) Being Singled Out, (d) Demeaning Cultural Values and Communication Styles, (e) Ascription of Subservience, (f) Ascription of Diligence, and (g) Ascription of Math Competency. These seven themes were classified into two broader categories. The first four themes were classified into general microaggressions, which embodied microaggressions experienced by Asians but could also be experienced by other people of color. The last three themes were classified into stereotype-based microaggressions, which embodied how Asians were treated differently through the lens of stereotypes that others held of Asians. Although, Ascription of Math Competency and Ascription of Diligence may be seen as positive, these microaggressions yielded more assigned math-related work rather than the employee’s preferences and longer working hours, respectively. The effect of these microaggressions rendered Asian employees as visible in terms of their race, whereas invisible in terms of their professional contributions. Implications of these findings for improving experiences of Asians in the workplace are discussed.

Intersectional Earnings Inequalities in U.S. Public Sector Workplaces and the Great Recession

The authors examine intersectional earnings inequalities in U.S. state and local government workplaces during the Great Recession of 2007 to 2011. Corresponding to closure and exploitation mechanisms as proposed in Relational Inequality Theory, the authors decompose pay gaps into between-workplace and within-workplace segregation components and within-job disparities. Between-workplace closure mechanisms tend to be absent or weak for all comparisons, but within-workplace occupational closure and within-job pay disparities are present for all and quite large for most groups. Within-job earnings inequalities tend to be largest for Black, Hispanic, and Native American women and smallest for Asian and Native American men. During the Great Recession, organizational resources to make claims on shrank, as low-wage job layoffs surged and resources contracted. This resulted in a shrinking of within-workplace and within-job, but rising between-workplace, inequalities.

Discrimination and psychological distress among Asian Americans during COVID-19: Gender differences in the moderating role of social support.

Our study aimed to assess the role of social support on the impact of discrimination on psychological distress for Asian American women and men. Using the Asian American sample from the Asian American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander COVID-19 Needs Assessment Study (n = 3,508), we used logistic regression to examine the moderating role of different types of social support on the relationship between discrimination and psychological distress by gender. Among Asian Americans, facing discrimination was associated with higher odds of psychological distress, and receiving emotional support was associated with lower odds of psychological distress. When examining interactions between discrimination, social support, and gender, we found that facing discrimination led to the highest odds of psychological distress for Asian American women who provided emotional support. Our findings highlight different mechanisms by which social support buffers and exacerbates the psychological burden of discrimination for Asian Americans. These findings have overall and gender-informed implications for community policies to promote mental health resilience by actively alleviating the effects of racism among Asian Americans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Perceived disrespectful treatment in low-income healthcare settings through the lens of intersectionality

Race and gender differences in the quality of one’s health care encounters are widely documented, but few studies explore the multiplicative impacts of race and gender. Drawing on intersectionality frameworks, we contrast white, Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American men’s and women’s perceptions of disrespectful treatment from health care providers and staff (e.g., receptionists, clerks) in low-income health settings. Data are from the 2014 Health Center Patient Survey (N = 5385), a nationally representative survey of community-dwelling patients receiving care at health centers funded through Section 330 of the Public Health Service Act. Our results show race and sex differences in the study outcomes, yet weak support for intersectional effects. Asian and Native American patients report more disrespectful treatment from providers, relative to other ethnic groups. Women are more likely than men to report disrespectful treatment from staff. Asians also report disrespectful treatment from staff. Health care providers and staff may require training focused on the distinctive needs of Asian patients, for whom “saving face” may be a salient goal. Structural changes to reduce wait times and employ medical interpreters to ensure clear communication, and staff training focused on verbal and nonverbal communication may mitigate against actions perceived as disrespectful in low-income health settings.

Social Inequality in High Tech: How Gender, Race, and Ethnicity Structure the World's Most Powerful Industry

The high-tech industry is the world's most powerful and profitable industry, and it is almost entirely dominated by white, Asian American, and Asian men. This article reviews research on social inequality in the high-tech industry, focusing on gender and race/ethnicity. It begins with a discussion of alternative ways of defining the sector and an overview of its history and employment demographics. Next is an analysis of gendered and racialized pathways into high-paying jobs in the industry, followed by a review of research on workplace organization that emphasizes how sexism and racism are embedded inside the firm and beyond it, through the design of high-tech products and services. Finally, gender and racial disparities in attrition rates are discussed. The conclusion calls for future research on social inequality and the funding structure of the industry, age discrimination inside tech, effective diversity policies, and labor movement activism throughout the high-tech industry.

Asian Americans and Income Inequality: Disparities Between and Within Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Groups

Asian Americans nearing economic parity with White individuals is unique, particularly given the historical and contemporary disadvantaged position of other racial minorities in the U.S. labor market. While there is growing literature exploring how Asian Americans are reshaping the labor force, most of these studies categorize them as a homogenous group, failing to recognize social, cultural, and historical diversities within the community. Using the Current Population Survey, we investigate income disparity trends across ethnic groups and gender. Results show that Asian American men and women have high income levels compared to other racial minority groups. However, these perceived advantages reinforce racial stereotypes and mask income variations within these groups and across genders. We find a widening gender income gap over recent years for Asian ethnic groups, highlighting how race and gender interact to shape their labor-market experiences. We conclude by discussing the implications for future studies in labor-market research.

“As an Asian”: Sticky Rice Politics as a Logic of Desirability in Queer Asian Women’s Sexual Field

This paper explores how queer Asian American women negotiate their racial and political identities through racial dating preferences. I investigate a pattern of desire that has been consistently found in previous studies: Why are queer Asian American women more likely to prefer Asian women over white women? The analysis draws from 192 US-based online surveys and 22 interviews with queer Asian women ages 18–30. The participants were asked about their various preferences for female and (if applicable) male partners. I contribute to the racial dating preferences literature empirically by (1) extending the scope of analysis to queer Asian American women and (2) analyzing bisexuals’ preferences for both male and female partners. I contribute theoretically by (1) testing sexual fields theory against the gender white advantage hypothesis and (2) finding evidence to suggest that homonormativity, as a logic of desirability, is less operative in queer Asian American women’s sexual field. Rather, their sexual fields are defined by an alternative logic of desirability, “sticky rice” politics, that prioritizes dating Asian partners and avoiding white partners to resist and distance oneself from white supremacy. This was clear in Asian American respondents’ overwhelming preference for Asian American partners, even Asian American men, over white partners.

When worlds collide: The romantic relationship experiences of bisexual‐identifying Asian American men

AbstractRelationships, their processes, and outcomes are shaped by sociocultural norms and practices. The specialty of counseling psychology emphasizes the importance of a holistic understanding of the social context of lived experience as it affects health and well‐being. We used a queer paradigm and an intersectional approach to inquire about the romantic relationship experiences of 15 bisexual‐identifying Asian American men (BIAAM) who were at least 23 years old. In‐depth interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a constructivist grounded theory approach. A recursive process of coding resulted in findings that focused on the influence of gender and bisexual stigma on romantic relationship experiences. Relationship experiences were constructed in the context of White hegemonic masculinity norms requiring the performance of dominance and emotional restriction. Experiences of bisexual stigma included fears of rejection from gay and Asian communities that shaped the choice of partners and disclosure and concealment decisions. BIAAM create and maintain their romantic relationships in a social context that challenges them to straddle socially constructed binaries and hierarchies for performing gender, sexuality, and race. We discuss the implications of the findings for culturally competent and effective intervention.

Sexual, gendered, and internalized racism’s associations with disordered eating among sexual minority Asian American men: Emotional eating as mediator

ABSTRACT Research related to disordered eating among sexual minority Asian American men is scarce. Thus, the present study utilized an intersectional framework to examine how three different forms of racism (i.e. sexual racism, gendered racism, and internalized racism) are associated with disordered eating among sexual minority Asian American men, as well as the mediating role of emotional eating. A cross-sectional survey containing the study’s measures of interest were administered to participants. The final sample consisted of 180 sexual minority Asian American men. Both sexual racism and internalized racism were positively associated with disordered eating whereas gendered racism was not associated with disordered eating Emotional eating mediated the association between internalized racism and disordered eating, though it did not mediate the association between sexual racism and disordered eating. Researchers and practitioners are encouraged to utilize an intersectional framework that takes into account multiple forms of racism, especially sexual racism and internalized racism, when considering this underrepresented population’s disordered eating. Results also demonstrate the importance of addressing racism in eating disorder prevention efforts among sexual minority Asian American men.

Gendered racism, family and external shame, depressive symptoms, and alcohol use severity among Asian American men.

We investigated whether gendered racism predicts depressive symptoms and alcohol use severity among Asian American men (AAM) through indirect relations via culture-specific family and external shame. We analyzed convenience data from 409 AAM. Sample age (M = 21.24), nativity, ethnicity, education, income, and self-reported social class were diverse and controlled for. We path modeled direct associations among gendered racism and depressive symptoms and alcohol use severity, and their indirect (mediated) associations through family and external shame. About 21% and 25% of the sample met the clinical cutoffs for depressive symptoms and risky alcohol use, respectively. Gendered racism predicted depressive symptoms indirectly via external shame, and predicted alcohol use severity directly and indirectly via family shame. The hypothesized model fits the data better than an alternative model with shame factors as predictors. Gendered racism is an insidious psychiatric risk factor for AAM and appears to exacerbate family and external shame, which may subsequently and divergently increase depressive symptoms and alcohol use severity. Findings highlight the role of cultural factors within gendered racism-related stress processes among AAM. Future research should consider longitudinal designs and additional mediating and outcome variables to examine the behavioral health sequelae of gendered racism among AAM. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

PD20-08 TRENDS IN PROSTATE CANCER SPECIFIC MORTALITY BY RACE OVER TIME: A SEER ANALYSIS

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023PD20-08 TRENDS IN PROSTATE CANCER SPECIFIC MORTALITY BY RACE OVER TIME: A SEER ANALYSIS Davuluri Meenakshi, Gina Demeo, Himanshu Nagar, Leonardo Borregales, and Jim Hu Davuluri MeenakshiDavuluri Meenakshi More articles by this author , Gina DemeoGina Demeo More articles by this author , Himanshu NagarHimanshu Nagar More articles by this author , Leonardo BorregalesLeonardo Borregales More articles by this author , and Jim HuJim Hu More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003286.08AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: It has been demonstrated there was an increase in metastatic prostate cancer diagnosis from 2004 to 2013 in a previous SEER analysis. Our goal was to evaluate trends in prostate cancer specific mortality (PCSM) during this time period to determine if increased metastatic disease correlated with increased mortality rates. METHODS: Using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry database, we identified men diagnosed with prostate cancer from 2004-2013. Men were stratified by age at diagnosis, race (White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, Native American, and Other), and stage at diagnosis. Number of deaths were identified and PCSM mortality was calculated. Descriptive statistics were used. RESULTS: We identified 497,166 men in SEER who met our inclusion criteria from 2004-2013. In this time period, the overall cohort PCSM decreased from 9.65% in 2004 to 5.95% in 2013 (Figure 1). We then stratified PCSM by race (Figure 2). We found that across all races PCSM decreased from 2004 to 2013 with the largest decrease in Native American men (18.0% to 10.4%) followed by Black men (11.6% to 7.0%). We further sub-stratified PCSM for men with distant metastasis at time of diagnosis (Figure 3). In this cohort of men, again a decrease in PCSM across all races was seen. The differences in PCSM from 2004 to 2013 are 3.9%, 8.9%, 5.9%, 13.2% and 22.8% for White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American men respectively. The largest decrease of PCSM was seen in Native American men with a 22% reduction of death rates in men diagnosed with metastatic disease from 2004 to 2013. CONCLUSIONS: PCSM has decreased overtime despite previous findings of increasing metastatic disease at time of diagnosis. This may be due to improved treatment options for metastatic disease. PCSM has decreased across all races, however Native American and Black men continue to have higher rates PCSM compared to other races. As more interventions are implemented to address disparities, longitudinal studies will be required to determine the impacts on survival outcomes. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e586 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Davuluri Meenakshi More articles by this author Gina Demeo More articles by this author Himanshu Nagar More articles by this author Leonardo Borregales More articles by this author Jim Hu More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...