Asbestos Material Research Articles

The Impact of Barns Microclimate Modification on the Beef Cattles Physiological Responses Raised in the Peatlands of Central Kalimantan

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cattle barns microclimate modification on the physiological response of beef cattles reared on peatland. This study used direct observation and experimental research methods. Microclimate modification is done by using asbestos material, gable roof type and roof height ≥3.5 meters, and vegetation arrangement. Data were collected through measurements of microclimatic parameters and physiological responses in the morning (06.30–07.30), at noon (11.30–12.30), and in the afternoon (16.30–17.30), with measurement intervals every month. The number of cattle barns observed was 46 units. The physiological parameter measurements involved 124 female beef cattle, consisting of 70 Bali and 54 crossbred cattle with physiological stages, gestating cows and lactation period. The results showed that modifying cattle barns and the surrounding environment can reduce the microclimate in the cattle barn as indicated by a decrease in THI from emergency to dangerous levels during the noondayand from dangerous to caution levels in the afternoon. The improvement in microclimate conditions was also followed by a decrease in the level of heat stress as indicated by a decrease in the physiological responses of cows.

Experimental Investigation on the Frictional Behaviour of Banana Peels Composites for Brake Pad Applications

Abstract: Asbestos is used in the manufacture of automobile brake linings, which has negative effects on both people and the environment. As a result, organic brake lining without the use of asbestos material evolved. Asbestos-free brake lining materials come in a variety of forms, and these novel formulations offer excellent performance too. The material used to replace it ought to maintain qualities of standard brake pad risks. A new brake pad was produced using banana peels waste to replace asbestos. The produced composites were mixed with carbon powders, epoxy and hardener in predetermined ratios. The current study is being conducted to create three different samples of brake pads by altering the combination of carbon powder and banana peel powder. The banana peel was varied from 35 to 25 wt. % with a 5 wt. % interval to create test samples. Morphology, physical, mechanical and wear properties of the brake pad were studied. The results showed that the produced banana peel composite of composition carbon 35% and banana peel powder 25% gives better properties compared with other compositions. According to the findings of this study, banana peel particles may be utilized efficiently as a replacement for asbestos in the fabrication of brake pads.

Influence of Natural Fiber Content on the Frictional Material of Brake Pads—A Review

Research into the use of eco-friendly materials, such as natural fibers, in brake pads has gained momentum in the last few decades. This can be attributed to the potential of natural fibers to replace traditional materials in tribological applications such as braking pads. The harmful impact of the commonly-used brake pad materials, such as metal and mineral fibers, on human health and the environment necessitates the development of eco-friendly alternatives. Natural fibers, such as banana peels, palm kernels, and palm slag, have been shown to be a viable replacement for traditional brake pad materials. This article reviews the literature on the use of different natural fibers in brake pads and their impact on the physical, mechanical, and tribological properties. Trends for density, porosity, hardness, coefficient of friction (COF), and wear rate are observed. The recommended formulations to yield the optimum properties, according to the perspective of several studies, are showcased. In addition, the effect of asbestos material and natural fibers on life-cycle assessment and CO2 emission is highlighted. This article is an attempt to provide a foundation for future researchers in the field of natural fiber-reinforced composites for brake pad applications.

Pengaruh Komposisi dan Temperatur Material Biokomposit Terhadap Kinerja Kampas Rem Non Asbestos

This research is focused on developing and evaluating the performance of brake pads made of biocomposite from teak wood, coconut shell charcoal, aluminum and polyurethane resin. Asbestos material which is widely used in brake pads friction material is carcinogenic which is harmful to health. Nine specimens with different material compositions were made to analyze their mechanical properties as brake lining friction materials. The results obtained in this study hardness will increase at higher specimen numbers. Specimen 10 as a comparison has a hardness level that is not much different from specimens number 6, 7, and 8. Wear of specimens with variations in material composition has a lower level of wear on specimens with higher hardness levels. Meanwhile, the effect of temperature and the interaction of the two variables has no significant effect on the level of wear.

ANALISIS UNJUK KERJA COOLING TOWER INDUCED DRAFT COUNTER FLOW DENGAN BAHAN PENGISI ASBES

Industrial development is one of the economic components that influences national economic growth. Increased industrial growth is also aimed at realizing national goals for the welfare of society. In the industrial process, the machine generates heat as a side effect of the machine's work, so it requires a cooling system for its continued work. The facilities used by the industry to overcome these problems are by using cooling towers. One of the factors that influence the cooling tower performance is the filler. Asbestos is a material that has a thin and corrugated sheet shape. This material is made of the mineral silica and fine fibers. Asbestos material has many benefits and roles in industrial activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of asbestos filler on cooling tower performance induced draft counter flow on the effect of variations in initial water temperature and air velocity, and the effect of effectiveness, water-air ratio, cooling capacity, evaporation loss and L / G value. This research on the performance of cooling towers with asbestos fillers obtained a higher value of effectiveness and cooling capacity than cooling towers without using fillers. This is evidenced by the highest value of effectiveness obtained by cooling towers using fillers of 83.26%, while the highest value for cooling towers without using fillers is 80.24%. The highest value of cooling capacity in a cooling tower using filler material is 10.34 kJ / s, while the highest value for a cooling tower without using a filler is 9.70 kJ / s.
 Keywords: Asbestos, Cooling tower, Industry

Fabrication and characterization of asbestos free epoxy based brake pads using carbon fiber as reinforcement

In the fabrication of automotive vehicle brake linings, the usages of asbestos create an adverse reaction on humankind and the surroundings. Hence it led to the evolution of organic-based brake lining without using asbestos material. The various types of asbestos-free brake lining materials are developed to create new lining compositions providing effective performance. In our work, the effect of carbon fiber reinforced in brake linings are studied, and their friction performances are examined. The composition of carbon fiber contents are varied by 0%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% by volume in the total weight of the mixture of brake composites and corresponding brake pads are fabricated. The various physical, mechanical and tribological analyses are performed. The experimental work results revealed that the sample with 10% of carbon content has high tensile strength, flexural strength, Rockwell hardness, and friction co-efficient. Also, the wear test showed a low value for the sample containing 10% of carbon content. The microstructural analysis revealed that the sample having 10% of carbon content has closure packing, which causes the strong bond formation of a matrix with carbon fiber filament.

Organisational resilience in action: A four-month denial of access to the workplace

This case study looks at a denial-of-access event, where airborne asbestos material was found in a government-owned building leased by the New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office (PCO). The paper describes how despite the lack of advance notice, the PCO demonstrated its resilience to business disruption through its leadership and culture; its networks and relationships; and being change-ready. The paper also discusses how the incident provided an unexpected opportunity to build further resilience on return to the workplace.

Study on wear analysis of substitute automotive brake pad materials

ABSTRACT The objective of this work is to study the wear analysis of brake pad in braking operation to estimate the weight loss and wear rate of different bake pad materials used in automotive applications. The braking system’s in an automotive slow down or stop the automobile entirely by transforming its kinetic energy to heat energy. During breaking due to rapid interaction between the pad and rotor interface generates high temperatures, hence the brake pad must absorb heat rapidly to survive at high temperatures with no wear. This work investigates and deliberates innumerable environment-friendly and healthy substitute materials to asbestos. Generally brake pad friction substance is made of different materials such as binders, filler content, additives and reinforcements, to satisfy the specifications and adjust their percentage effects on the wear properties. Over the previous few years, the brake pads have been manufactured of asbestos material with enough electrical, tribological as well as physical properties, but that causes cancer and many other health issues, and therefore its use is redundant. In this work three specific mixtures are used with adjusted ratios of ingredients and observed their impact on the tribological characteristics. More weight loss (8–10%) is observed for the asbestos material as compared to the non-asbestos material. The wear rate increases with increase in contact pressure between the brake surfaces under dry condition. As the wear rate of non-asbestos material and CL3003 material is less as compared to asbestos, hence these can be a good option for the replacement to asbestos.

Study on Tribological Investigations of Alternative Automotive Brake Pad Materials

The aim of this paper is to simulate the process of wear mechanism of brake pad in braking operation to evaluate the weight loss due to wear and the specific wear coefficient for different bake pad materials. It is a key component of transportation including industrial equipment; friction brake plays a critical role in their routine work as well as safety activity. The braking system's role in an automotive is to slow or stop the automobile entirely by converting its kinetic energy to heat energy by friction. The pad and rotor interaction causes friction heat, so the brake pad must absorb heat rapidly to survive high temperatures, but not wear. This work analyzes and discusses various environment friendly and healthy option materials to asbestos. Brake pad friction substance is made up of different materials such as binders, filler content, additives, and reinforcements to satisfy the specifications and adjust their percentage effects on the tribological properties. Over the past few days, the brake pads have been manufactured of asbestos material with enough electrical, tribological, as well as physical properties, but that causes cancer and many other health issues, and therefore, its use is redundant. Three samples with specific mixtures are used with varying ratio of ingredients as well as observing their impact on the tribological characteristics like brake pad friction and wear. Weight loss observed for the asbestos material for the same loading condition is more as compared to the non-asbestos material.

The Use of Geopolymers for the Disposal of Asbestos-containing Materials

Asbestos is widely known as a hazardous material and can contribute to many diseases. Its removal and neutralization are complicated, it requires proper preparation and the use of appropriate technology. Immobilization of asbestos materials in geopolymers seems to be one of the alternatives to its storage in landfills. However, this requires several studies confirming the possibility of asbestos immobilization in geopolymers. Also, asbestos dust contains silicon and aluminum, which may prove useful in the production of geopolymers. The paper presents research results regarding the possibility of using geopolymers based on fly ashes for neutralizing asbestos. An up-to-date literature review on the technology of managing asbestos-containing products is presented. As a result of the research, partial usefulness of geopolymerization technology for binding and neutralizing waste with asbestos was found. The research was carried out using waste asbestos-cement composites. Mixtures based on geopolymers were made in which ground asbestos material was introduced in an amount of 30, 50 and 70% by weight. Compressive strength tests have shown that geopolymers with the addition of asbestos have compressive strength: over 34 MPa for a composition containing 30% of asbestos material and about 14 MPa for a composition containing 70% of asbestos material. SEM observations have shown that asbestos fibers do not dissolve in the geopolymer production process and they can still be a threat if the geopolymer matrix is damaged.

Effect of modified sepiolite and carbon fiber composite on performance of oil-well cement and mechanism analysis

Sepiolite fiber (HPS), as a cheap and environmentally friendly mineral fiber material, has good application value in toughening filler of oil well cement stone and is the best substitute for toxic asbestos material. However, due to the defects of conventional industrial HPS such as low purity, poor dispersion, it will produce great incompatibility with cement slurry, which will adversely affect its performance. In this paper, conventional industrial HPS was treated with activation modification. The changes of surface groups of sepiolite before and after modification and the actual dispersion effect in aqueous solution were studied by FTIR and dispersion state of aqueous solution. In addition, the effects of modified sepiolite fibers (H-HPS) and carbon fibers (C-Fibers) on oil well cement were also investigated. The mechanism of the micro-morphology of the toughened cement paste was analyzed. The results show that the dispersion and suspension of H-HPS in aqueous solution have been greatly improved. The rheological test results of cement paste also support the improvement. At the same time, the optimum mixing ratio of the two materials was screened out by synergistic study with C-Fibers. It was found that the composite fiber cement slurry system synthesized the advantages of the two kinds of fiber materials, and the toughening effect was obviously better than that of the modified cement paste with a single admixture. From the analysis of SEM, it can be seen that HPS in the composite fiber cement slurry system fills in micro-voids on the one hand, and forms a uniformly dispersed network structure on the other hand, The C-Fibers in the system can effectively dissipate the tensile energy of the fracture interface of cement paste by interacting with hydration products, thus reducing the filtration of cement paste and improving the bulk toughness of cement paste.

Prevalence of Asbestos-Related Disease Among Workers in Sri Lanka.

Background:Asbestos products are manufactured and used in Sri Lanka in the construction and automobile industries.Objective:To determine radiologically if exposure to asbestos caused lung disease among workers handling asbestos products, and to generate data in Sri Lanka where no such data exist due to poor reporting and a poor surveillance system.Methods:Following ethics approval and written consent plain chest X-rays and exposure data were obtained in 230 workers in asbestos manufacturing, building construction, building demolition, tsunami debris cleanup, and other trades. The assumption was that all exposed workers were exposed to chrysotile. Participants were from provinces with asbestos factories, and where tsunami cleanup had occurred.Findings and Conclusions:Radiological findings of the 230 participants showed lung fibrosis in 7% (16 cases), and other non-asbestos-related lung conditions. Of the 16 fibrosis cases, none were in manufacturing workers, one in a construction worker, six in tsunami workers, six in demolition workers, and three cases in others. Globally, Sri Lanka has one of the highest consumptions of chrysotile asbestos per capita. This first known study documenting asbestos disease in Sri Lanka is clearly a limited, self-selected group of workers studied with obvious limitations. The prevalence of asbestos-related lung disease among tsunami and demolition worker indicates that a risk exists for asbestos material already in use in Sri Lanka. Hence a significant concern is the safety of asbestos demolition workers and cleanup workers exposed to asbestos debris from major natural disasters such as hurricanes, tornados, typhoons, and tsunamis.

Mechanical properties and fluid absorption at the brake lining of hybrid composite

Brake lining is one of the active safety components in the vehicle that serves to reduce and stop the vehicle speed. Brake lining is arranged in brake system made of asbestos material and other materials such as metal oxide, sulphate, Mn or Co and silikan. In research to realize the environmentally friendly brake pads have developed hybrid composite materials with reinforced basalt, clamshell and alumina as the material of brake pad. The purpose of this study was to examine sea water absorbtion and impact in brake pad and can look for alternative brake pads that are environmentally friendly. In this test obtained the value of impact strength of asbestos 0,000374867 J/mm2. From the calculation of the composite test with variations in composition, the highest impact strength value is obtained on composite HC2 with a value of 0.000339547 J/mm2. This is due to the composite hybrid with a variation of 40% basalt, 10% clamshells, 10% aluminium and 40% resin, which has a stronger and more perfect bond between metric and basalt compared to other hybrid composite. Seawater absorption by composite materials asbestos brek lining materials. showing that the trend after the 24th day immersion starts to be constant for each specimen. From these conditions, the absorption capacity of specimen I was higher than specimen II of 0.51% and Specimen III was 1.01%, but lower than the asbestos material at 1.14%.

Experimental investigations on wear properties of Palm kernel reinforced composites for brake pad applications

Abstract The use of asbestos material is being avoided to manufacture the brake pads as it is harmful and toxic in nature. Further it leads to various health issues like asbestosis, mesothelioma and lung cancers. These brake pads can be replaced by natural fibers like Palm kernel (0–50%), Nile roses (0–15%) and Wheat (0–10%) with additives like aluminum oxide (5%–20%) and graphite powder (10%–35%). Phenolic resin of 35% is utilized as a binder. Particulated Nile roses are used to increase the friction coefficient and wheat powder is used to reduce the wear rate. Aluminum oxide and graphite are abrasive in nature. This helps to make brake pads with high friction co-efficient and less wear rate with low noise pollution. The wear of the proposed composites have been investigated at different speeds. Various tests like wear on pin-on-disc apparatus, hardness on the Rockwell hardness apparatus and oil absorption test have been conducted. Phenolic resin produces good bonding nature to fiber. Thus, Fibers found to have performed palatably among all commercial brake pads. The objective of the research indicates that Palm kernal shell could be a conceivable alternative for asbestos in friction coating materials.

Suitability of Nylon reinforced cement sheet over conventional cement sheet

Asbestos cement sheets and galvanized iron sheets in corrugated forms are extensively used for roofing in housing, industrial sheds, godowns and other structures. Asbestos cement sheets fail under impact load. The material “asbestos” used for the manufacturing of sheets is hazardous to human health. It causes diseases like asbestosis and lung cancer to the people working for the manufacturing of the sheets. Due to this reason, it has been banned in many countries such as USA, Russia, France, Canada, etc. In India, due to its minimum costs most of the citizens take health risks. Thus, it is a sincere effort to give the people a better alternative within their limits. Galvanized iron sheets are costly and require continuous maintenance. The main problem of G.I sheets is the corrosion. During summer seasons, area under these roofs becomes very hot and unbearable. Repairing of these sheets is also very difficult as it has a tendency to break easily. The Asbestos material required for the manufacturing of A.C. sheets are to be imported making it economically unviable. The community as a whole is indirectly affected as the same water may be used for drinking purpose which falls on the asbestos sheets. Looking at the above disadvantages of the galvanized and asbestos sheets and reviewing the present scenario, it is necessary to develop a better alternative. Nylon reinforced cement corrugated sheet made from nylon nets and cement mortar may emerge as a replacement for AC roofing and GI roofing.

Development Approach of Asbestos-Free Friction Material Using Flyash Particles

In the present work, the development of flyash-based friction composites for replacing asbestos material was systematically proposed. In order to solve the high-testing cost and time consuming problem in design formulation process, the mechanical properties of composites were first investigated with regarding to the contents of phenolic resin, friction modifiers and aramid fibers. Friction performances were continually tested with the samples optimized mechanical properties. When considering the results of mechanical testing, it was observed that the elastic modulus and compressive strength decreased with increasing resin fractions in the corresponding test ranges. On the other hand, an addition of friction modifiers and fiber contents can be contributed the mechanical strength. In the friction performance results, an addition of 2.5 wt% fibers showed enhancing of friction coefficient and decreasing of wear resistance at elevated temperature ranges of 100 oC to 200°C. Conversely, the composite filled with 5.0 wt% aramid fiber presented the stability of friction efficient in ranges of 0.56-0.57 and also gave better wear resistance lower than 0.39×10-7 cm3/N.m.

The Influence of Roof Cover Material on Gable Model to Climate Parameters - Case Study :RumahInstanSederhanaSehat (RISHA), PuslitbangPermukiman, Bandung

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>A roof should be able to prevent and reduce the radiationheat.It is more recommended if it gives a good effect in both prevention and reduction of heat. Through this research, the author wanted to know the influence of the roof covering material to gable roof style towards the climate parameters, such as temperature of humidity and heat radiation. Gable roof style is considered as more effective rather than others traditional roof style. The ability of heat reduction and humidity performances of the gable roof was tested by using Asbestos, Roof Tiles, Metal deck, and Green Roof covering material to RumahInstanSederhanaSehat (RISHA) in Centre for Housing Research and Development (PuslitbangPermukiman), Bandung. The variations of ceiling and non-ceiling were applied for knowing the result specifically in terms of the level of humidity and temperature in the room. By using quantitative descriptive method, Metal deck gave the fastest effect towards the temperature reduction, while Roof Tiles gave the best effect by using ceiling, and Green Roof gave the best effect by not using ceiling. Humidity aspect that gave the best effect occurred when using ceiling, either when using ceiling or not. Meanwhile, the lowest humidity happened when using Asbestos and Green Roof material. In the ability to reduce heat radiation, Green Roof had the best ability in reducing the heat or had worst ability in heat radiation, followed by Metal deck. </span>Meanwhile, Asbestos covering material had the best heat radiation ability.</p></div><div class="column"><p><span>Keywords: Roof Covering Material, Gable Roof Model, Climate (temperature, humidity, and heat radiation). </span></p></div></div></div>

THE INFLUENCE OF ROOF COVER MATERIAL ON GABLE MODEL TO CLIMATE PARAMETERS Case Study :Rumah Instan Sederhana Sehat (RISHA), PuslitbangPermukiman, Bandung

AbstractA roof should be able to prevent and reduce the radiation heat. It is more recommended if it gives a good effect in both prevention and reduction of heat. Through this research, the author wanted to know the influence of the roof covering material to gable roof style towards the climate parameters, such as temperature of humidity and heat radiation. Gable roof style is considered as more effective rather than others traditional roof style. The ability of heat reduction and humidity performances of the gable roof was tested by using Asbestos, Roof Tiles, Metal deck, and Green Roof covering material to RumahInstanSederhanaSehat (RISHA) in Centre for Housing Research and Development (PuslitbangPermukiman), Bandung. The variations of ceiling and non-ceiling were applied for knowing the result specifically in terms of the level of humidity and temperature in the room. By using quantitative descriptive method, Metal deck gave the fastest effect towards the temperature reduction, while Roof Tiles gave the best effect by using ceiling, and Green Roof gave the best effect by not using ceiling. Humidity aspect that gave the best effect occurred when using ceiling, either when using ceiling or not. Meanwhile, the lowest humidity happened when using Asbestos and Green Roof material. In the ability to reduce heat radiation, Green Roof had the best ability in reducing the heat or had worst ability in heat radiation, followed by Metal deck. Meanwhile, Asbestos covering material had the best heat radiation ability.Keywords: Roof Covering Material, Gable Roof Model, Climate (temperature, humidity, and heat radiation).

Evaluation of asbestos-containing products and released fibers in home appliances

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to detect asbestos-containing products and released asbestos fibers from home appliances. The authors investigated a total of 414 appliances manufactured between 1986 and 2007. Appliances were divided into three categories: large-sized electric appliances, small-sized electric appliances, and household items. Analysis for asbestos-containing material (ACM) was performed using polarized light microscopy (PLM) and stereoscopic microscopy. Air sampling was performed to measure airborne concentration of asbestos using a phase-contrast microscope (PCM). The results of the analysis for ACM in appliances show that large-sized electric appliances (refrigerators, washing machines, kimchi-refrigerators) and household items (bicycles, motorcycles, gas boilers) contain asbestos material and small-sized electric appliances do not contain asbestos material. All appliances with detected asbestos material showed typical characteristics of chrysotile (7–50%) and tremolite (7–10%). No released fibers of ACM were detected from the tested appliances when the appliances were operating. This study gives the basic information on asbestos risk to people who use home appliances.Implications: All appliances with detected asbestos material showed typical characteristics of chrysotile (7–50%) and tremolite (7–10%). No released fibers of ACM were detected from the tested appliances when the appliances were operating.

Hallazgos imagenológicos en la enfermedad pleuropulmonar asociada al asbesto

Abestos-related pleuropulmonary disease involves a number of pathologic conditions that share inhalation exposure to asbestos fibers as a common factor. Dose and time of exposure have a role in the clinical manifestations of it, the main ones being benign pleural disease, asbestosis, malignant mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma. Despite the ban on asbestos material usage in Chile, there is a long latency between exposure and clinical manifestations, which lead to it being still a relevant public health issue to this day. We present a series of representative images of abestos-related pleuropulmonary disease diagnosed at our centre. The pathogeny and radiologic manifestations are discussed, with an emphasis on the latter.